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CE 132 – Structural Analysis II

Learning Objective:
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CHAPTER 5
In this chapter, the method of consistent deformation – a
Method of Consistent force method of analysis will be applied to analyze
Deformation statically indeterminate structures.

Instructor: Richelle G. Zafra, PhD

Topic Outline 1. Introduction : Statically Indeterminate Structures

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5.1 Introduction
• Statically Determinate vs. Indeterminate Structures
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Statically Indeterminate
Structures
www.scib.com.my
5.2 Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
Simple Continuous
5.3 Method of Consistent Deformations Beam Beam
• Single Degree of Indeterminacy Roller Pin

• Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy

Beam is statically determinate Beam is statically indeterminate

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http://www.womansday.com
Statically Determinate vs. Indeterminate Structures Introduction
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Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure

Seattle Central Library, Washington, USA
When all the forces (reactions) in Structure having more unknown
a structure can be determined forces than available equilibrium
from the equilibrium equations equations

en.wikipedia.org
TransAmerica Building,
San Francisco, USA Continuous Bridge

Why Do We Need to Study Indeterminate Structures? Contrast

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Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
Considerable compared to Generally smaller than
Most of the structures designed today are statically indeterminate

Deflection


indeterminate structure determinate structure

Reinforced concrete buildings are considered in most cases as P P
statically indeterminate structures since the columns & beams are 4

poured as continuous member through the joints & over the PL 3 1 PL 3

48EI 192EI
supports
High moment caused by thicker Less moment, smaller cross

More stable compared to determinate structures or in another word member & more material needed section & less material needed
safer.
Stress

P
P

In many cases more economical than determinate structures. 2
1
PL PL
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2

Contrast
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Determinate Structure
• Support will not develop the
Stability in case of over load
horizontal force & moments
necessary to prevent total
collapse
• No load redistribution
• When plastic hinge forms,
certain collapse for the system
P P
Plastic Hinge
Advantages and Disadvantages of
Indeterminate Structures
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Advantages
1. Smaller stresses
2. Greater stiffness

Smaller displacements
3. Redundancies

Load redistribution in case of
support collapse
Indeterminate Structure
• Support will develop horizontal
force & moment reactions that
will hold the beam
• Has tendency to redistribute the
load to its redundant supports
• When plastic hinge forms, the
system would be a determinate
structure
Plastic Hinge
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Disadvantages
1. Stresses due to support
settlements
2. Stresses due to temperature
changes and fabrication
errors
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Contrast
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Determinate Structure Indeterminate Structure
Temperature
No effect & no stress would be Serious effect and stress would be
developed in the beam developed in the beam
P P
No effect & no stress would be Serious effect and stress would be
Displacement
Differential
developed developed
P P
2. Analysis of Indeterminate Structures
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In the analysis of indeterminate structures, it is necessary to satisfy:
1. Equilibrium conditions
satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure in stable
equilibrium, as the structure is subjected to external loads
2. Displacement compatibility
Satisfied when the various segments of the structure fit together
without intentional breaks, or overlaps
3. Member force-deformation relations
Provide the necessary link between the forces and
displacements of the structure
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Methods to Analyze Indeterminate Structures 3. Method of Consistent Deformation

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Force Method Displacement Method

This is the general formulation of the force method

Satisfies displacement compatibility
Satisfies force-displacement
and force-displacement relations relations and force equilibrium
Introduced by James Clerk Maxwell in 1864

Forces are the unknowns
Displacements are the unknowns

Method of consistent deformation
Slope-Deflection Method

Three-moment equation (only for
Moment-Distribution Method
beams)
Direct Stiffness Method (matrix
formulation)

Procedure of Analysis Procedure of Analysis (Cont.)

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1. Remove restraints from the indeterminate structure to render it 3. Relate deformations in the primary structure with the
determinate redundants (unknown) as loads.

This determinate structure (which should be stable) is called 4. Apply compatibility conditions, that is, the deformations in the
primary structure indeterminate structure should be the same to the combined
effects of deformations in the primary structure due to the

The removed restraints (can be reactions or internal forces) are called original external loads and redundants.
redundant restraints and the associated forces to these restraints
are called redundants. 5. Redundants are computed in the application of compatibility
conditions.
2. Compute deformations in the primary structure with the original
external loads 6. With the known redundants, all other unknown
reactions/forces can be computed.

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Single Degree of Indeterminacy Single Degree of Indeterminacy

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Consider the propped beam shown. 1. Render the structure determinate

MA yB

Remove By (By is the redundant) Ay
By

Primary structure is cantilever

2. Determine vertical deflection at B yBO

Degree of indeterminacy = 1 due to original load P (yBO) Primary Structure

Degree of indeterminacy determines the number of 3. Relate vertical deflection at B

redundants to remove to render the structure determinate due to redundant By (yBBy) yBBy

By

Single Degree of Indeterminacy Single Degree of Indeterminacy

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4. Compatibility. The combined effect  Let ࢌ࡮࡮࢟ be the deflection at B fBBy

yBBy and yBO is equivalent to the MA yB
caused by unit loading at B.
vertical deflection at B (yB) in the Ay 1
indeterminate (actual) structure. By  By principle of superposition, ×

‫ݕ‬஻ை + ‫ݕ‬஻஻೤ = ‫ݕ‬஻ = 0 (1) ‫ݕ‬஻஻೤ = ‫ܤ‬௬ × ݂஻஻೤ (2) ‫ܤ‬௬

yBO
 The compatibility equation above Primary Structure =
assumes that y values are based on  Substituting Eq’n (2) to Eq’n (1) yBBy
same (y) coordinate system. That is,
sign should be accounted. yBBy ‫ݕ‬஻ை + ‫ܤ‬௬ × ݂஻஻೤ = 0 (3) By

By

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Single Degree of Indeterminacy Example 1: Propped Beam

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fBBy Determine the reaction at B of the beam shown with the following
 By can now be solved using conditions:
Eq’n. (3).
1
×  P = 32 kips applied at midspan
 By definition, ࢌ࢏࢐ is the flexibility
of the structure at its degree of ‫ܤ‬௬  L = 20ft
freedom i caused by unit load =
yBBy  EI = constant
at j.

By

Example 2: Continuous Beam Example 3: Truss

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Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam Determine the force in member AC of the truss shown.
shown. The support at B settles 1.5 in. Take E = 29000 ksi, Axial rigidity (AE) is the same for all the members.
I = 750 in4.

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Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy

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Consider the continuous beam By the principle of superposition,

It is indeterminate to 2nd degree

Let By and Cy be the
=
redundants ∆஻ை ∆஼ை
‫ܤ‬௬ ‫ܥ‬௬

This indeterminate beam ‫ܤ‬௬ ‫ܥ‬௬ +
requires two compatibility
equations +

ࢌ࡮࡮ × ࡮࢟ ࢌ࡯࡮ × ࡮࢟ ࢌ࡮࡯ × ࡯࢟ ࢌ࡯࡯ × ࡯࢟

Multiple Degrees of Indeterminacy References

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 Compatibility equations
1) Caburnay, J. M. 2nd Sem 2013-2014. CE 132 Lecture
∆஻ை + ∆஻஻ + ∆஻஼ = 0 → ∆஻ை + ݂஻஻ × ‫ܤ‬௬ + ݂஻஼ × ‫ܥ‬௬ = 0 Notes, CE Department, UPLB.
∆஼ை + ∆஼஻ + ∆஼஼ = 0 → ∆஼ை + ݂஼஻ × ‫ܤ‬௬ + ݂஼஼ × ‫ܥ‬௬ = 0 2) Hibbler, R. C. 1995. Structural Analysis. 5th Edition.
Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
 Maxwell’s Theorem of Reciprocal Displacement
3) Kassimali, A. 1993. Structural Analysis. 4th Edition.
The displacement of a point B on a structure due to a unit load
acting at point A (ࢌ࡮࡭) is equal to the displacement of a point A on PSW Kent: Boston.
a structure due to a unit load acting at point B (ࢌ࡭࡮ ), that is
ࢌ࡮࡭ = ࢌ࡭࡮.

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Thank you for

listening!

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