ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Expt. No: OPEN CIRCUIT & SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS

TEST OF
Date: SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
RMER

AIM:
To perform the open circuit and short circuit tests on a single phase transformer.
transformer

OBJECTIVES:

Determine the voltage regulation and the efficiency of a given transformer.

Study the performance of a given transformer at a different load conditions.

Draw the equivalent circuit of a given transformer.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Sr No Name Type Range Quantity

1. Transformer 1-phase 220/110, 1 kVA 1
2. Ammeter MI 10A 1
3. Voltmeter MI 0-250 V 1
4. Wattmeter UPF 5-10A/150-300V 1
5. Auto transformer 1-phase 0-300 V 1
6. Wires 1/18,3/20 As required

THEORY:
The efficiency and regulation of a transformer on any load condition and at any power factor
condition can be predetermined by indirect loading method. In this method, the actual load is not
used on transformer. But the equivalent circuit parameters of a transformer are determined by
conducting two tests
ts on a transformer which are,
1. Open circuit test (O.C Test)
2. Short circuit test (S.C.Test)
The parameters calculated from these test results are effective in determining the regulation and
efficiency of a transformer at any load and power factor condition, without actually loading the
transformer. The advantage of this method is that without much power loss the tests can be
performed and results can be obtained. Let us discuss in detail how to perform these tests and
Page1

how to use the results to calculate equiv

equivalent circuit parameters.

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

In the open circuit test, no load current is very small and hence copper losses are very small. It is
neglected so the wattmeter reading gives the iron or core loss of the transformer. In this test H.V.
side is kept open circuited,, while L.V. side is supplied with its rated voltage.
In the short circuit test usually the L.V. side is short circuited and H.V. side is supplied with
reduced voltage just sufficient to circulate a rated full load current in the transformer winding.
The voltage
oltage applied to the H.V. side is about 10% to 15% of the rated value. Hence the iron loss
is negligible and the wattmeter reads only copper loss of both of the windings collectively
occurring at particular load.
If the value of the current is other than the full load current, the full load copper loss can be
found out by the following expression.
2
 IL 
Wcu ( FL ) =  × Wattmeter reading
 Ammeter reading 
The efficiency of the transformer can be found out with the help of wattmeter reading at open
circuit test and short circuit test.
Output in kW
%η = ×100
Output in kW + Wi + Wcu
If the output is x times the rated value
xkVA × cos φ
%η = ×100
xkVA × cos φ + Wi + x 2Wcu

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Figure.1. Open Circuit Test

Page2

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Figure.2. Short Circuit Test

PRECAUTION:
∗ All the connection should be tight and on proper position
∗ Check all meters are on zero position if not then set it to zero position
∗ Connection done by above all conditions
∗ While performing S.C. test, care should be taken to see that auto transformer tapping
position is for zero output and then the input voltage should be iincreased
ncreased very slowly up
to the full load current is circulating from the windings

PROCEDURE:

(A) Open circuit test

1) Connect the circuit as per the diagram first for open circuit test.
2) After getting it checked, switch on the supply.
3) Adjust the rated voltage
ge input to the H.V. side (say 220 volt) by means of an
a
autotransformer.
4) Take the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter.
5) Switch off the supply.

(B) Short circuit test

1) Connect the circuit as per the diagram for short circuit test.
2) First of all, adjust the autotransformer setting for zero output voltage and then switch on
the supply after getting it checked.
3) Increase the input voltage very slowly by means of a autotransformer,, till rated full load
Page3

current circulates in both the windings. Type your text

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

4) Take the readings

adings of all the meters for full load current value.
5) Switch off the supply.

OBSERVATION TABLE:
(A) Open circuit test

No load voltage No load current No load power

V0 in volts I0 in amp W0 in watts

(B) Short circuit test

Short circuit voltage Short circuit current Short circuit power

VSC in volts ISC in amp WSC in watts

CALCULATIONS:
(A) Calculation of Basic Electrical Parameters of Transformer
From Open Circuit Test Data
W0
• W0 = V0 I 0 cos φ0 ⇒ cos φ0 =
V0 I 0

• I m = I 0 sin
cos φ0 and I c = I 0 cos
sin φ0

V0 V0
• R0 = Ω and X0 = Ω
Ic Im
From Short Circuit Test Data
WSC
• WSC = VSC I SC cos φSC ⇒ cos φSC =
VSC I SC
WSC
• 2
WSC = I SC R01 = total copper loss ⇒ R01 = 2
Ω
I SC

• R02 = K 2 R01 Ω

VSC
• Z SC = = Z 01 Ω
I SC
Page4

• Z 02 = K 2 Z 01 Ω

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

• X 01 = Z 012 − R012 Ω

• X 02 = K 2 X 01 Ω

Important Note:: If the transformer is step up transformer, its primary is L.V. while
secondary is H.V. winding. In S.C. test, supply is given to H.V. winding and L.V is
shorted. In such case we connect meters on H.V. side which is transformer secondary
through for S.C.
.C. test purpose H.V side acts as primary. In such case the parameters
calculated from S.C. test readings are referred to secondary which are R02, Z02 and X02.
So before doing calculations it is necessary to find out where the readings are recorded
on transformer primary or secondary and accordingly the parameters are to be
determined. In step down transformer, primary is high voltage itself to which supply is
given in S.C. test. So in such case test results give us parameters referred to primary i.e.
R01, Z01 and X01.
Key point:: In short, if meters are connected to primary of transformer in S.C. test,
calculations give us R01 and Z01 if meters are connected to secondary of transformer in
S.C. test calculations give us R02 and Z02.

ency of Transformer
(B) Calculation of Efficiency
We know that,
From O.C. test, Wo = Pi
From S.C. test, Wsc = (Pcu) F.L.
xkVA × cos φ
• %η = × 100
xkVA × cos φ + Wi + x 2Wcu

where, x = fraction of full load; cosφ = power factor of load

(C) Calculation of Voltage Regulation of Transformer

xI1 ( R01 cos φ ± X 01 sin φ )
• %VR = × 100
V1
Where, x = fraction of full load; I1 = full load primary current
R01 = equivalent resistance of x’mer referred to primary
X01 = equivalent reactance of x’mer referred to primary
Page5

V1 = primary supplied voltage

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COMPUTATION TABLE:

Working component of no load current – IW

Magnetizing component of no load current – Iµ
Exciting resistance – R0
Exciting reactance – X0
Exciting impedance – Z0
Equivalent resistance of transformer referred to primary – R01
Equivalent reactance of transformer referred to primary – X01
Equivalent impedance of transformer referred to primary – Z01
Equivalent resistance of transformer referred to secondary – R02
Equivalent reactance of transformer referred to secondary – X02
Equivalent impedance of transformer referred to secondary –Z02

Power Factor
Fraction of Load Current
# 0.8 lagging 0.8 leading Unity
Load IL Amp
%η
η %VR %η
η %VR %η
η %VR
1. 100%
2. 75%
3. 50%
4. 25%
5. 10%

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
Page6

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

VECTOR DIAGRAM:

GRAPH:

Load Current IL
Page7

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

%Efficiency
Efficiency V/S Load Current [for all pf load]

Page8

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

%Voltage
Voltage Regulation V/S Load Current [for all pf load]

Page9

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CONCLUSIONS

POST EXPERIMENT QUESTIONS

TIONS
1) Why iron loss is ignored in S.C. test
test?
2) How the parameters of the transformer equivalen
equivalent circuit can be determined by O.C. and
S.C. tests?
3) Why copper loss is ignored in O.C. test?
4) What is the percentage of the rated value of voltage to be applied to the primary of
transformer
er to circulate full load current during short circuit test?
5) What are the advantages of open and short
short-circuit
circuit tests on a transformer?
6) Why are iron losses constant at all loads in a transformer?
7) What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation
operati on 50 Hz
is connected to a 500 Hz source of the same voltage?
8) What would happen if a power transformer designed for operation on 50 Hz were
connected to a 5 Hz source of the same voltage
voltage?
9) Why is the core of a transformer laminated?
10) Define the term transformation
formation ratio?
11) How are the parameters referred to the HV or LV side? Explain with an example.
Page10

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

SPACE FOR ANSWER:

Page11

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Page12

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Page13

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel

 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I LABORATORY

G.H.PATELCOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, V.V.NAGAR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Grade/Marks Obtained

Date of Assessment
Page14

Sign of Instructor

O.C. & S.C. Test of 1-φ Transformer. Prof. S.B.Patel