IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC DIET GIVEN TO MALE FAST BOWLERS

DURING BOWLING SPELL IN PRACTICE SITUATION

A Dissertation Submitted to the

Banras Hindu University, varanasi

for the Entrance in

Doctorate of Philosophy program

April 2022

Submitted By:

Varunendra Singh

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter Content Page No.

List of tables

List of illustrations

I. INTRODUCTION

Statement of the problem

Objectives of the study

Hypothesis

Delimitations

Limitations

Significance of the study

Definition and explanation of terms

II. REVIEWS OF RELATED LITERATURE

III. METHODOLOGY

Selection of the subjects

Selection of variables

Administration of test

Collection of data

Criterion measures

Statistical procedure

BIBLIOGRAPHY

MISCELLANEOUS

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CHAPTER - I

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 CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
Cricket is a game played with the equipment like bat-and-ball (and additionally with protective
gears)between two teams, each consists of 11 players on a field at the center of which is a 22-yards (20-
metres) pitch with a wicket (each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps) at each end. The
batting team is allowed to score runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat (and running
between the wickets), while the bowling and fielding side tries to forestall this (by stopping the ball to
go beyond boundaries, and getting the ball to either side of wicket) and dismiss each batsman (so
they're "out"). Most common means of dismissal are - bowled (when the ball hits the stumps and
dislodges the bails), caught (by the fielding side either catching the ball after it is hit by the bat and
before it hits the ground), hit wicket (hitting a wicket with the ball before a batter can cross the crease in
front of the wicket), LBW (when the ball hits part of batsman's legs or chest with all eligibilities required
for an LBW), run-out (when batsmen try to steal runs by running between the wickets and fielding side's
player either hits a direct throw at the stumps or dislodges the bails before either of the batsmen fails to
reach their side's popping crease), stumped (when batsman stays out of the crease during playing a shot
and wicketkeeper gloves the ball and dislodges the bails). When ten wickets of the batting side have
been dismissed, the innings ends and the teams swap roles. Decisions of the game are adjudicated by 2
umpires, aided by a 3rd umpire and match referee (in international matches).

Cricket game's formats are - T20 (each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs), One-day (each
team batting for a single innings of 50 overs) and Test matches (played over 5 days). Traditionally
cricketers play in all-white kit (in test matches), but in limited overs cricket, they wear team or club
colors. In addition to the basic kit, some players use protective equipment to prevent themselves from
getting injured caused by the ball, which is a hard, solid spheroid of compressed leather with a slightly
raised hand-sewn seam enclosing a cork core layered with tightly wound thread string.

Cricket game play has four main departments i.e. batting, bowling, fielding and wicket-keeping. Pace
bowling (also referred to as fast bowling) is one of two main approaches to bowling in the sport
of cricket, the other being spin bowling. Practitioners of pace bowling are usually known
as fast bowlers, quicks, or pacemen. They can also be referred to as a seam bowler, a swing bowler or
a fast bowler who can swing it to reflect the predominant characteristic of their deliveries. Strictly
speaking, a pure swing bowler does not need to have a high degree of pace, though dedicated medium-
pace swing bowlers are rarely seen at Test level these days.

The aim of pace bowling is to deliver the ball in such a fashion as to cause the bats man to make a
mistake. The bowler achieves this by making the hard cricket ball deviate from a predictable, linear
trajectory at a speed that limits the time the batsman has to compensate for it. For deviation caused by
the ball's stitching (the seam), the ball bounces off the pitch and deflects either away from the
batsman's body, or inwards towards them. Swing bowlers on the other hand also use the seam of the
ball but in a different way. To 'bowl swing' is to induce a curved trajectory of the cricket ball through the
air. Swing bowlers use a combination of seam orientation, body position at the point of release,
asymmetric ball polishing, and variations in delivery speed to effect an aerodynamic influence on the
ball. The ability of a bowler to induce lateral deviation or 'sideways movement' can make it difficult for

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the batsman to address the flight of the ball accurately. Beyond this ability to create an unpredictable
path of ball trajectory, the fastest bowlers can be equally potent by simply delivering a ball at such a rate
that a batsman simply fails to react either correctly, or at all.

India is a densely populated country. The current population of India is 1,393,753,499 as of Thursday,

July 8, 2021, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data. In India, the
population of the males aging between 15-19 was 63,982,396 as per 2011 census. In the Indian state
Madhya Pradesh, the population of males aged between 15-19 is 3,980,072. Though there is no data
which displays the total number of beginner, intermediate and expert level cricketers in India, there is a
huge population who enjoys playing cricket, be it some unprofessional or professional level cricket.

Cricket as a game is the most popular sport in India, and is played in all parts of the nation. The Indian
cricket team has won 3 Cricket World Cup Tournaments and 2 ICC Champions Trophy tournaments
including the 1983 Cricket World Cup, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20, the 2011 Cricket World Cup, the
2013 ICC Champions Trophy, and has shared the 2002 ICC Champions Trophy with Sri Lanka.

The inter-state senior men’s domestic competitions played in India are the Ranji Trophy, the Vijay
Hazare Trophy, the Deodhar Trophy, the Irani Trophy, the Duleep Trophy, and the NKP Salve Challenger
Trophy. The Board of Control for Cricket in India also conducts the Indian Premier League (a Twenty20
competition, which is also one of the biggest sports leagues in the world and the biggest cricket league
in the world). The inter-state junior level boys’ competitions in India are Vijay Merchant Trophy (U16)
and Cooch Behar Trophy (U19). While cricket is by far the most popular sport in the country, it is still not
the country's national sport.

The Indore city of Madhya Pradesh has been hub of cricketing activities in Madhya Pradesh since 1930's.
It was Maharaja Yeshwantrao Holkar who took great efforts for the formation of 'Holkar Team'. This
team participated in Ranji Trophy Tournament for 15 seasons and etched name in this history of this
tournament by winning it 4 times while remaining the runner-up on 6 occasions. This helped in
developing strong culture for cricket in this region, which has further spread to the districts under the
aegis of Indore Divisional Cricket Association. Indore is the headquarter of Indore Divisional Cricket
Association. Gymkhana ground at Indore is the major place for cricket activities.

In Indore division, there are more than 20 IDCA affiliated professional cricket clubs which participate in
senior and junior cricket tournaments on a regular basis. School level junior cricket tournaments are also
conducted in Indore. Professional clubs and schools coach young cricketers at beginner and
intermediate levels, organize summer camps to find out young talents in the city. The city is known to
produce famous Indian cricket players like Narendra Hirwani and Naman Ojha.

Out of all clubs in Indore, one club is named Maharaja Yashwantrao Cricket Club (aka MYCC), which
operates on Gymkhana Cricket Ground near Nehru Stadium, A.B. Road, Indore. The club is known to
produce talented cricketers on a regular basis. The club also used to organize summer camps pre-covid.
MYCC has now started operating cricket activities taking in consideration of vaccinated persons
associated to the club. Kids below 18 years are not yet liable to vaccination as vaccine drive below 18
years has not yet started in India. Mask, sanitizer and other covid related norms are being followed
properly.

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MYCC has excellent coaches who train young cricketers in various departments of cricket i.e. batting,
bowling, fielding and wicket keeping. Fast bowling is a department of cricket which needs extra
attention when it comes to accuracy in bowling. As young cricketers (aged 15-19) lack in formal
awareness of diet and workout routine, coaching and training here comes in role to eliminate this gap.
Though basically a cricketer is trained to perform best in long format of the game, tournaments like IPL
and BBL are creating a craze of T20 format among youngsters. There are some school level and club
level T20 cricket tournaments organized in Indore.

Some expert coaches and trainers know the value of knowledge of sports training. Hence knowledge of
sports training becomes necessary to bring out the optimum performance capacity of players and
athletes. Sports training is-

In general the word training is commonly used term in human language but in broad sense training may
be define as an organized and systematic instructional process which aim is to improve the individual's
physical, psychological and intellectual performance capacity. In sports the term training is often used by
the players, coaches and scientists but there are some disagreement among the coaches and scientists
regarding the exact meaning of this term, because the experts those who belong to sports medicine are
in the opinion that sports training is simply a doing of physical exercise, Where as some other experts
understood the meaning of the word in the form of interval training, strength training, technical training
and tactical training.

Sports training is a scientifically based and pedagogically organized process through planned and
systematic, effect on the performance ability and performance readiness aims at sports perfection and
performance improvement as well as at the contest in sports competition.

The functions responsible for appropriate sports training are listed below-

The performance of an individual depends upon the performance capacity of a sportsperson; this
capacity is Complete Guide to Sports Training 4 complex in nature and depends upon certain factors like
speed, strength, flexibility, endurance and coordinative abilities. If we take the physique into an account
which is moreover genetic and it cannot be trained by means of training but other factors are trainable
to some extent. To achieve these following tasks of the sports training should be considered:

I-Development of Sports Personality: Personality of sportsman is observed in the form of habit,

behavior and attitude towards the requirement of training of competitive sports/events. It is quite clear
that the personality is influenced in the process of tackling the task involved. Hence the personality of
the sportsman can be develops through systematic & logical guidance during regular participation in
sports activity. To ensure the improvement and achieve high level of performance it is worthwhile to
develop the physical, mental, and social aspect of a sportsman. The sportsmen are required to develop
the specific personality characteristics. The specific personality characteristics which are more suitable
to attain high level of sports performance in particular sports.

II- Performance Efficiency: The rate at which performance efficiency is develops during the sports
training is largely depends upon the amount of training and competition. It has the decisive bearing on
the improvement of performance efficiency and performance ability. The performance efficiency is also
depend on the amount of training load is given during sports training. But the quality of the way of
training is organized will also be crucial for changing high load into higher performance capacity.

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III-Physical Training: Physical training of sportsman is refers to the speed, strength, endurance, flexibility
and coordinative ability. These qualities are performance prerequisites of any sports. Requirement of
these qualities vary from sports to sports because some sports require 5 single ability whereas other
requires combination of two. To improve these abilities sportsman should regular participate in general,
specific and competitive sports activity demanded for a particular sports.

IV- Technical Training: Technical training enables the sportsman to make the optimum and best use of
the physical abilities during the sports competition. The technical training helps to achieve the skill of
particular sport which is directly related to the sports performance because higher the level of technical
skill higher will be the performance. In order to acquire mastery over the skill one should regular
participate in technical training because it ensures the perfection of skill which helps to attain high
performance in sports competition. Technical mastery over the skill also ensures the proper application
of motor abilities which reduce the efforts energy consumption during the competition.

V- Tactical Training: The use of correct tactics enables the sportsman to make the best possible use of
physical and psychological capacity of sportsman. The tactical training helps in understanding the
strength and weakness of the opponent's and also develop the ability to overcome these types of
situations during competition. Gradually increasing of tactical efficiency helps the athlete to win the top
level events in national and international competition. Keeping all these facts in mind all sort of skills
and abilities should acquire during training which are normally put into practice to win any
sports/events. Hence tactical training must be considered as the important part of sports training.

VI- Mental Training/Intellectual Training: Intellectual training refers to the higher demand put on the
mental faculty of a sportsman. When sportsmen engage in training of competitive sports he should
encouraged understanding the latest technical and tactical aspects of a game and how to develop these
by modern means and methods of training. It is also desirous Complete Guide to Sports Training 6 to
develop good habits, positive attitude and tactical ideas with good imagination which helps to develop
the new technique and help in planning and analyzing the daily schedule. By doing so, sportsman
systematically develops the mental faculty which continuously, helps to improve the theoretical
knowledge of sports training. Thus mental training is considered to be the important part of sports
training.

Sports training becomes compulsory to relate with, when it comes to provide a scientific training to a
sportsperson. It falls under the section of Health Education when we talk about specific diet for the
players or athletes. Health Education is-

An individual’s physical and mental well-being is the concern of two similar areas of education: health
education and physical education. Both deal with habits of exercise, sleep, rest, and recreation. Since
physical well-being is only one aspect of a person’s overall health, physical education is often thought of
as a part of health education.

Health education is an activity aimed at the improvement of health-related knowledge, attitudes, and
behavior. It is used in schools to help students make intelligent decisions about health-related issues.
There are many ways to teach health in schools. Usually instructors create and facilitate learning
experiences that develop the student’s decision-making skills. Above all, teachers provide health
information and a concern for factors that influence the quality of life.

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Health behavior plays a major part in a person’s overall well-being. Since health-related behaviors are
both learned and amenable to change, formal health education usually begins when a child is most
flexible—in primary school. This is also when a child is more apt to accept positive health behaviors. It is
in these early years that the negative effects of a lifetime of health abuse can be prevented. Many
health problems are known to be linked to smoking, poor nutrition, obesity, lack of exercise, stress, and
abuse of drugs and alcohol.

Basic to health education is the principle of preventive care. Health educators attempt to teach people
to be responsible for their own health and health care. They also discuss the benefits of medical
technology and research. They often promote behavioral changes and modifications to improve health.

Health education and physical education programs exist throughout the world. In the United States,
most health education and physical education programs are managed by governments (federal, state,
and local), communities, schools, and organizations.

Nutrition in sports training can be defined as-

the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life. It includes
ingestion, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion. The science that studies the
physiological process of nutrition is called nutritional science.

Role of Nutrients: Nutrients provide nourishment. Major nutrients are proteins, carbohydrates,

fat, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and water are all nutrients. If people do not have the right balance of
nutrients in their diet, their risk of developing certain health conditions increases.

Types of nutrients:

Nutrients are divided in two types which are listed below along with their subtypes-

1. Macronutrients – Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water.

2. Micronutrients – Minerals, vitamins, antioxidants.

Banana as an immediate energy booster

Banana is not just excellent fruit for snacking on, but the many benefits it provides can help a sportsman
with sports performance and recovery. Bananas are an excellent source of energy and may even be
better than traditional sports drinks.

This particular fruit isn't high in sugar. The natural sugars present in bananas can serve as energy for an
athlete before and during workouts. This can help in cardio exercises, weightlifting and athletics.

According to studies, when bananas ripen, the sugars change to become more easily absorbed which is
excellent in aiding recovery after sports, whereas if you consume bananas that are still under-ripe, they
contain higher levels of resistant starch.

It is a type of dietary fiber that helps reduce the chance of cancer and helps your gut by encouraging
your digestive system to increase healthy bacteria. This helps your digestive system stay in good shape.

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The average banana contains 20g of carbohydrates which is a considerable amount to have as a pre-
workout snack.

Bananas are rich in Vitamin B6 and provide 15% of one’s daily intake. Vitamin B6 plays an important role
in supporting brain health and helping us maintain a healthier feel. Bananas are also known for being
rich in potassium. This plays an important role in muscle support and recovery. Bananas are also rich in
dietary fiber which helps keeping an athlete fuller for longer. As bananas are low in calories, they won't
make one bloated or gain weight. Instead, one will be consuming good quality carbohydrates that won't
only help him manage his diet, but also keep him satisfied as a post workout snack.

Sports Drink Replacement

In addition to aiding muscle recovery for post workout and aiding general health, bananas can be used
as a pre and intra-workout supplement. Bananas provide anti-inflammatory benefits that you won't get
in sports drinks.

A study published by 'PLOS One' in March 2018 says that cyclists ate half a banana with water every 30
minutes during their course as bananas reduce a particular type of inflammatory enzyme known as COX-
2. You can't get this is in any sports drink.

The authors concluded that consuming a banana with plain water during sport or athletic performance
provides a better advantage compared to sports drinks, for athletes and fitness enthusiasts. The benefits
include better nutrition, anti-inflammatory effects and improved metabolic recovery.

When to eat bananas

This fruit can be consumed before, during or after workouts. Having it as a snack 1 hour before your
workouts will provide you with energy and fuel for your exercise.

As a post-workout snack, it is recommended to have it 1 hour after exercise for its full benefits. This will
aid in muscle recovery as well as promoting muscle growth. You can have this with meals as a porridge,
smoothie, or have the banana on its own.

Regarding Intra workout supplements, usually, water is all you need. However, if your workout lasts
over 90 minutes and you are lifting heavy weights or performing high resistance exercises, then there's
nothing wrong with squeezing in a banana.

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 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The motto of the study will be to determine whether there is significant effect of specified diet given to
male fast bowlers during bowling spells.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To find out whether there is an effect of consuming banana between overs, following objectives will be
set for the study:

1. To take the data of a pre-test of bowling accuracy for both control and experimental groups.

2. To provide specified diet to experimental group’s fast bowlers between overs.

3. To take the data of a post-test of bowling accuracy for both control and experimental groups.

4. To analyze the data and compare the results of both the groups.

HYPOTHESES
Following hypotheses are developed based upon the research findings, literature surveys and
investigator’s understanding of the subject area:

1. It was hypothesized that there would be no significant difference between bowling accuracy of
both groups post experiment.

2. It was hypothesized that experimental group would show better bowling accuracy than that of
control group post experiment.

3. It was hypothesized that control group would show better bowling accuracy than that of
experimental group post experiment.

DELIMITATIONS
1. The study will be delimited to 12 male fast bowlers of age ranging between 15-19.

2. The study will be further delimited to players of Banaras Hindu University.

3. The study will be further delimited to specific criteria of 4 overs.

4. The study will be delimited to specific diet for fast bowlers during bowling spell i.e. banana and
water.

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 LIMITATIONS
1. The individual bowling practice prior to experiment will be considered as one of the limitations
of the study.

2. Because of reconstruction process of the ground the bowlers may not be wearing spikes shoes
in order to prevent damage to the ground. This will be considered as one of the limitations for
the study.

3. Individual difference and their ability to adjust to this new event will be another limitation to
the study.

4. Climatic conditions and young bowlers’ ability to handle swing will be another limitation to the
study.

5. Although possible efforts will be made to control the thought process and to make them
concentrate on the instruction given by the investigator during experiment, the degree of
involvement by the subjects can not be assessed. So this uncontrollable factor, which may have
influence on the bowling accuracy, can be recognized as another limitation of the study.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The study would be significant in following ways:

1. The study would critically examine the diet benefits during match situation if any.

2. It would help coaches and trainers to take out the best performance from their fast bowlers.

3. It would assist trainers to construct a diet plan for their fast bowlers during match situation.

4. It would assist coaches to plan their tactics in the match situation.

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 DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS
 Accuracy: degree of conformity of a measure to a standard or a true value.

 Ball pitching: The spot on the wicket where the ball bounces after the bowler has released the
ball.

 BCCI: The Board of Control for Cricket in India is the governing body for cricket in India and is
under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India. The board
was formed in December 1928 as a society, registered under the Tamil Nadu Societies
Registration Act.

 Covid: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered

coronavirus.

 Diet: In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism. The word
diet often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for health or weight-management
reasons. Although humans are omnivores, each culture and each person holds some food
preferences or some food taboos.

 Good length ball: A good length ball is a delivery that pitches roughly 6-7 meters away from the
batsman's stumps. A good length delivery that is bowled in the correct area will be just above
knee height when it gets to the batsman.

 Nutrition: Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses
food to support its life. It includes ingestion, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism
and excretion. The science that studies the physiological process of nutrition is called nutritional
science.

 Over: In cricket, an over consists of six consecutive legal deliveries bowled from one end of a
cricket pitch to the player batting at the other end, almost always by a single bowler. A maiden
over is an over in which no runs are scored that count against the bowler.

 Performance: A performance is an act of staging or presenting a play, concert, or other form of

entertainment. It is also defined as the action or process of carrying out or accomplishing an
action, task, or function.

 Spell: A number of overs bowled continuously by a bowler before getting replaced by another
bowler is called a Spell.

 Sports drink: Sports drinks, also known as electrolyte drinks, are functional beverages whose
stated purpose is to help athletes replace water, electrolytes, and energy before, during and
especially after training or competition, though their effects on performance in sports and
exercise has been questioned.

 T20: Twenty20 is a shortened game format of cricket. At the professional level, it was
introduced by the England and Wales Cricket Board in 2003 for the inter-county competition. In
a Twenty20 game, the two teams have a single innings each, which is restricted to a maximum
of 20 overs.

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 Tactic: A tactic is a conceptual action or short series of actions with the aim of achieving of a
short-term goal. This action can be implemented as one or more specific tasks. The term is
commonly used in business, protest and military contexts, as well as in chess, sports or other
competitive activities.

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CHAPTER - II

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 CHAPTER – II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Maunder, Kilding Et Al. (2021), The manifestations of fatigue during fast bowling in cricket were
systematically evaluated using subjective reports by cricket experts and quantitative data published
from scientific studies. Narratives by international players and team physiotherapists were sourced from
the Internet using criteria for opinion-based evidence. Research articles were evaluated for high-level
fast bowlers who delivered 5- to 12-over spells with at least 1 quantitative fatigue measure. Anecdotes
indicate that a long-term loss of bowling speed, tiredness, mental fatigue, and soreness occur. Scientific
research shows that ball-release speed, bowling accuracy, bowling action (technique), run-up speed, and
leg-muscle power are generally well maintained during bowling simulations. However, bowlers
displaying excessive shoulder counter-rotation toward the end of a spell also show a fall in accuracy. A
single notable study involving bowling on 2 successive days in the heat showed reduced ball-release
speed (–4.4 km/h), run-up speed (–1.3 km/h), and accuracy. Moderate to high ratings of perceived
exertion transpire with simulations and match play (6.5–7.5 Borg CR-10 scale). Changes of blood lactate,
pH, glucose, and core temperature appear insufficient to impair muscle function, although several
potential physiological fatigue factors have not been investigated. The limited empirical evidence for
bowling-induced fatigue appears to oppose player viewpoints and indicates a paradox. However, this
may not be the case since bowling simulations resemble the shorter formats of the game but not
multiday (test match) cricket or the influence of an arduous season, and comments of tiredness, mental
fatigue, and soreness signify phenomena different from what scientists measure as fatigue. 1

McGrath, Neville Et Al. (2018), Fast bowlers are at a high risk of overuse injuries. There are specific
bowling frequency ranges known to have negative or protective effects on fast bowlers. Inertial
measurement units (IMUs) can classify movements in sports, however, some commercial products can
be too expensive for the amateur athlete. As a large number of the world's population has access to an
IMU (e.g. smartphones), a system that works on a range of different IMUs may increase the accessibility
of automated workload monitoring in sport. Seventeen elite fast bowlers in a training setting were used
to train and/or validate five machine learning models by bowling and performing fielding drills. The
accuracy of machine learning models trained using data from all three bowling phases (pre-delivery,
delivery and post-delivery) were compared to those trained using only the delivery phase at a sampling
rate of 250 Hz. Next, models were trained using data down-sampled to 125 Hz, 50 Hz, and 25 Hz to
mimic results from lower specification sensors. Models trained using only the delivery phase showed
similar accuracy (> 95%) to those trained using all three bowling phases. When delivery-phase data were
down-sampled, the accuracy was maintained across all models and sampling frequencies (>96%). 2

1
Maunder, Kilding Et Al., Do fast bowlers fatigue in cricket, International Journal of Sports
Physiology and Performance, Volume 12, issue 6, 2021, Pages 719-727,
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0389
2
Joseph W. McGrath, Jonathon Neville, Tom Stewart & John Cronin (2019) Cricket fast bowling
detection in a training setting using an inertial measurement unit and machine learning, Journal
of Sports Sciences, volume 37, issue11, pages 1220-
1226,DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1553270
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Naderi, Rezaei Et Al. (2018) Nutritional strategies targeting improved exercise performance and training
adaptations are considered to be ergogenic. Currently, the majority of attention is given to the
macronutrients carbohydrate and protein, while micronutrients are considered on a lesser scale. Though
literature exists, little attention is given to fruit and respective fruit extracts.

Whole fruits naturally contain macro- and micronutrients, fiber, minerals, vitamins, a number of
bioactive phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and ellagitannins and
intuitively should be considered a regular part of an athletes’ diet. The primary aim of this review is to
review the extant literature and provide a narrative overview of studies involving fruit, respective fruit
extracts, and their effects on exercise performance and recovery. Included in this review
are blackcurrant, grapes, pomegranate, cherry, banana, watermelon and blueberry.

There appears to be a consistent pattern in the literature for fruit extracts to improve  antioxidant
capacity. Data supporting performance improvements are less compelling. While the health effects of
whole fruits are intuitive, there remains a paucity of research examining the role of whole fruits as part
of an athletes’ diet.3

Fleming, Naughton Et Al. (2018) In this study, the nutritional and recovery habits of tennis players pre-,
during, and post-match-play were investigated. Seventy tennis players completed a bespoke nutrition
and recovery habits questionnaire, with questions related to the following areas: match preparation,
intra-match nutritional habits, situation dependent variables, and post-match nutrition and recovery. On
match day-1, the consumption of balanced meals consisting of carbohydrate (CHO), fat and protein, with
some micronutrient considerations were reported by 51% of players. On match-days, CHOs were
prioritized prior to match-play with CHO dominant meals consumed by the majority of players. During
matches, all players adopted a nutritional strategy, with water (94%), banana(s) (86%) and sports drinks
(50%) commonly used. Carbohydrate rich nutritional aids, including sports drinks (80%) and energy gels
(26%) were utilized more readily during long matches (>2 h). The day after match-play, 39% of players
reported the consumption of “nothing specific”. Multiple post-match recovery strategies were adopted
by 80% of players, with foam rolling (77%), ice baths (40%), protein shake intake (37%) and hot baths
(26%) most used. Findings indicate highly variable eating and recovery habits in tennis players pre-,
during and post-match-play, with scope for improved practices. 4

McDonald, Shelley (2018), say that Cricket is one of the oldest sports in existence in the world right
now. Nowadays cricket with increasing elite level representation has resulted in higher physical
performance demands on players. Despite this, there is small information available regarding the dietary
intake, energy cost and hydration status of cricketers during matches.

Objective: To investigate pre-match and during-match dietary intake; hydration status and energy
expenditure (EE) of high performing male players within limited overs cricket matches (50 overs).

3
Naderi, Rezaei Et Al., Fruit for sport, Trends in Food Science and Technology, Volume 74 April,
2018, Pages 85-98, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2018.02.013
4
Fleming JA, Naughton RJ, Harper LD. Investigating the Nutritional and Recovery Habits of
Tennis Players. Nutrients. 2018; 10(4):443. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040443

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Methods: High performing male cricketers (above 16 years) from the Auckland Cricket Association were
invited to participate in an observational study that took place during ‘one-day format’ cricket matches.
Pre-match hydration was tested for urine specific gravity (Usg), post-match hydration was determined
from percentage body mass (BM) change and sweat loss was estimated from end of match BM less
calculated BM (pre-match BM + food and fluid mass – urine output). Dietary intakes were assessed using
food records (pre match) and direct observation (during match). Global positioning system units were
worn to provide time motion analysis data. EE was calculated from relative metabolic load multiplied by
pre-match BM. Statistical analyses using independent t-tests and bivariate correlations were performed
to investigate relationships between variables.

Results: Match data were collected from 27 cases over six games from 18 participants. Early morning
pre-match dehydration (≥Usg 1.020 g.ml-1) was reported in 81.5% of cases. The minimum
recommended pre-event fluid intake (5 ml.kg-1) was met by 28% of participants (n=5). A pre-match
carbohydrate (CHO) intake of <1 g∙kg-1 was reported for 66.6% of participants, and match CHO intake of
< 30 g.h-1 was found for 37% of cases. End of match BM percent losses occurred in 59.2% and the
highest loss reported was 2% (n=2). Match fluid intake was positively associated with match sweat loss
(P<0.001). The average match EE per hour was 1015 ± 266 kJ∙h-1. There was no relationship between
match EE and energy intake.

Conclusion: Most players were dehydrated early morning, and almost one third had an inadequate pre-
match fluid intake. Match rehydration was insufficient in over two-thirds of the cases and CHO intake
was insufficient for two thirds pre-match and for one third during the match. The results from this study
indicate that educating this group of cricket players on pre-match and match dietary and fluid
requirements and on individual hydration monitoring practices is warranted. Further investigations on
the energy cost of cricket matches are warranted to further determine the demands of the game,
specifically focusing on positional demands.5

Tallent, Higgins (2017), Bowling overs are the primary recorded measure for workloads in cricket for
youth through to professionals. However, the validity of this measure has never been tested.
Additionally, despite the cognitive component of cricket being suggested to be very high, changes in
psychomotor processing speed has again not been explored.

METHODS: Eight professional English county cricket bowlers participated in the study. Participants wore
global positioning systems with a tri-axial accelerometer during a Twenty20 match and training. Bowling
overs were expressed relative to external forces. Additionally, cognitive function (as measured by
psychomotor speed) was assessed pre and post Twenty20 game and training.

RESULTS: When expressed relative to high intensity running distance or external forces from the tri-axial
accelerometer, the cost of each over (6 deliveries) was over 100% higher in a Twenty20 game compared
to training. Psychomotor speed was unchanged although error within the cognitive task increased post

5
McDonald, Shelley,An observational study on the dietary intake, nutrition practices, hydration
status and energy expenditure in competitive one-day cricket matches, a thesis presented in
partial fulfillment of a Master’s of Science in Human Nutrition, Massey University, Albany, New
Zealand, 2018, http://hdl.handle.net/10179/13821

Page | 17
Twenty20 (391 ± 82 to 547 to 104 ms) and training (414 ± 110 to 561 to 238 ms). This data suggests that
reaction time is unchanged from cricket but the chance of making the correct decision is increased.

CONCLUSIONS: Movements in fielding should be quantified or bowling workloads adjusted to account

for the high intensity fielding associated with Twenty20 cricket. Cognitive function was impaired
following bowling, suggesting practitioners may also monitor psychomotor changes when assessing
fatigue and allow appropriate time to mentally recover. 6

Corey Payne (2017), Cricket is a popular sport both in New Zealand, and internationally. Cricketers have
a high prevalence of stress fractures, which may in part be linked to bone mineral density. However,
little research exists investigating bone health in this group. The primary aim of this study was to
investigate determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of high performing cricketers.
Secondary aims included measuring musculoskeletal differences in the dominant versus non-dominant
arm, and monitoring pre and postseason body composition.

Methods: Healthy male (n=27) and female (n=11) cricketers aged 16-33y were recruited. BMD was
measured using DXA, and body composition was measured pre and post-season using bioelectrical
impedance analysis (BIA). Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ’s) and a lifestyle & health questionnaire
were completed. Determinants of BMD were tested using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. A
dependent samples t-test was used to determine differences between dominant and non-dominant
arms and changes in body composition over the season.

Results: Skeletal muscle mass was a significant predictor of BMD and accounted for 31, 18, and 38
percent of BMD variation at the hip, spine, and total body, respectively. Age and calcium intake did not
predict BMD at any site. BMD and lean mass were significantly greater (p<0.05) in the dominant arms of
both males (+0.056g/cm2 and +308.4g) and females (+0.078g/cm2 and +254.2g). A 0.8kg reduction in
post-season skeletal muscle mass was found in females (p<0.05), with no differences found in males.

Conclusions: Skeletal muscle was the strongest predictor of BMD in this group, while age and calcium
intake showed no effect. Significant differences in BMD and lean mass were observed between
dominant and non-dominant arms. Skeletal muscle in males remained unchanged from beginning to end
of season, and was reduced in females. Training methods in this group should target development and
maintenance of muscle mass in order to optimize BMD. 7

Gamage, De Silva (2016), The aim of the current study was to assess the effects of dehydration on
cricket specific motor skill performance among fast-bowlers, fielders, and batsmen playing in a hot and
humid environment. 10 fast-bowlers, 12 fielders and 8 batsmen participated in two field trials
conducted 7 days apart: a fluid provision trial (FP) and a fluid restriction trial (FR). Each trial consisted of
a 2-hr standardized training session and pre-training and post-training skill performance assessments.
6
Tallent, Higgins Et Al. Quantification of bowling workload and changes in cognitive function in
elite fast bowlers in training compared with twenty20 cricket. The Journal of Sports Medicine
and Physical Fitness,2017, DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07940-3
7
Corey Payne, Bone mineral density and body composition in high-performing cricket players, a
thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in
Nutrition and Dietetics, at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand, 2017,
http://hdl.handle.net/10179/12208

Page | 18
Bowling speed and accuracy (line and length), throwing speed and accuracy (overarm, sidearm and
underarm) and timed running between wickets (1, 2, and 3 runs) was assessed pre to post-training in
each trial. Mass loss was 0.6 ± 0.3 kg (0.9 ± 0.5%) in FP, and 2.6 ± 0.5kg (3.7 ± 0.8%) in FR trials.
Maintaining mass within 1% of initial values did not cause any significant skill performance decline.
However, the dehydration on the FR trial induced a significant time and trial effect for bowling speed by
1.0 ± 0.8% reduction (0.3 ± 0.8% reduction in FP trial; p < .01) and 19.8 ± 17.3% reduction in bowling
accuracy for line (3.6 ± 14.2% reduction in FP trial; p < .01), but no effect on bowling length. A significant
decline was noted in the FR trial for throwing speed for overarm (6.6 ± 4.1%;  p < .01; 1.6 ± 3.4%
reduction in FP trial) and sidearm (4.1 ± 2.3%; p < .01; 0.6 ± 4.7% increase in FP trial) techniques, and for
throwing accuracy for overarm (14.2 ± 16.3%; p < .01; 0.8 ± 24.2% increase in FP trial) and sidearm (22.3
± 13.3%; p < .05; 3.2 ± 34.9% reduction in FP trial) techniques. Batsmen demonstrated significant
performance drop in making three runs (0.8 ± 1.2% increase in time in FP trial and 2.2 ± 1.7% increase in
time in FR trial; p < .01). Moderate-severe dehydration of 3.7% body mass loss significantly impairs
motor skill performance among cricketers, particularly bowlers and fielders, playing in hot and humid
conditions. Fluid ingestion strategies maintaining mass loss within 1% prevented a decline in skill
performance.8

Brayn John (2015),The conditioning of cricket fast bowlers has received very little scientific attention.
Therefore the purpose of this thesis was: 1) to conduct a thorough literature review that collated the
findings of the limited research that has been undertaken and identified gaps in knowledge around best
practice of strength and conditioning for fast bowlers that require further attention; 2) find the experts
opinion on these identified areas of future research; and, 3) use the knowledge gained from both the
literature and experts opinion to construct a suggested best practice strength and conditioning program
for fast bowlers.

Using the Delphi method, a series of surveys were administered to a total of 61 fast bowling experts,
who included strength and conditioning coaches, physiotherapist’s, skills coaches and players, all of
whom were specialists in the area of fast bowling and had five plus years’ experience at first class or
international level cricket. Questions were aimed at gaining consensus of opinion as to: 1) the specific
field based tests that are best used to assess and monitor the specific fitness qualities of the cricket fast
bowler; 2) the fitness qualities most important for the time of the season and developmental stage of
the fast bowler; and, 3) best practice for maintenance of these fitness qualities through an in-season.

The main findings of these surveys were that strength and aerobic fitness rated the most important
conditioning aspect for fast bowlers, with strength also rating as most important regardless of the
development level of the bowler and the time of the season. A significant percentage of the experts
believe that all conditioning areas can be maintained and potentially improved during the in-season of a
busy international or domestic cricket season. This can mostly be achieved via performing one high
intensity session every 10 days. Furthermore the experts suggested that all these qualities, with the
exception of strength, can be trained/maintained via the demands of playing the game.

8
Gamage, De silva, Effects of Dehydration on Cricket Specific Skill Performance in Hot and
Humid Conditions, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2016,
pages 531-541, https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0015
Page | 19
With regards to the strength demands, different areas of the fast bowlers body require different
focuses. Specific bowlers and body types require different training focuses. Some hypertrophy in the
lower body is acceptable when it helps with injury prevention but extra non-functional mass (fat mass or
extra muscle mass) in the upper-body is undesirable.

Another outcome of the survey was the identification of best practice assessment batteries for
anthropometry, flexibility, strength, speed, power, anaerobic and aerobic fitness. Specific fast bowling
tests were identified that were thought essential to complete the physical player profile. This included a
movement screening test where the top five movements that need to be assessed and were specific to
fast bowlers were the single leg squat, sprinting, squat, a shoulder mobility test and rotational
movements.9

Julius Jooste (2013), The purpose of this study was to compare the mental-skills differences at
participatory level among three progressive levels of cricket participation recognized by the Northern
Cricket Union (NCU) in the Pretoria Gauteng region of South Africa. The study sample included 39 junior
academy players, 68 premier league club/senior academy players and 20 first-class senior provincial
players (N=127). Mental skills were assessed by means of the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-
28) (Smith et al., 1995) and the Bull's Mental Skills Questionnaire (Bull et al., 1996). One-way analysis of
variance (one-way Anova) indicated that there were no differences between the respondents in the
three levels of participation as regards their performance on the various mental-skills subscales. A
definite psychological-skills profile did come to the fore, indicating that successful cricket participants,
regardless of their level of participation, expressed high proficiencies in motivation, self-confidence,
concentration ability, imagery ability, coachability and peaking under pressure. The essential conclusion
was that there are no mental-skills differences between the various levels of cricket-playing
performances in the one-day cricket format. However the study did reveal that mental skills are key
antecedents of successful cricket participation and development. 10

Phillips, Portus Et Al. (2012), The relationship between performance variability and accuracy in cricket
fast bowlers of different skill levels under three different task conditions was investigated. Bowlers of
different skill levels were examined to observe if they could adapt movement patterns to maintain
performance accuracy on a bowling skills test.

Design: 8 national, 12 emerging and 12 junior pace bowlers completed an adapted version of the Cricket
Australia bowling skills test, in which they performed 30 trials involving short ( n = 10), good (n = 10), and
full (n = 10) length deliveries.

9
BryanJohn, Biomechanics, philosophy, injury and conditioning for cricket fast bowlers, a Thesis
published for Master of Philosophy in Auckland University of Technology, 2015,
http://hdl.handle.net/10292/8867

Julius Jooste, The relationship between mental skills and level of cricket participation, African
10

Journal for Physical Health Education, Recreation and Dance, Vol. 19, No. 1, 1 Oct 2013,
https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC133605

Page | 20
Methods: Bowling accuracy was recorded by digitizing ball position relative to the center of a target.
Performance measures were mean radial error (accuracy), variable error (consistency), centroid error
(bias), bowling score and ball speed. Radial error changes across the duration of the skills test were used
to record accuracy adjustment in subsequent deliveries.

Results: Elite fast bowlers performed better in speed, accuracy, and test scores than developing athletes.
Bowlers who were less variable were also more accurate across all delivery lengths. National and
emerging bowlers were able to adapt subsequent performance trials within the same bowling session
for short length deliveries.

Conclusions: Accuracy and adaptive variability were key components of elite performance in fast
bowling which improved with skill level. In this study, only national elite bowlers showed requisite levels
of adaptive variability to bowl a range of lengths to different pitch locations. 11

Nieman, Gillitt Et Al. (2012), This study compared the acute effect of ingesting bananas (BAN) versus a
6% carbohydrate drink (CHO) on 75-km cycling performance and post-exercise inflammation, oxidative
stress, and innate immune function using traditional and metabolomics-based profiling. Trained cyclists
(N = 14) completed two 75-km cycling time trials (randomized, crossover) while ingesting BAN or CHO
(0.2 g/kg carbohydrate every 15 min). Pre-, post-, and 1-h-post-exercise blood samples were analyzed
for glucose, granulocyte (GR) and monocyte (MO) phagocytosis (PHAG) and oxidative burst activity, nine
cytokines, F2-isoprostanes, ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and metabolic profiles using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry. Blood glucose levels and performance did not differ between BAN
and CHO (2.41±0.22, 2.36±0.19 h, P = 0.258). F 2-isoprostanes, FRAP, IL-10, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, GR-
PHAG, and MO-PHAG increased with exercise, with no trial differences except for higher levels during
BAN for IL-10, IL-8, and FRAP (interaction effects, P = 0.003, 0.004, and 0.012). Of 103 metabolites
detected, 56 had exercise time effects, and only one (dopamine) had a pattern of change that differed
between BAN and CHO. Plots from the PLS-DA model visualized a distinct separation in global metabolic
scores between time points [R2Y(cum) = 0.869, Q2(cum) = 0.766]. Of the top 15 metabolites, five were
related to liver glutathione production, eight to carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, and
two were tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates. BAN and CHO ingestion during 75-km cycling resulted in
similar performance, blood glucose, inflammation, oxidative stress, and innate immune levels. Aside
from higher dopamine in BAN, shifts in metabolites following BAN and CHO 75-km cycling time trials
indicated a similar pattern of heightened production of glutathione and utilization of fuel substrates in
several pathways.12

Kevin C. Miller (2012),Despite estimates by some researchers that exercise-associated muscle cramps
(EAMCs) affect up to 95% of the general population,   their cause remains unknown. The
dehydration/electrolyte imbalance theory is a popular explanation for the cause of EAMCs   and
postulates that fluid and ion shifts from the extracellular space result in EAMCs.   Whereas proponents of

11
Phillips,Portus Et Al., Performance accuracy and functional variability in elite and developing
fast bowlers, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2012, Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 182-188,
ISSN 1440-2440, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.07.006.
Nieman, Gillitt et al., Bananas as an energy source during exercise: a metabolomics
12

approach, PloS one, 2012, volume 7, issue 5, e37479. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037479

Page | 21
this theory traditionally have focused on sodium (Na +) losses and EAMCs,  potassium (K+) imbalances (eg,
hypokalemia, hyperkalemia) also have been listed as possible contributors to the genesis of EAMCs.

In several quasi-experimental studies, investigators have shown no differences in plasma

K+ concentration ([K+]p) between athletes with and without EAMCs.   Given that these researchers  often
compared hematologic characteristics between crampers and non-crampers post exercise, a potential
limitation is how quickly post exercise blood sampling was performed, because [K +]p can return to
normal levels within 5 minutes post exercise.   The electrolyte concentrations in the extracellular and
intracellular compartments during an EAMC are unknown. Whereas K + involvement in the genesis of
EAMCs is unclear, my clinical experience has been that some coaches, health care professionals, and lay
community members believe that eating bananas is an effective treatment for EAMCs because of their
high K+ content and because they believe that electrolyte losses contribute to the genesis of EAMCs. No
researchers have examined [K+]p or plasma K+ content after the ingestion of varying quantities of
bananas after exercise in the heat.

Not knowing how much bananas alter [K+]p may have important clinical implications. Eating large
quantities of bananas while the extracellular fluid compartment is hypertonic may result in modest
hyperkalemia. Based on animal studies and in situ heart preparations, modest hyperkalemia (6–7
mmol/L [conventional unit = 6–7 mEq/L]) may cause cardiac abnormalities, such as QT-wave
shortening,  but little or no clinical evidence of hyperkalemia preceding cardiac arrhythmias has been
demonstrated in humans.  High extracellular [K+] also is thought to contribute to premature muscle
fatigue. If EAMCs result from fatigue-induced changes in muscle afferent activity as speculated,   eating
bananas may expedite fatigue and increase the risk of EAMCs. Therefore, elucidating the effects of
eating varying quantities of bananas on [K+]p and plasma glucose concentration ([glucose] p) post exercise
is necessary.

The purpose of my study was to determine whether eating 0, 1, or 2 servings of bananas after 60
minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise in the heat altered [K +]p or [glucose]p and whether changes in
[K+]p resulted from hypotonic fluid effluxes or K + ion changes. Understanding when and if these blood
variables change after banana ingestion has important clinical implications for whether bananas could
be used to restore K+ or [glucose]p during exercise or post exercise. I hypothesized that [K +]p would not
increase after banana ingestion. Moreover, I expected that [glucose] p would increase after banana
ingestion, but 30 minutes would lapse before appreciable changes would be observed. 13

Portus, Sinclair Et Al. (2010), The aims of this study were to determine the influence of an 8-over spell
on cricket fast bowling technique and performance (speed and accuracy), and to establish the
relationship of selected physical capacities with technique and performance during an 8-over spell.
Fourteen first-grade fast bowlers with a mean age of 23 years participated in the study. Physical
capacities assessed were abdominal strength, trunk stability, selected girth and skinfold measures.
During the delivery stride, bowlers were filmed from an overhead and lateral perspective (50 Hz) to
obtain two-dimensional data for transverse plane shoulder alignment and sagittal plane knee joint angle

13
Kevin C. Miller, Plasma Potassium Concentration and Content Changes After Banana Ingestion
in Exercised Men, Journal of Athletics Training, 2012, volume 47, issue 6: pages 648–654,
https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-47.6.05
Page | 22
respectively. Ball speed was measured by a radar gun and accuracy by the impact point of each delivery
on a zoned scoring target at the batter's stumps. Shoulder counter-rotation did not change significantly
between overs 2 and 8 for all bowlers, but was significantly related to a more front-on shoulder
orientation at back foot impact. When the front-on fast bowlers ( n = 5) were isolated for analysis,
shoulder counter-rotation increased significantly between overs 2 and 8. Ball speed remained constant
while accuracy showed some non-significant variation during the spell. Shoulder counter-rotation was
significantly related to accuracy scores during the second half of the 8-over spell. Chest girth and
composition and body composition were significantly related to ball release speed at various times
during the spell.14

Rob Duffield (2008), The aim of this study was to quantify movement patterns of batsmen scoring 100
runs (century), including analysis at 50, 80, and 100 runs, in Test and One-Day international (one-day)
matches and between the first and second 50 within a Test century. Test centuries (n = 13) and one-day
scores above 80 (n = 12) filmed during the 2005 – 2006 Australian international season were analyzed
for movement patterns of standing, walking, jogging, striding, sprinting, shot playing, and turning. At
each run target, differences in total time, duration of individual movement pattern, movement pattern
frequency, and number of balls faced were determined between Test and one-day matches (analysis of
variance). Differences within Test centuries were assessed using paired t-tests. A similar fractional
predominance of time spent in low-intensity activity (standing and walking) between Test and one-day
matches at each run target (94 and 96% respectively) was observed, with no differences in duration of
striding or sprinting (Test: 1.1 min, s = 0.5; one-day: 0.9 min, s = 0.5 for sprinting: P = 0.28). A 37% longer
total duration occurred in Tests, resulting in longer recovery bouts between high-intensity efforts. There
were no differences between the first and second 50 runs of a Test century for any measure ( P at
best = 0.34). In summary, Test and one-day centuries are characterized by much low-intensity activity
and patterns of high-intensity activity similar to many repeat-sprint team sports and greater recovery
breaks in longer matches.15

Rudkin, O’Nodoghue (2008), This study aimed to quantify player movements during first-class cricket
fielding. Using real-time computerized time-motion analysis the entire on-field activities of 27 in-fielders
were observed for 10-over periods; 9 during each of the morning, afternoon and evening sessions of
first-class cricket. In addition 8 first-class cricketers performed 15 m speed trials between timing gates to
provide velocity multipliers for distance estimation. Overall, players changed movement every 6.4 ± 1.1 s
(mean ± S.D.) and fielded the ball 0.5 ± 0.4 times per over. Stationary and walking activity represented
94.2 ± 2.4% of match time. High-intensity (HI) activity represented 1.6 ± 0.8% of match time with mean
burst and recovery durations of 1.3 ± 0.3 and 99.8 ± 94.5 s, respectively. Repeated HI bouts (at least 3
bursts with less than 21 s mean recovery) occurred 1.2 times per 10-over period. Fielders covered an
estimated 15.5 km per day. In conclusion, first-class fielding entails less HI activity than other team

Marc R. Portus, Peter J. Sinclair, Stephen T. Burke, David J.A. Moore & Patrick J.
14

Farhart, Cricket fast bowling performance and technique and the influence of selected physical
factors during an 8-over spell, Journal of Sports Sciences, 2000, volume 18, issue 12, pages 999-
1011, DOI: 10.1080/026404100446801

Rob Duffield & Eric J. Drinkwater, Time – motion analysis of Test and One-Day international
15

cricket centuries, Journal of Sports Sciences, 2008, volume 26, issue 5, pages 457-

464, DOI: 10.1080/02640410701644026
Page | 23
sports such as soccer and hockey. However, fielders are required to cover large distances in a day, but
over 77% of these distances are covered by walking. 16

Soo, Naughton (2007), This study investigated the hydration profile of high-performance female cricket
players competing at a national tournament. The profile comprised hydration monitoring (n = 18) and a
questionnaire (n = 20). Our objectives were to 1) advance the understanding of fluid losses in cricket
sessions across a tournament and 2) assess the hydration knowledge and practices in female cricket
players. Body mass before and after each game inning was recorded in order to estimate sweat rate,
sweat loss, and percentage body-mass loss. Comparisons were made between groups categorized
according to level of activity during each inning. When sweat rates were estimated according to actual
activity time, results were in the range of those in other female team sports but less than results from
male cricket players. A range of knowledge of hydration issues was also observed. This study supports
the need for individualized hydration recommendations and provides direction for further hydration
education in women’s cricket.17

Plunkett, Alderson Et Al. (2007), The aim of this study was to assess the effect of pitch length (20.12 m
[full length], 18 m and 16 m) on the fast bowling performance and technique of junior cricketers.
Performance measures included ball release speed and accuracy, while technique variables evaluated
were those shown to be related to the aetiology of lower back injury. Thirty-seven fast bowlers from the
under-11 (n  =  14), under-13 (n  =  11) and under-15 (n  =  12) age groups were filmed bowling five
deliveries at each of the above pitch lengths. Two synchronized NAC video cameras operating at 200 Hz
permitted three-dimensional reconstruction of the hip and shoulder alignments, while a standard digital
video camera operating at 50 Hz (positioned perpendicular to the bowling action) was used to measure
front knee angle and ball release speed. Accuracy scores were taken from a zoned target at the
batsman's stumps. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures (with age and pitch length as
the between- and within-participant variables, respectively) was used to compare each age group at the
0.05 significance level. Results showed that accuracy improved in all age groups at shorter pitch lengths,
although ball velocity remained constant throughout all trials. Shoulder counter-rotation increased
significantly for the under-13 bowlers when bowling on the full-length pitch in comparison with the two
shorter lengths. Counter-rotation also increased on the full-length pitch in the under-11 age group,
although this increase was not significant. The under-15 bowlers' techniques did not change as pitch
length increased. As under-11 and under-13 bowlers adopted a “safer” bowling action with superior
accuracy on the 18 m compared with the full length pitch, it was concluded that these age groups should
bowl on an 18 m pitch to reduce the likelihood of lower back injuries and improve accuracy. 18

16
Steven T. Rudkin, Peter G. O’Donoghue, Time-motion analysis of first-class cricket fielding, Journal of
Science and Medicine in Sport, Volume 11, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 604-607, ISSN 1440-2440,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2007.08.004.

17
Soo, Naughton, The Hydration Profile of Female Cricket Players during Competition,
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2007, pages 14-26,
https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.17.1.14
Bruce Elliott, Dean Plunkett & Jacqueline Alderson, The effect of altered pitch length on
18

performance and technique in junior fast bowlers, Journal of Sports Sciences, 2005, volume 23,
Page | 24
Devlin, Fraser Et Al. (2001), The effects of exercise-induced hypohydration on the motor skill
performance of cricket bowling was examined in seven medium-fast bowlers who performed a random
order of two experimental trials. Trials consisted of a bowling test (36 deliveries; PREBOWL) in a
thermoneutral (16±2°C) environment followed by ∼1 hr of intermittent exercise in a heated
environment (28±2°C) and a further thermoneutral bowling test (36 deliveries; POSTBOWL). During one
trial fluid intake was restricted (HYPO) whereas in the other, subjects were forced to drink in an effort to
maintain euhydration (EUH). During all bowling tests subjects were provided with a fixed target on a
cricket pitch and the line, length, and velocity of each delivery was determined. Pre-trial hydration
status was confirmed by similar body mass (BM; 89.5±13.7 vs. 88.9±13.4 kg) and hemoglobin
concentration (15.0±0.8 vs. 14.8±0.8 g. 100 ml −1 for EUH and HYPO, respectively). BM loss was greater in
HYPO than EUH (2.48±0.58 vs.046±0.45 kg). Accordingly, the resultant hypohydration was higher after
HYPO than EUH (2.78±0.49 vs. 0.47±0.41% of BM). Whereas HYPO had no effect on bowling velocity
(102±4 vs. 105±8 km.h−1), univariate analyses revealed independent differences for both bowling line
(2.9±0.5 vs 3.4±0.6, P<0.01) and length (2.9±0.5 vs 3.4±0.6, P<0.01) of delivery after HYPO. We conclude
that moderate (−2.8% of BM) exercise-induced hypohydration has minimal effect on maximal bowling
velocity, but there is a detrimental effect on skilled motor performance in well-trained subjects. 19

Noakes, Durandt (2000), Despite its long history and global appeal, relatively little is known about the
physiological and other requirements of cricket. It has been suggested that the physiological demands of
cricket are relatively mild, except in fast bowlers during prolonged bowling spells in warm conditions.
However, the physiological demands of cricket may be underestimated because of the intermittent
nature of the activity and the generally inadequate understanding of the physiological demands of
intermittent activity. Here, we review published studies of the physiology of cricket. We propose that no
current model used to analyze the nature of exercise fatigue (i.e. the cardiovascular–anaerobic model,
the energy supply–energy depletion model, the muscle power–muscle recruitment model) can
adequately explain the fatigue experienced during cricket. A study of players in the South African
national cricket team competing in the 1999 Cricket World Cup revealed that, in a variety of measures of
explosive ('anaerobic') power and aerobic endurance capacity, they were as 'fit' as South African
national rugby players competing in the 1999 Rugby World Cup. Yet, outwardly, the physiological
demands of rugby would seem to be far greater than those of cricket. This poses the question: 'Why are
these international cricketers so fit if the physiological demands of cricket are apparently so mild?' One
possibility is that these specific groups of athletes are unusually proficient in a variety of sports; many
achieved high standards of performance in other sports, including rugby, before choosing to specialize in
cricket. Hence their apparently high fitness may simply reflect a superior genetic physical endowment,
necessary to achieve success in modern international sports, including cricket. Alternatively, it could be
hypothesized that superior power and endurance fitness may be required to cope with the repeated
eccentric muscle contractions required in turning and in bowling and which may account for fatigue and

issue 7, pages 661-667, DOI: 10.1080/02640410400022177
19
Devlin, Fraser Et Al.,Moderate levels of hypohydration impairs bowling accuracy but not
bowling velocity in skilled cricket players, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Volume 4,
Issue 2, 2001, Pages 179-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(01)80028-1

Page | 25
 risk of injury in cricket. If this is the case, the fitness of cricketers may be increased and their risk of
injury reduced by more specific eccentric exercise training programs. 20

Gore, Bourdon Et Al. (1993), The sweat rate, heart rate and core temperature as well as urinary volume,
osmolarity, electrolyte concentration and pH of 20 cricketers were measured under cool, warm and hot
conditions with wet bulb globe temperature indices of 22.1, 24.5 and 27.1, respectively. Simulated
match conditions were used on the cool and warm days, while 3 bowlers were measured under actual
match conditions on the hot day. The tendency for higher heart rate, sweat rate and renal conservation
of water and sodium on the warm day compared with the cool day is consistent with increasing
thermoregulatory stress under relatively moderate environmental conditions. The average dehydration
of the three fast bowlers was -4.3% of initial body mass after only two sessions of play, on the hot day.
This level of dehydration is sufficient to impair physical performance. These results suggest that the
adverse effects of dehydration could be minimized if the rules of cricket were amended to allow players
the opportunity to drink as desired when the environmental conditions are extreme. 21

Elliott, Hardcastle Et Al. (1992), The 20 members of the Western Australian fast bowling development
squad (mean age, 17.9 years), who had previously undergone routine computed tomography (CT) and
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans to detect the presence of bony and intervertebral disk
abnormalities, acted as subjects for this study. While these radiologic data were being analyzed, these
players were filmed both laterally (200 Hz) and from directly above (100 Hz) as their front foot impacted
a force platform during the delivery stride of the fast bowling action. On a subsequent trial, kinetic data
from the platform were recorded when their back foot impacted the force platform. In addition, these
bowlers performed selected physical capacity tests. The occurrences of abnormal radiologic data were
then used to group the bowlers (group 1: no abnormal radiologic features from CT or MRI scans; group
2: disk degeneration or bulging on MRI scan; group 3: spondylolysis, spondylolisthesis, or pedicle
sclerosis). A Mann‐Whitney U‐rank test was then used to identify any significant differences (p < 0.05)
between the groups for all dependent variables. Pars interarticularis and intervertebral disk
abnormalities were commonly identified in this sample of fast bowlers (55 and 65%, respectively) and all
players who had experienced back pain had evidence of a radiologic abnormality. No player with a
normal diagnosis complained of pain. The appearance of these features was attributed to a combination
of factors rather than a single cause. Bowlers who recorded poorer hamstring or low back flexibility
predisposed themselves to a disk abnormality, whereas those who delivered the ball from a high release
height relative to their standing height and players who had bowled over several seasons during their
growth period were predisposed to a bony abnormality. Furthermore, bowlers who used a technique
that combined a front‐on back foot placement and a side‐on shoulder alignment were more likely to
present abnormal radiologic features in the lumbar spine. 22

T.D. Noakes & J.J. Durandt, Physiological requirements of cricket, Journal of Sports Sciences,
20

2000, 18:12, 919-929, DOI: 10.1080/026404100446739

21
Gore, Bourdon, Involuntary Dehydration during Cricket, International Journal of Sports
Medicine, 1993, volume 14, issue 7, pages 387-395, DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1021197

Elliott, Hardcastle Et Al., The influence of fast bowling and physical factors on radiologic
22

features in high performance young fast bowlers, Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation,
Page | 26
H N Englyst, J H Cummings (1986), The digestion and absorption from the small bowel of the
carbohydrate of banana has been studied by feeding ileostomy subjects banana from six batches of
different ripeness and measuring the amounts excreted in the effluent. Starch content of bananas
depended on the ripeness being 37% of dry weight in the least ripe and 3% in the most ripe. Excretion of
carbohydrate from banana in ileostomy effluent ranged from 4–19 g/day and was directly related to the
starch content (r = 0.99). Up to 90% of the starch could be accounted for in the effluent. Complete
recovery of non-starch polysaccharides [NSP (dietary fiber)] was obtained. The amount of banana starch
not hydrolyzed and absorbed from the human small intestine and therefore passing into the colon may
be up to 8 times more than the NSP present in this food and depends on the state of ripeness when the
fruit is eaten.23

The earliest study investigating EE of cricketers was completed in 1955. Fletcher et al (1955) concluded
from this single study, the mean EE for a cricketer during a test match was as low as that of walking. It
appears that this view may have been either accepted or simply not come into further question until
recently. Most attempts to describe the demands on cricketers have been derived from studies
observing heart rate monitoring, intensity and movement patterns. Only two further investigations on
EE in cricket have occurred since 1955. These were conducted in simulated experimental conditions
investigating the EE of batting via gas exchange methodology and calculated higher EE than the earlier
works of Fletcher (Christie et al., 2008, Pote and Christie, 2014). 2425

1992, 3:2, 113-130, DOI: 10.1080/15438629209517008

23
H N Englyst, J H Cummings, Digestion of the carbohydrates of banana (Musa paradisiaca
sapientum) in the human small intestine, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 44,
Issue 1, July 1986, Pages 42–50, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/44.1.42

J.G. Fletcher, CALORIES AND CRICKET, The Lancet, Volume 265, Issue 6875, 1955, Pages 1165-
24

1166, ISSN 0140-6736, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(55)90662-0.

Pote L, Christie CJ. Physiological and Perceptual Demands of High Intensity Sprinting between
25

the Wickets in Cricket. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2014;9(6):1375-1382.
doi:10.1260/1747-9541.9.6.1375
Page | 27
CHAPTER - III

Page | 28
 CHAPTER – III
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the selection of subjects, selection of variables, criterion measure, reliability of data,
reliability of instrument, tester reliability, administration of test and statistical procedure used for
analyzing data are described.

Selection of Subjects
To serve the purpose of investigation, twelve male cricket fast bowlers (two groups of 6 bowlers each)
i.e. control group and experimental group will be selected. Age ranging from 15 to 19 years. Subjects will
be selected from Banaras Hindu University Cricket club.

Selection of Variables
A T20 format cricket match lasts for 20 overs each inning. Each bowler gets a maximum quota of 4 overs
in an inning. A team usually consists of 5 mainstream batsmen, 1 wicket-keeper and 5 mainstream
bowlers (all-rounders may vary). Hence 6 bowlers in each group will be selected for the study. Literature
has shown that specific diet may affect a player’s sports performance in a game situation. On the basis
of literature reviewed, available research findings, expert guidance and investigator’s own
understanding, the following variables will be selected for the study:

Independent variable
1. Two bananas as a diet (after completion of each over) for experimental group.

2. Water as a fuel (after completion of each over) for both groups.

Dependent variable
1. Bowling accuracy –good length pitched ball in the line of middle stump, off stump and outside
off stump (not too wide).

Page | 29
Figure 1. Bowling lengths on cricket pitch (lateral view from top)

Figure 2. Bowling lengths on cricket pitch (umpiring end view)

Page | 30
 Figure 3. Bowling line breakdown (top view)

Figure 4. Estimated good length spot on a cricket pitch (umpiring end view)

Page | 31
 Administration of Test
The test will be administered individually by the investigator to all the subjects. All the subjects will give
test in groups.

A full length turf pitch of 22 yards (20.12 meters) will be used for the study. A good length area will be
marked with 4 cones (forming a square) on the pitch. First two cones will be 6 meters and other two
cones will be 7 meters from the batsman’s stumps. Line will be set to be covering middle stump to
slightly outside off-stump.

Control group will start with bowling their overs first. Bowlers in control group will bowl 6 balls each,
and then will be rested until the experimental group bowlers will be bowling and will be instructed to
drink water if wanted.

Experimental group bowlers will bowl 6 balls each too, and then will be rested until the control group
bowlers will be bowling and will be instructed to eat two bananas compulsorily and drink water if
wanted.

The resting period consisted of light mobility exercises so that bowlers’ body muscles would not feel
stiff. The resting period will last for 7-10 minutes each time before the next over begun.

Collection of Data
Each delivery bowled by fast bowlers will be noted irrespective of the line and length they would pitch.

It will be noted on paper. Following abbreviations will be used to note the data quickly-

Length

S – Short

G – Good

F – Full (York length and full toss deliveries were also counted full).

Line

L – Leg (all deliveries that pitched in line of leg stump and outside leg stump).

M – Middle (all deliveries that pitched in line of middle stump only).

O – Off (all deliveries that pitched in line of off stump and outside off stump).

All the observations were made and noted by investigator himself.

Criterion Measures

Page | 32
To examine the study quantitatively, following criterion measures will be set to assess the bowling
accuracy. The points for pitching the ball in different areas along with the figure is given below-

Figure 5. Ball Pitching scores

 In short length (every delivery pitched before good length)-

 Outside off stump line (off stump line included) – 2

 Between middle stump and off stump (off stump line excluded, middle stump line included) – 3

 Between middle stump and leg stump (middle stump line excluded, leg stump line included) – 2

 In good length-

 Outside off stump line (off stump line included) – 4

 Between middle stump and off stump (off stump line excluded, middle stump line included) – 5

 Between middle stump and leg stump (middle stump line excluded, leg stump line included) – 3

 In full length (every delivery pitched after good length)-

 Outside off stump line (off stump line included) – 3

 Between middle stump and off stump (off stump line excluded, middle stump line included) – 2

 Between middle stump and leg stump (middle stump line excluded, leg stump line included) – 2

Page | 33
 Statistical Procedure
The analysis part will be divided into two parts: descriptive and comparative.

In order to see the immediate effect of specified diet on bowling performance, T-Test will be used. The
level of significance will be set at 0.05.

Further descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation will be calculated. The SPSS software
will be used for statistical analysis, whereas Origin 6.0 will be used for graphical representations.

Page | 34
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Page | 35
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19. Devlin, Fraser Et Al.,Moderate levels of hypohydration impairs bowling accuracy but not bowling
velocity in skilled cricket players, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Volume 4, Issue 2,
2001, Pages 179-187, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(01)80028-1

20. T.D. Noakes & J.J. Durandt, Physiological requirements of cricket, Journal of Sports Sciences,
2000, 18:12, 919-929, DOI: 10.1080/026404100446739

21. Gore, Bourdon, Involuntary Dehydration during Cricket, International Journal of Sports Medicine,
1993, volume 14, issue 7, pages 387-395, DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1021197

22. Elliott, Hardcastle Et Al., The influence of fast bowling and physical factors on radiologic features
in high performance young fast bowlers, Sports Medicine, Training and Rehabilitation, 1992,
3:2, 113-130, DOI: 10.1080/15438629209517008

23. H N Englyst, J H Cummings, Digestion of the carbohydrates of banana (Musa paradisiaca

sapientum) in the human small intestine, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 44,
Issue 1, July 1986, Pages 42–50, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/44.1.42

24. J.G. Fletcher, CALORIES AND CRICKET, The Lancet, Volume 265, Issue 6875, 1955, Pages 1165-
1166, ISSN 0140-6736, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(55)90662-0.

25. Pote L, Christie CJ. Physiological and Perceptual Demands of High Intensity Sprinting between
the Wickets in Cricket. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching. 2014;9(6):1375-1382.
doi:10.1260/1747-9541.9.6.1375

[viii]