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rl La s h ıe y fo r m u ló e l
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p o s te r io r e s a lte ra
t r a d ic t o r io n
c o n s o d ifíc ile s de co m p re n lo s p r o c e s o s d e s e le c c ió n (L u r i
a 19 8 0)
de r A le n fo ca r la s in v e s t ig a c io n e s de sde
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ı
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m e n t e v á lid a s i s e le e s t u d ia
e n té r m i E x p e r im e n t a l d e la U n ió n S o v ié tic a S u s
n o s d e a d q u is ic ió n d e o o s i i
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E s u p e r io r e s m otiv o p o r e l c u a l s e le c o n
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s (p e j ,
"
Lo s n iñ o s
o ľ )
r e s s in t á c t ic o s

A fa s ia d ia , lo s
M o to ra e f e a ı a p ro s o
e re n te p o r Io q u e s e r e n e r
ıa de co di
i t e s t ie n e n d iĦc u lta d e n
L e s ió pa c e n
a e s tr u c t u r
ı a
n a c ió n y
n zo n a i f
to ra n e r io r d e la
c o r te z a f ic a c
f
ió n d e l a e n to
m o
p r im a r ia i Io ta n to , n o
z q u ie r d iĴ
m e ló d ic a d e l le n g
je y , p o r by
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A fa s ia
s tic o a m n
a c Lı
é s ic a li
le n gu a e j es
p o n tá n e o E
zo n a m e d ia ıy p r o fu n d a d e l IÓ
v e r b a le x is te n
Le s ió n s f
y onoı ó g ic a s e p a ra fa s ia s
, s d e c ir
as , o c ia c io

s p a r t ic u la r id a d e s d e e s t e
n a d e la La re p e t ic ió n
la a ı te r a c ió n d e ı po r su
p a r te
a fa s ia e s
,
a m e
tip o d e
c u e n tr a se
in ta c ta , en
la z o ú n c a m e n t e lin g ü ís
i e n e l n iv e l fo
a c o r to p (la d ic ió n fo no ló g ic o
m o r ia
a u
n é m ic a e s tá c o n
in e s ta b ilid a d
d e lo s t ra z o s a u d io ı s e rv a da ,
tic a ( o qu e c o n st it u y e u n a d ife
de be Ia le r e n c ia
le s ) E s to se a q u e s ió n ta n te im p o r
v e rb a co n Ia a fa s ia s e n s o r ia
do e s tr u c tu ra s b r a le l) E l n iv e l
a fe c ta
a s c e re s é x ic o ta
ı m b ié n e s tá in ta c to
: lo s
te re la c io n a d a s c o n la p a c ie n
e s tr e c h a
m e n m e te s p u e d e n r e p e tir
ıp r o fu p a la b r a s a is ı a da s
a c o r te z a t e m po ra da y l
m o r ia : ı L a s d ific 니仕a d e s
n e
s e h a c e n e v id
e n te s a l
h ip o c a m p o r e p e t ir s e r ie s ı
a rg a s d e
p a la b ra s do n
de se pu e de n ,

p r e s e n ta r ı o s fe n ó m e n o s
Lo a n te r io r s e m a n ifie s t a e n d iff ic u lta d e p r im a c ĺ a y d e r e c e
n c ia (r e e tic ió n
p
de s en ı
a co m p re n s ió n r e la c io n a da s co n de ı a s p r im e r a s o d e la s ú l i
t m a s pa ı a
lo s ig u ie n te b r a s d e u n a s e r ie r e s e c t iv
, p a m e n te )
T a m b ié n s e o b s e r v a n tr a s o s ic ió n d
p e
V o lu m e n d e la in fo rm a c ió n \a m e e le m e n t o s f
c
, p a r a a s ia s , o lv id o s y p e r
m o r ia a c o r to pı a z o t ie n e u n pa pe ı s e e r a c io n e s
v E n e l c a s o d e o ra c io n e s
im p o r ta n te e n Ia d e c o d if ic a f
c ió n de co m pı
e ja s la re p e t ic ió n e s tá c o n d ic io
e s tr u c tu r a s g ra m a tic a le s co m pı e ja s n a d a p o r la ca n t id a d d e in fo r m a c ió n y
en ı
as c u a le s e s n e c e s a r io e s t a b le de d e ta lı
e s

ce r u n a r e la c ió n e n tr e v a r io s e ı
e

m e n to s , c o m o e n e l c a s o d e la s o r a C a be re c a ı
ca r qu e la o r g a n iz a c ió n
c io n e s s u b o r d in a da s po r e je m p lo s in ta g m á t ic a e s tá d a y , p o r Io
c o n s e rv a
,

La l le n g u a je e s p o n tá n e o d e lo s p a
"
se ño ra qu e c o n o c im o s e ld o m in ta n to ,
e

go pa sa do e n e lm e rc a d o lla m ó ha ce c ie n te s e s c o h e r e n te , c o n b u e n a e s tr u c

u na ho ra
°
A s im is n de r t u ra c ió n y a r t ic u la c ió n a de c u a da
m o ,
co m p re
un d is c u rs o re q u ie r e r e ıa c io n a r s u s
eı A fa s ia s e m á n tic a
e m e n to s , p a r a Io c u a ıe s n e c e s a r io
te n e r e n m e n t e e l s e n t id o d e c a d a
ip ita l iz
u n o d e lo a bo n e s
s e sı de n te s Le s ió n c o r te z a p a r ie to o cc
p re c e
in te t iz a la
E n e s ta á r e a se s
q u ie r d a
la s v ía s s e n
ib id a p o r
R e t en ci ón d e d e t al les c ua n d o se \e in fo r m a c ió n p e r c
l d itiv a ve s
(v is u a l, tá c t i ,
a u ,
P id e a l p a c ie n t e s o r ia le s
q u e c o m p re n d a u n e squ e m a
ú n ic o d e
r e la to c
o m p le t o e s c a p a z d e c a p t a r t ib u la r, e tc ) e n u n

tá n
ı e a
m a n e r a s im
e l s i n ifi u
g c a d o g e n e ra ı p e r o n o p u e d e
,
r e te n e r
su s e ı e m e n to s s i s e t r a ta n a d ific u ı
fa s ia c o n lle v a u
de E s te tip o d e a ó
u na s e c u e n c ia ló g ic a t ie n e lu g a r ó la c o m p r e n s i n
,
I fo r m u la c i n y
u n ta d e n a
le s , Io
p r o c e s a m ie n t o se m á n t ic o i】 p a r
io n e s ló g
ic o g ra m a tic a
tir d e l c u l de a l r e la c
c ió n e n Ia
s
a s e re c o n s tr u y e e l te m a a r la a te n
i ıic a c o n c e n tr
cu a l m p c o n v e r tir
a la b r a s y
ió e n t r e la s p
S e a fe c t r e la c m a c ió n
n
a la d e n o m in a c ió n t a n t o po r
s u n id a
d e s d e in fo r
c o n fr la s s u c e s iv a
o n ta c ió n
a l p e d ir le q u e n o m b r e
( u n
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 fıu id e z s e c o
n s id e r a Io s ig u ie n t e : lo n
4 D e
BU
. n o m in a c ió n I n ic ia lm
d e la s fr a s e s , c o r r e c c ió n g r a
g itu d te
e n
P id e l pa se ıe
a c ie n te q u
m a tic a ıy
t r a s t o r n o s p r o s ó d ic o s a s ĺ e n o m b re o b je to s
, r e a le s ta n to
d de a lt a
j
,

o m o p r e s e n c ia e e r g a e s t e r e o ti
co m o d e b a ja
c , fr e c u e n c ia
fa s ia s ia E
(p e j c u c ha lig a )
po s , p a
ra ı y a n o m n c u a n E s tá
, ra ,
p e r m it id o d a r le
t e n id o d la in fo ió n p is ta s fo n ló
to a ıc o n e rm a c , se
g ic a s y tá c tile
o
s Po r o tra
la v e ra c id a d de ı
a s p a r te
v a lo r a re s pu es se
v a ıo r a la flu id e
,
z se m á n tic a p id ié n d
a o r g a n iz a c ió n lin g ü ís t ic a
ta s y ı d e la ıe a l p a c ie n t e
o
q u e n o m b r e to d o lo
d e s c r ip c ió n
s s
a n im a le s q u e pu e da e n u n m in u to
Ta m b ié n se ca ıific a la ca p a c id a d de
2 C om p re n s ió n E s ta s u b p ru e b a in c lu
. co m p le ta r fr a se s (p e j ,
"
N a v id a d e s
ye p re g u n ta s cu ya re s p u e s ta e s s f o e n e l m e s de
)
"
po r úı t im o s e
n o r e c o n o c im ie n to a u d it iv o de pa ū a Ia
ı
, e v a ca p a c id a d d e re s po n de r a
ıa b r a s y e je c u c ió n d e ó r d e n e s La s p reg u n ta s y a r e s p u e s ta e s u n a p a
c u

p r im e ra s p r e g u n ta s d e l t ip o s f o n o la b ra e s p e c ífic a (p e j
f

,
ŁD ó n d e tr a
"

s o n c o t id ia n a s y fa m ilia r e s p a r a e ı b a ja n la s e n fe r m e r a s ? ) °

p a c ie n te (p e j , ŁU s te d s e a p e llid a
"

Ló p e z ? )
°
M ás a d e la n te se a u m e n ta La s s u b p ru e ba s de l W e s te r n A pha
Ia co m p le jid a d d e la ta re a a l e x a m i s ia B a tte r y s e c a liñ c a n po r se p a ra d o
na r la co m p re n s ió n d e la s re ı
a c io n e s lo s p u n t a je s o b t e n id o s e n ı
a s c u a tr o

g ra m a t ic a le y se
s m á n t ic a s co n p re su b p ru e ba s d e le n g u a je se u t iliz a n p a ra
g u n ta s d e ı t ip o : "
S e co m e u s te d o b te n e r e l "
C o e fic ie n t e
f
de a fa s ia La "

u n p lá t a te s d e p e la r lo ? Res d e lo t o t a le s đ ı
ta d o
"
n o a n su m a s co m o re s u

p e c to a ır e c o n o c im ie n to a u d it iv o d e u n p u n t a je g ı o ba l ı la m a do "
C o e fic ie n te
p a la b r a s s e u t iliz a b je t o re a ı r tic a l e l c u a l o fr e c e p e c t iv a
'
n o s e s ,
co u n a pe rs

m ue b le s ı p a r te s d e l c u e r p o y lá m i m ás p lia a ıto m a r e n c u e n ta
a m e l ıe n

l
n a s q u e c o n t ie n e n d ib u jo s
,
fo r m a s y g u a je e s c r ito y la s fu n c io n e s n o v e r b a e s
fig u r a s g e o m é tr ic a s ıe tra s , n u m e (p r a x ia , c á ıc u lo y h a b ilid a d e s v is u o e s p a
,

ro s y c o lo r e s F in a lm e n te s e ca lific a c ia le s )
la j ió n d e ó rd e (p
e ecu c n e s s im p le s

j (p Te s t B a rc e lo n a
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e ,
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"
) y s e r ia da s
ej
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l o tr o ı a
d e E x p lo r a c ió n
p lu m a y v o lte e e ılib r o "
) E l p r o g r a m a I n te g r a d o
B rc e ı o n a (P I E N
N e u r o p s ic o ló g ic a T e s t a
3 Jo rd i P e ñ a C a s a
R e p e tic ió n T B ) fu e d is e ñ a d o p o r
L a ta r e a d e p e t ic ió n ti
.
re u
o d e c o la b o ra
d o re s L a
liz a p a la b r n o v a y s u g ru p
a s a is la da s (p e j ca m a
l s e p u b lic ó e n 1 9 9
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0 co m o
P ip a ) fra (p b o la de ie
'
v e r s ió n in ic ia
j,
"
se s e n v e
d e 2 0 a ño s q u e
,

u n t r a b a jo
r e s u lta d o d e
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c u a r e n ta
c in c o )y o r a c io n e s E s ta
"
y s
e n te la s
s is te m á t ic a m
úı
tim e g u ía e x p lo r a r
a s so n ta n t o d e u s o fr e c u e n t e (p p e r s
La v e r
t le s s u p e r io r e
s
ej fu n c io n e s m e n a
"
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n o e s tá s o n a n do "
2005
á n tic a r e v is a d a
fu e p u b lic a d a e n
se m
m e n te im p r o b a b le s (P ej s iá n b s
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,
d e la s s ig u
ie n te s s u b p r u e a
m p r e n
ta d o ) o
"
e r o e s ta b a m u y e x a ı c
,
co n d
iv e r s o s
g r a d o s d e c o m p le jid a d
g ra m a tic a l 1 0 r ie n ta c ió n
(p e j S in p e r o s n i m á s ,
" .

Po r q u és
) y fo n o ı
・
ó g ic a (p e j T re s "

t r a c ió n
tr is te ,
ió n y c o n cc e n
s tig r e s t 2 A te nc
r a n q u ilo s )
° .

89
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 ÓN
c A C ı
U N ı
M EJO R c o M
S U G E R EN C ıA S PA RA U N A
IC O S
EN T ES A FAs
C o N LO S p A C ı

lb ıe c o n la s p e r a o n a s q u e ı oa
n m o n lo p o s
e ıo n \Ĥ s o x llo s
L o s p a c ie n te s c o n a fa s ia n e c e s ita n c o m u n ic n rs o le m e n to s In d is p e n s a b l
e s p a ra d a rıes
d e m ás s o n
d s b c c h a d o s y s e n tir e l a p o yo d e lo s t ta re a d ific il s ó l
s e e s u s n rla m e n e n
ro e a n a e r u a o ae
ó n E s ta 11(1 ıts n e c e
,

c u p e rn c ı
s e g u rid a d y h a c e r m a s e fe c tiv a s lı re c ıa s s e n c ıll
a s
a s s u g e re n
r e n n ie n te a lg u n
n e c e s ita e m p a tia y c o m p re n s iö n y te n e

o n a In te ı lg e n te y s e n s ib le q u e d e te c ta
e n d o u n a p e rs
gu e s ı
co S ı
1 N o te m a h a b la r c o n u n p a c ie n te a 伯s ı l[e n c io s y e v ite b o m b a rd e a r a ı
b a rg o re s p a te lo s s
.

d e in m e d ia to e l re c h a z o d e ı o s d e m A s S ln e m
ta rio s
p a c ie n te c o n p re g u n ta s y c o m e n

n u n ca co m o a u n n
ı
ño
2 . eł
H ábı e y trà te lo c o m o a u n a du ı
to ,

M o tlv e lo p a ra q u e In te n te e x p re s a rs e o Ř rs e a
q u ie r p ro g re s o p o r m in im
& o qu e sea
Eı o g ie c u a ı ,

e n te n d e r a n te c u a lq u ie r n e c e s id a d

to v is u a l a n te s d e
& A s e g ú r e s e d e c o n ta r c o n la a te n c ió n de l a fà s ic o y d e e s ta b le c e r c o n é l c o n ta c
de d i tr a c c ió n c o m o e l ra d io o la
e lim in e lo s fa c to re s
s
in ic ia r u n a c o n v e rs a c ió n D e se r p o s ib le ,

te ıe v is ió n

l p a c ie n te c o n v e rs a n d o s o b re
5 . N o c u re q u e la c o m u n ic a c iò n o ra ls e a u n a e x p
e rìe n t ia a g ra d a b le p a ra e ,

te m a s d
c o n o c id o s a tra c tiv o s y e fá c i
l c o m p re n s ió n

6 ifiq u e la s o ra c io n e s y h a b le u n
l p a c ie n te m a n te n g a la c o n v e rs a c ió n s e n c illa S im p ı
. A Ih a bı
a r co n e ,

l id d d e la s fra s e s
a s p a la b ra s c la v e A u m e n te g ra d u a lm e n te la c o m p e j a
po c o m ás ı e n to e n fa tiz a n d o ı
,

l i d e l p a c ie n te
a m e d id a q u e m e jo re Ia c o m p e te n c ia lin g ü s t c a

7 . U tilic e un to n o n o rm a ı e g rite
de v oz ; no ı

8 En e l c a s o de qu e l p a c ie n te te n g a d ific u lta d p a ra c o m p re n d e
e r Io qu e u s te d le d ijo ,
re p ĺ ta s e lo la s
v e ces qu e se a n e c e s a rio

9 U se g e s to s y se ña s s ie m p re q u e p u e d a ; e s to es d e g ra n a y u d a p a ra q u e e l p a c ie n te co m p re n d a el

m e nsa e j

10 Deı
e tie m p o ra z o n a b le
u n p a ra c o m p re n d e r , h a b la r y re s p o n d e r N o s e a n tic ip e a l p a c ie n te
re s p o n d ie n d o po r ėl i
o e rm n a n d o s u s fra s e s y a
t , q u e p o d r ia a u m e n ta r s u fru s tra c ı
ó n E v ite m o s tra rs e
p ro te c to r o h a b la r p o r ė[ e x c e p to c u a n d o s e a n e c e s a rio
, ld lė d l h (p rı
o n o e a u to riz a c ió n p a ra a ce )
11 M a n te n ga e l m is m o te m a de ón
c o n v e rs a c ı Lo s
.
cam b io s re p e n tln o s h a c e n q u e e ıp a c ie n te se
c o n fu n d a

1 2 E v ite c o rre g ir c o n s ta n te m e n te e l le n g u a je d e l p a c ie n te S Ie
e x p re s a r Io
.
m p re p e rm ita q u e te rm in e d e
que é ld e s e a

1 3 S id e se '
.
"!ę' " arg' " lpfc t ~ cld n d e lM öu ° . H n Ða s
p d , b . . . . Tł
. . , d e l' " đ ' " d o n ' " !'" g . M n s q u ' " p u e d o n re s p o n d e r c o n po a
a m q' " " " Į・ . N tro d le ,
1 4 C u a n do
. n o e s tė s e g u ro d e h a b e r c o m p re n d id o ı
o qu e e l a c ı e n te d ijo re p ita c o n s u s a la b ra s Io q u e
u s te d e n te n d ió E v ite d e c irle c o n s ta n t p , p
e m e n te
q u e n o e n tı
e n de ıo q u e d ic e

F ig u ra 8 1 S u g e re n c ia s p a ra u n a m e jo r c o
m u nı
c a c ïö n c o n lo s
p a c ie n te s a fá s lc o s

15 0
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A fa s ia D e ı
a te o r ia a a p rá
ı c t ic a

C o m u n ic a c ió n n o in g ū ís t ic a
ı 59c Ev e n to îs q u é m ic o s u b c o r tic a l iz u i
, q e rd o , 2
C u e s t io n a r io pa ra e l E s t u d io L in g ū ís tic o d e la s Ev e r y d a y L ife A c t iv itie s (E L A ) 9 4
,

A fa s ta s (C E LA ),
90
C u lp a ,
14 4 F
Fe n óm e n o
"
qu a s ia fá s ic o "

,
61
口
D a ño c e re b ra l , 1 1 0 G
c o m o r b ilid a d , 10 G a n io
gı s ba s a le s ,
62
a fa s ia p r im a r ia p r o g r e s iv a ,
111 G lio m a b ih e m is fé r ic o co n in v a s ió n de lcu e r
po
a n e u r is m a ,
111 ca llo so ,
5f
de m e n c ia tip o A lz h e im e r ,
111
e m b o lia ,
111 H
he m o r ra g ia s, 111 H a b ilid a d e s ,
69
tr o m b o s is , 1 1 1 H e m a to m a e x tr a d u r a l t r a u m á tic o 3
,

De m e n c ia ,
1 1, 5 8 H e m in e g lig e n c ia 60, 69
,

d e A lz h e im e r o fr o n to te m p o ra l, 5 8 H e m ip le jia ,
11
tip o A lz h e im e r, 111 H e m o r ra g ia 3
,

D e p r e s ió n r e a c tiv a ,
14 3 á m ic a s , 6 2
H e m o r r a g ia s ta ı
D e s o r ie n t a c ió n to p o g r á fic a ,
69 H ip o ca m po 69
,

D e te r io ro p r o g r e s iv o d e ıle n g u a je 58 H ip o m a n ia 14 2
, ,

D is a r tr ia ,
26, 70
D is a r tr ia lig e ra ,
58
D o m in a n c ia lin g ü ís tic a ,
66 In d ife r e n c ia 14 2
,

IR M s in p a to lo g ía ,
lo of
巨
E c o la lia ,
81 J
E E G s in p a to lo g ía ,
102f Je rg a 3 1, 3 2 , 12 5
,

E je r c ic io s d e flu id e z a g r á fic a 3 1F
,

fo n o ló g ic a ,
12 8 J e r g a fa s ia 11
,

lé x ic a ,
12 8 J e r g a g r a fia 11
,

E je r c ic io s o ro fa c ia le s 119 Ju e g o
, s co n p a la b ra s ,
13 1
E n fe r m e da d
c e re b ro v a s c u la r V éa s e EC V L
H u n tin g to n 62 L a b ilid a d e l, 1 4 2
, m o c io n a
P a r k in s o n ,
63 L á m in a d e l R o b o d e g a lle ta s " d e l B D A E , 8 9
-

P ic k . 5 7 L a te r a liz a c ió n d e ıı
e n g u a je , 5 9 , 6 6
E n o jo 14 4 L a te r a liz a c id n ı
, in g ū ís tic a , 1
E n to rn o y a s p e c to e m o c io n a l L e n g u a je a u t o m á tic o 1 0 8 1
, ,
m e d io fa m ilia r y s o c ia l, 1 1 3 Le n je e s p o n tá n e o
gu a
,
133
m o tiv a c ió n y e s ta d o p s ic o ló g ic o 113 Le á lis is
, n g u a je je ra r q u ía d e
,
lo s n iv e le s de an
E p ile p s ia 4
, d e l, 2
E s te r e o t ip o s 81
, Lo ca liz a c io n is m o 17
,
E v a lu a c ió n d e l P r o ce sa m ie n to L in g ū is tic o e n Lo g o r re a ,
30
la A fa s ia (E P L A ) 92
, L o g o r r é ic a ,
81
EV C V éa s e E v e n to v a s c u la r c e r e b ra l L o g o to m o s ,
66
Ev e n to he m o r r á g ic o s u b c o r tic a ıiz q u ie r d o
,
3 L u r ia c la s ific a c ió n d e la s a fa s ia s d e , 2 0
,

17 8
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