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Ejercitación de Inglés
Ejercitación de Inglés
Ejercitación
ACTIVIDAD N°1
The human heart consists of four chambers: The left side and the right side each have one
atrium and one ventricle. Each of the upper chambers, the right atrium and the left atrium,
acts as a receiving chamber and contracts to push blood into the lower chambers, the right
ventricle and the left ventricle. The ventricles propel blood to the lungs or to the rest of the
body.
There are two distinct but linked circuits in the human circulation called the pulmonary and
systemic circuits. The pulmonary circuit transports blood to and from the lungs, where it
picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation. The systemic circuit transports
oxygenated blood to virtually all of the tissues of the body and returns relatively
deoxygenated blood and carbon dioxide to the heart to be sent back to the pulmonary
circulation.
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk, which leads
toward the lungs and bifurcates into the left and right pulmonary arteries. These vessels
branch many times before reaching the pulmonary capillaries, where gas exchange occurs:
Carbon dioxide exits the blood and oxygen enters. The pulmonary veins conduct blood into
the left atrium, which pumps the blood into the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated
blood into the aorta and on to the many branches of the systemic circuit. Eventually, these
vessels lead to the systemic capillaries, where exchange with the tissue fluid and cells of the
body occurs. In this case, oxygen and nutrients exit the systemic capillaries to be used by
the cells in their metabolic processes, and carbon dioxide and waste products enter the
blood. The blood exiting the systemic capillaries is lower in oxygen concentration than when
it entered.
A. Recoger
B. Subir
C. Levantar
2. Teniendo en cuenta el contexto en el que se encuentra la expresión “there are”, subrayada en
el texto, infiera el significado más apropiado de la misma. Seleccione la opción CORRECTA.
A. Esto es
B. Allí están
C. Hay
A. Infla
B. Bombea
C. Extrae
A. Muchas veces
B. Mucho tiempo
C. Muchos momentos
A. Que excita
B. Que sale
C. Saliendio
A. Finalmente
B. Ultimamente
C. Claramente
ACTIVIDAD N°2
Prokaryotic cells form only single-cell organisms (e. g. bacteria and cyanobacteria). Most
important are bacteria. They are frequently reproduced by asexual reproduction – by
amitosis (binary fission) which occurs immediately after DNA replication. Some bacteria
should be reproduced by conjugation. It is based on the ability of transfer genetic material
between bacteria through the conjugative plasmid. The genetic information transferred is
often beneficial to the recipient bacteria. Benefits may include antibiotic resistance which
has serious negative consequences for the possible treatment of bacteria-related
diseases.
Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes (cocci, bacilli and others) and sizes (0.3 to 2 μm).
Most bacterial species are either spherical, called cocci, which can be arranged in chain
(streptococci) or clusters (staphylococci). Other bacteria are rod-shaped, called bacilli. They
vary in length and thickness; some may have bizarre shapes (e.g. form of spirals such as
Treponema) and special locomotive organelles.
Bacterial cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan murein, which allows only minimal
staining identification. However, it has significant importance for the recognition by the
host immune system. Microscopic diagnosis of bacteria usually does not provide enough
opportunities for identification originator of inflammatory disease. The most commonly
used Gram staining technique dividing bacteria to Gram-positive (purple) and Gram-
negative (red), but crucial evidence has their cultivation. It is based on the type of soil
(culture medium), in which bacteria grow, the appearance of the colonies and its effects
on the environment. Cultivation also allows performing tests of bacterial sensitivity to
antibiotics.
Bacteria can be aerobic and anaerobic. Some of them (especially anaerobic) are capable of
forming endospores (anabiotic stages), able to overcome adverse environmental
conditions. By this way they facilitate their spreading (e.g. in Clostridium tetani and
Clostridium botulinum). Some bacteria are essential for human being (e.g. Escherichia coli)
and some of them are parasites which cause purulent inflammatory diseases.
I. La amitosis se produce antes de la replicación del ADN.