SKELETAL SYSTEM
which store triglycerides.
The human skeletal system consists of 206 bones,
cartilage, ligaments and tendons and accounts for about
20 percent of the body weight.
Two Divisions:
- Axial skeleton – forms the axis of the body
Skull, Vertebral column,
Thoracic cage
- Appendicular skeleton – supports the appendages
Upper limbs (arms), Pectoral girdle (shoulder)
Lower limbs (legs), Pelvic girdle
Bones provide a rigid framework, known as the
skeleton, that support and protect the soft organs of
the body.
The skeleton supports the body against the pull of
gravity. The large bones of the lower limbs support the
trunk when standing.
The skeleton also protects the soft body parts. The
fused bones of the cranium surround the brain to make
it less vulnerable to injury. Vertebrae surround and
protect the spinal cord and bones of the rib cage help
protect the heart and lungs of the thorax.
Bones work together with muscles as simple mechanical
lever systems to produce body movement.
Functions of bones include
 support,
 protection,
 Assist in movement,
 mineral storage, and
 formation of blood cells.
 Triglyceride storage
Hemopoiesis – process of blood cell production
red bone marrow produces rbc,wbc,platelets,
adipocytes,fibroblasts, and macrophages.
It is present in the developing bones of the fetus, and in
some adult bones such as hip bones, ribs, breastbone,
vertebrae, skull and the ends of long bones of the arms
and legs
Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipose cells,
Bones contain more calcium than any other organ. The
intercellular matrix of bone contains large amounts of
calcium salts, the most important being calcium
phosphate.
When blood calcium levels decrease below normal,
calcium is released from the bones so that there will be
an adequate supply for metabolic needs. When blood
calcium levels are increased, the excess calcium is
stored in the bone matrix.
Hormones that regulate the calcium level are:
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) – increases calcium
level by promoting bone resorption by osteoclasts,
enhances recovery of calcium from urine, and promote
formation of the active form of vitamin D (calcitriol).
- Calcitonin secreted by thyroid gland inhibits
resorption by osteoclasts
Structure of Bone Tissue
There are two types of bone tissue:
compact
spongy.
Types of bone cells:
Osteogenic cells – embryonic cells (stem cells) and the
only bone cells that undergo mitosis
Osteoblasts are bone-forming cell, they synthesize and
secrete collagen fibers
Osteocytes – mature bone cells, they are the main cells
in bone tissue and maintain its daily metabolism
Osteoclasts – are huge cells that resorb or break down
or remodel bone tissue.
Compact bone consists of closely packed osteons or 4. Irregular bones are all others that do not fall
haversian systems. into the previous categories. They have varied
shapes, sizes, and surface features and include
The osteon consists of a central canal called the
the bones of the vertebrae and a few in the
osteonic (haversian) canal, which is surrounded by
skull
concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix. Between the rings
of matrix, the bone cells (osteocytes) are located in Skull
spaces called lacunae. Small channels (canaliculi) radiate
Cranial bones (or cranium)
from the lacunae to the osteonic (haversian) canal to
provide passageways through the hard matrix. Enclose the cranial cavity, which supports and protects
the brain
Spongy (cancellous) bone is lighter and less dense than
compact bone. Spongy bone consists of plates Attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
(trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small,
irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow.   Frontal bone
 Parietal bones (paired)
Bone Development & Growth  Occipital bone
There are two types of ossification (bone devt)  Temporal bones (paired)
 Sphenoid bone
Intramembranous ossification involves the replacement  Ethmoid bone
of sheet-like connective tissue membranes with bony
tissue.  Fontanels - Unossified remnants of membranes

Bones formed in this manner are called Present at birth

intramembranous bones. They include certain flat Anterior fontanel largest
bones of the skull and some of the irregular bones.
Called “soft spots”
The future bones are first formed as connective tissue
membranes. Osteoblasts migrate to the membranes Ossify by 1 ½ - 2 years
and deposit bony matrix around themselves. When the Sutures - Immovable, interlocking joints of flat bones
osteoblasts are surrounded by matrix they are called of skull
osteocytes.
Irregular, saw-toothed appearance
Endochondral ossification involves the replacement of
hyaline cartilage with bony tissue. Most of the bones of Largest 4 skull sutures: where bones articulate with
the skeleton are formed in this manner. These bones parietal bones
are called endochondral bones.
 Coronal
In this process, the future bones are first formed as  Sagittal
hyaline cartilage models.   Squamous
 Lambdoid
Classification of Bones
Cranial Bones
1. Long bones are longer than they are wide and
work as levers. The bones of the upper and  Parietal (2)
lower extremities (ex. humerus, tibia, femur,  Temporal (2)
ulna, metacarpals, etc.)  Frontal (1)
2. Short bones are short, cube- shaped, and  Occipital (1)
found in the wrists and ankles.  Ethmoid (1)
3. Flat bones have broad surfaces for  Sphenoid (1)
protection of organs and attachment of
muscles (ex. cranial bones, ribs, and bones of
hip and shoulder girdles
Facial Bones Lower Extremity

 Maxilla (2)  Femur (2)

 Zygomatic (2)  Tibia (2)
 Mandible (1)  Fibula (2)
 Nasal (2)  Patella (2)
 Palatine (2)  Tarsals (14)
 Inferior nasal  Metatarsals (10)
 concha (2)  Phalanges (28)
 Lacrimal (2)
Articulations
 Vomer (1)
JOINTS
Sinuses lighten the skull or improve our voices, but their
WHERE TWO or MORE BONES MEET
main function is to produce a mucus that moisturizes
the inside of the nose. Joints are responsible for keeping bones far enough
apart so they do not rub against each other as they
Auditory Ossicles
move, preventing damage.
 Malleus (2)
At the same time, joints hold the bones in place.
 Incus (2)
 Stapes (2) Different joints permit different amounts of movement.
 Hyoid (1)
Structure of a Joint
Vertebral Column
Cartilage - at the joint, the bones are covered with
 Cervical vertebrae (7) cartilage, which is wear-resistant and helps reduce the
 Thoracic vertebrae (12) friction of movement.
 Lumbar vertebrae (5)
Joint capsule- is a thick, tough layer that envelops the
 Sacrum (1) joint cavity forming a membrane or sac that adheres
 Coccyx (1) firmly to the periosteum of the articulating bones
Thoracic Cage Synovial membrane - a tissue that lines the joint and
 Sternum (1) seals it into a joint capsule. The synovial membrane
 Ribs (24) secretes synovial fluid.

Pectoral girdles Synovial fluid - a clear, sticky fluid secreted by the

synovial membrane to lubricate the joint.
 Clavicle (2)
 Scapula (2) Fat- Helps pad and cushion the joint.

Upper Extremity Bursa- fluid-filled sac between adjacent structures such

as ligaments or bones which help reduce friction in a
 Humerus (2) joint, cushion it, and absorb shock.
 Radius (2)
Meniscus- wedge shaped cartilage, curved like the letter
 Ulna (2)
"C" at the inside and outside of each knee. A strong
 Carpals (16)
stabilizing tissue, helps the knee joint carry weight, and
 Metacarpals (10)
glide and turn in many directions. It also keeps your
 Phalanges (28)
femur and tibia from grinding against each other.
Pelvic Girdle
Ligaments - tough, elastic bands of connective tissue
 Coxal, innominate,or hip bones (2)
surround the joint to give support and limit the joint's
movement.
Attach bone to bone between wrist bones,

tendons – another type of tough connective tissue, and between anklebones.

attach muscle to bone
E. SADDLE JOINT- Permits movement in two planes.
on each side of a joint attached to muscles that control
- This type of joint is found at the base of the
movement of the joint.
thumb
Joints are classified by the amount and type of
Disorders of the skeleton
movement they permit.
 Scoliosis (over 10% curvature) – side to side
Synarthroses /Immovable- A fixed joint, one that allows
curvature of the spine,
no movement
 Kyphosis - humpback
bones of skull, pelvis, and sacrum  Lordosis - swayback
 Vertebral compression fractures
Amphiarthroses / Slightly movable- joint that permits a
 Spinal stenosis
small amount of restricted movement
 Osteoporosis - weakening of the bone tissue
between vertebrae, two bones of lower leg due to loss of calcium
 Osteomyelitis – infection of the bone marrow
Diarthroses / Freely movable- Permit movement in one
caused by bacteria
or more directions,
 Arthritis – inflammation of the joint
There are 5 types namely: ( Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Gout)
 Rickets/Vit D deficiency
A. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – Permits circular
movement - the widest range of movement. Bone fracture

SHOULDER Joint- which enables you to move your arm Comminuted fracture
up, down, forward and backward, as well as to rotate it
- The bone is splintered, crushed or broken into
in a complete circle.
pieces
HIP Joint- same range of motion.
Greenstick fracture
B. HINGED JOINT - Permits a back-and-forth motion.
- A partial fracture where one side is broken and the
The Knee- enables your leg other side bends
to flex and extend.
Bone fracture
The Elbow -allows you to
Impacted fracture
move your forearm
forward and backward. - One end of the fractured bone is forcefully
driven into the interior of the other
The Phalanges
Pott’s fracture
C. PIVOT JOINT - Permits rotation of one bone around
another. - Fracture of the distal end of the lateral leg
The elbow enables your hand to turn over. (radius Colle’s fracture
rotates around ulna), It also allows you to turn your
head from side to side. (atlas rotates around axis) - Fracture of the distal end of the lateral arm

D. GLIDING JOINT - Permits a sliding motion of one bone Bone healing

over another.

Found at ends of the collarbones,