Composite Steel Integral Bridge Analysis and Design

MIDAS Expert Webinar Series
COMPOSITE STEEL INTEGRAL

BRIDGE
Analysis and Design
ABHISHEK DAS
SENIOR ENGINEER
AECOM
ABOUT SPEAKER
PROFILE
Structural engineer with more than 9 years of extensive
experience in the design and assessment of railway and
highway bridges and special structures across multiple
geographies.
CAREER
AECOM (GDC, India): Senior Engineer (Bridges and Structures) : 2014- present
MIDAS IT (UK): Structural Engineer and CAE Consultant : 2011-2014
Abhishek Das

Contents
01. Introduction 05. Loading
02. Example 06. Construction Sequence
03. Initial Design 07. Design Checks
04. Analysis 08. Q&A

COMPOSITE STEEL INTEGRAL BRIDGE
Analysis and Design
INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION
What is an Integral Bridge
• No expansion joints to accommodate enlargement due to temperature variations
• Spans monolithically from abutment to abutment
Source: Google Images

1. INTRODUCTION
Why Integral Bridge?
• Increased durability of continuous structures
• No chance of leakage of salts through deck joints to abutments and piers
• Lesser maintenance and inspection problems
• Better structural performance
• Better Ride Quality
• Better Seismic performance
• DMRB Standard CD350 states to go for integral bridge for spans<60m and skew<30 degrees. Source: http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1993/1393/1393-001.pdf
Chloride Salt spray for deicing Typical Expansion Joint in Decks Corrosion to bearing plates Source: Google Images

1. INTRODUCTION
Types of Integral Bridge Abutments?
Source: Figure 4, PD6694-1

1. INTRODUCTION
Composite Steel Bridge
Typical Composite Action (Source: http://www.steel-bridges.com/composite-beam-bridge.html) Stress buildup in Composite sections (Source: SCI P356)

Analysis and Design
EXAMPLE
2. EXAMPLE
Location of the Bridge
Present Condition: At grade Junction (Congestion Problem) Proposed Design: Grade Separated Junction with Main highway running below the bridge

2. EXAMPLE
Structure Details
• Span ~ 31m (c/c of abutments)
• Fully Integral deck and Abutment; Wingwalls separate
• Girders: Plate Girders spaced at ~2.8m c/c
• Deck ~ 22m wide carrying a 10m carriageway with 5.7 degrees skew
Elevation of the Bridge 3D Rendered Model

2. EXAMPLE
Superstructure Details
• Girders: Plate Girders spaced at ~2.8m c/c
• Concrete Deck slab: 250mm thick
Deck Cross-section
2. EXAMPLE
Substructure Details
• Abutments: ~9m tall
• Piles: 900mm dia spaced @~2.70m (2 rows)
Sectional Elevation showing Wingwalls, Abutments, Pile Caps and Piles
Section at Abutment
Pile Layout- Plan MIDAS Expert Webinar Series

Analysis and Design
INITIAL DESIGN
3. INITIAL DESIGN
Dimensioning of Steelwork
Girder Depth Span/25 & Min. Headroom (CD127)
Spacing between Girders Based on concrete slab thickness of 250mm &

choice of permanent formwork
Top Flange Width based on 4 rows of shear studs; Thickness
based on Compact section
Bottom Flange Width >Span/2 & moment capacity; Thickness ~
40mm to 50mm
Web Thickness~20mm to ensure compact web
Web Stiffeners 200x20 (10:1 ratio usually)
Shear Studs Use 19Ф by 150mm high spacing dependent on

transverse rebar & permanent formwork
Bracings For shallow beams, K type bracings preferred
Components of a steel girder Typical Permanent Formwork (Permadec)

Source: https://www.steelconstruction.info/Bridges_-_initial_design

3. INITIAL DESIGN
Dimensioning of Concrete elements
Edge Cantilever <1500mm (SCI)
Concrete Edge Beam Width= 500mm ; Depth= Verge + 75mm

Concrete Abutment Height depends on backfill & alignment; Thick
ness depends on required girder embedment
Pile Cap Thickness depends on design and maximum Parapet Edge Beam detail Girder end detail at integral abutment (SCIP356)
bar dia required for anchorage from
abutment/ pile (1200mm for B32 bar)
Pile Diameter and number of piles depend on soil
parameters, geotechnical analysis
Typical RC Detail of Pile Cap (IStructE Guide)

3. INITIAL DESIGN
Backfilling
Cantilever abutment Integral Frame Structure
Shear Force Diagram

Shear Force Diagram
Approximate Graphic showing intent of contractor

Bending Moment Diagram Bending Moment Diagram
Backfilling before installing girders Backfilling after integral connection

• Bad for piles, good for beams • Good for piles, bad for beams
• Contractor preference to lift beams from backfill side
Analysis and Design
ANALYSIS
4. ANALYSIS
Dummy lines for Transverse deck
Global Analysis Model (3D Grillage) Composite girders edge beam slab
• Longitudinal members of the deck: Composite section

• 15% of span assigned with cracked slab properties longitudinally
• Transverse members: rectangular concrete section properties
• Abutment: Grillage elements (with dummy shells for pressure loads)
• Pile Cap: stiff pile cap with rigid links
Abutment
• Pile: modelled as line elements for soil springs grillage
Rigid Links Abutment

Pile Rigid Pile
Cap Cap
Rigid Element Pile

at pile cap CG
Rigid
Links
Composite girder section (typical) Pile elements with lateral springs supports
and vertical spring only at the toe
Modelling detail of pilecap and pile connection 3D MIDAS model

4. ANALYSIS
Finite Element Analysis Model (Buckling)
• Temporary condition steel only checks
• Lateral Torsional Buckling Checks
• Check for efficacy of stiffeners and bracings

Pile
Cap
Rigid Element Pile

at pile cap CG
Rigid
Links
Finite Element Model with simply supported pair of girders Linear Buckling Analysis

4. ANALYSIS
Local Analysis Model (Slab)
• Line beam model to analyse the slab, supports at girder centrelines
• Differential settlement between girders taken from global model

Pile
Cap
Line beam model for slab
Rigid Element Pile

at pile cap CG
Rigid
Links
Local bending effects under live loads Differential Settlement between girders

Analysis and Design
LOADING
5. LOADING
Dead Loads and Superimposed Dead Loads
• Minimum surfacing of 120mm
• Self Weight functionality, element beam loads and pressure loads used in midas Civil to apply DL+SDL
Parapet Edge Beam load Surfacing Load Backfill weight on pile cap

5. LOADING
Temperature Effects
• Uniform Temperature Heating/ Cooling
• Differential Temperature Heating/Cooling
Thermal Loads (Uniform + Differential) , Eurocodes
Differential temperature to Eurocodes Deformations under Thermal Expansion Deformations under Thermal Contraction
5. LOADING
Earth Pressure
• At rest pressure- K0
• Active Pressure- Ka
• Pressure during thermal expansion- K*
Earth Pressure Diagram from PD6694
Earth pressure application for different loading scenarios

Earth Pressure (K*) applied in MIDAS MIDAS Expert Webinar Series
5. LOADING
Traffic Live Loading
• Normal Traffic (LM1)
• Special Vehicle (LM3)
• Pedestrian Loading
SOV250 (EN1991-2)
Live Load Combination (LM1+SOV250) in midas Civil

LM1+LM3
5. LOADING
Live Load Horizontal Surcharge
• Horizontal Earth Pressure is generated due to Live load surcharge from vehicle loads near the abutment
• Applied as Plane loads on the plate elements in midas Civil or as element beam loads applied over dummy elements
Horizontal Live Load Surcharge applied in MIDAS

Figure from PD6694
Analysis and Design
CONSTRUCTION
SEQUENCE
6. CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Stage 1
• Construct Piles, Pilecaps and Abutments
• Apply Backfill
Stage 1 model visualization Deformations Bending Moment Diagram

Stage 2
• Install steelwork on temporary bearings (simulated as beam end releases in MIDAS)
• Pour wet concrete on the formwork supported on steelwork
Beam end releases
Steel only properties

Stage 3
• Concrete becomes composite
• SDL and surfacing activated
• Concrete Long term elastic modulus activated at later days

Analysis and Design
DESIGN CHECKS
7. DESIGN CHECKS
Composite Steel Girder Capacity Checks
• EN1994-2 used for the checks
• Bending Resistance
• Shear Resistance
• Longitudinal Shear Connector Check
• Fatigue Checks
• Midas Civil Eurocode Design guide is a great resource for learning about the capacity check tool
Detailed Calculation Output

Built-in Eurocode features in MIDAS Summary Results Table MIDAS Expert Webinar Series
7. DESIGN CHECKS
Reinforced Concrete Capacity Checks
• EN1992-2 used for the checks
• In-house spreadsheets used for the check (bending, shear, punching shear, SLS stress limitation, crack width and ETC)
• Pile design done using forces from Geotech analysis
• Pile Cap design using simple statics
• Wingwalls designed simply as retaining walls using spreadsheets
Abutment
Pile Pile
Pile Cap Idealisation (Concrete Centre Design Guide)
Pile Bending Moments from Geotech MIDAS Expert Webinar Series

THANK YOU
midasBridge@midasit.com

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