IEEE JOUKNAL OB Q U A N T U M ELECTRONICS
7 OCTOBER, 1965
Analysis of Stimulated Raman Scattering in Waveguides
W1LLIhlL.I G. WAGNER
Abstract-Stokesradiation,excited by a giantpulseradiation
propagating alonga rectangular waveguide, is analyzed in thispaper.
Equations are established and solved for an arbitrary shape of the
giant pulse. At high gains the stimulated radiation is emitted at all
angles. The maximum outputis almost perpendicular to the exciting
beam, and it decreases as theforward and backward directions are
approached. Forward-backward ratios are sensitive to the detailed
shape and magnitude of the laserpulse. The largeforward-backward
ratio for intense short laser pulses accountsfor the observed results,
which are illustrated for a square and a parabolic pulse. In practice,
a large number of waveguide modes are simultaneously excited,
resulting in intense excitation of vibrational modes in the medium,
and enhancement of the inverse Raman effect and of anti-Stokes
generation.
I. INTRODUCTION
EOMETRICALCONDITIONSin most experi-
ments of stimulated Raman and Brillouin scat-
teringfavor high gainforStokesradiationin
directions parallel to the laser beam. On the ot’her hand,
the highestgainforanti-Stokesradiation is nearthe
off-axis angle satisfying the index matching conditions.
I n practice, the lateral dimensions of the laser beam are
limitedand the anti-Stokesradiation can emerge from
Fig. 1. Rectangular waveguide and field polarization.
the high-gain region without attaining thehighest possible
amplification. A higher yield Stokes and anti-Stokes radia-
tion is obtained in a waveguide arrangement which re-
flects the radiation back into the high-gain region and
preserves the index matching angles. Such a configuration
has been used by Dennis and Tannenwald [l]to obtain
a 90 degree Itaman Stokes emission, and by Tang and
Deutsch [a] andatthe HughesResearchLaboratories
to enhance the anti-Stokes radiation. In an arrangement
where the Raman or Brillouin active material is bounded
by highly reflecting surfaces, stimulated radiation is gen-
erated in a large number of propagating modes. The net
overall gain in these nzodes is determined by the laser
power, the polarization, and the geometrical and optical
properties of the waveguide.
Manuscript received July 2, 1965; revised August 20, 1965.
W. G. Wagner is with Hughes Research Laboratories, R/lalib11;
Calif.
S. Yatsiv is with Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibl1, Calif.
He is on leave from tbe Hebrew University, Jerusalem, ‘Israel.
287
VOL. QE-1,KO.
AND SHhUL YATSlV
h waveguide with open ends (Fig. 1) does not sustain
electromagnetic modes inthepure sense of theterm.
However, since theradiation wavelength is short com-
paredwith the geometrical dimensions and the growth
or decay times are much longer than the period of oscilla-
tion, it is meaningful to use the term in a “liberal” sense.
Pure transverse modes in a long waveguide can be con-
sidered as waves bouncing back and forth in a direction
perpendicular to the laser beam. If the net power input
into these transverse Stokes modes is positive and large,
their amplitude increases for a time which is of the order
of the duration of the giant pulse. On the other hand,
a wave traveling along the waveguide interactswith
the laserbeamduring its transit time, which inmost
practical cases is shorter thanthe laser duration. It
follows that modes wit’h a large transverse component
of their propagation vector are amplified much more than
thosetravelingin the forwarddirection. It should be
noted, however, that the higher amplification in a trans-
verse mode also could beobtained in a free forward
propagation in a long path. Such a path is impractical
because of the inherent angular divergence of the laser
beam.
Asituation in which the laser beampermeates Dhe
waveguide cross section is considered. Boundary conditions
prohibit a TEM propqation of the laser beam. However,
if the guide’s cross section dimensions is muchlarger
t,han the radiationwavelength, it is a good approximation
to disregard theboundary conditions for waves prop-
agatinginthe forwarddirection. The beamintensity
is therefore assumed to be uniform along the cross section.
It follows that the gain for the Raman Stokes and the
Brillouin scattering will also be uniform dong that cross
section.
The transversenonpropagating modes are in fact stand-
ing waves withvanishinglinearmomentum along the
waveguide axis. Consequently, the momentum conserva-
tionrelationsfor the Stokes and Brillouin cases are
represented by the vector relations (Fig. 2),
E, = 5, f lGou
5, = ins + En7,.
 IEEE JOURNAL OB' QUANTUM ELECTRONICL OC'l'OBfCC

XE =
1 aB
c at
where U, = 1 is assumed. The amplitude 8 , ( t ) of the h e r
field
Ji;l(w2) = &,(t)exp [i(qzz - w , t ) ] (41
is actuallytimedependent, following theshape of thc
giant pulse. I f is assumed that the variation during an
optical cycle is small and satisfies the equation
s, << w,E,. (5)
Accordingly, the linearized wave equation can be written
in the approximate form

TheRamanactivity of the mediumislumped inthe

factor x82(t)/c2,the imaginary part of which is responsible
for the energy exchange between the laser and the Stokes
fields. Theequationis solved considering &:(t) as a
constant fixed parameter. The solution will change with
time according to the slow variation of this parameter.
Fig. 2. Wave vector relations of Raman and Brillouin scattering Polarized Ramanscattering feeds energy preferentially
in transverse directions.
into T E modes with the electric component parallel to
The longitudinal components of the propagation vector the laser polarization.
areequalinthe two cases. However, the acoustical An illustrative case is a rectangular waveguide. The
energy propagates in the forward and the optical energy laser beam propagates along the waveguide axis, and its
inthe backward directions because of the dispersion polarization, which is also the polarization of the Stokes
of the corresponding vibrations. mode, is in the y direction (Fig. 1). The analysis can be
ca.rried out for circular or other cross sections. I n addi-
EMISSION
11. STIMULATED IK A WAVEGUIDE
MODE tion, the laser polarization could be in a general orienta-
ThestimulatedRanlan effect isobtained by adding tion. The results and main conclusions of the following
the nonlinear polarization at the Stokes frequency analysis are insensitive to these details, and the rectangular
guide is a simple illustration.
PArLS= xE(w,)E*(w,)E(w,) A general TE mode in a perfectly reflecting waveguide
as a driving frequency in Maxwellian equations 131. The is given by
laser and Stokes frequencies are represented by w 1 and w,.
The Raman scatteringis assumed to be polarized, so that E, = E , sin ?G,Z exp
(1) canbe considered as connecting scalar quantities.
Linear Maxwellian equations are obt.ained by assuming E , = E , = 0
that t.he laser fieldis muchstronger thanthe Stokes
field andby neglecting the explicit' dependence of the
depletion of the laser intensity upon the Stokes amplitude.
The further assumption that the laser field is constant
is probably a badapproximation a t high laser powers,
since a large number of modes may possess a high gain
and are effectively draining the beam .The constant beam
problem still serves however to illustrate the cornpetitmion
between the different stimulated modes.
The wave equation for the electric component of the
Stokes field is B , = 0.
The wave vector components and the Stokes frequency
W , satisfy the equation

The magnetic field B is obtainedfrom the Maxwellian

relation
1965 SCATTERING
RAMAN
YATSlV:
AND
WAGNER I N WAVEGUIDES 289

Equating
the
real
andimaginary
parts, we obtain
The
quantity (hac cos
O/nV) represents
the power
flux caused by quantum noise or the spontaneous Raman
= C-2W:[E + x f E:@)] (9) emission. It is convenient to normalize P interms of
(fiwc cos e/nV) by defining a dimensionless quantity N
and
Pn V
2
k , g f = c- 2 w,x 2 N =
E&). f f
hwc COS e
I n practice, ( g f / 2 ) 2 << ?cf +
k: and X f & : ( t ) << E; con- which represents an effective &mode occupation number.
sequently, the power gain constant is N satisfies the equation
gf = g sec e W,C
-1
XIf &,(t)
2
see e (11)
where
The experimentally measured quantities are the power
e ~ C
I, _ _ fluxes N ( L , 0, t ) and N(0, 8, t ) . Theseoutputssatisfy
(k: + , y 2
COS =
the condition in the forward and backward semicircles:
and 0 is the angle between the normal to a plane wave
generating the mode andthe x axis. Henceforth,this
N ( 0 , e, t ) = 0 for forward emission
will
as be referredand
to a e mode. (17)
The boundary condition for perfect reflectivity is met
N ( L , e, t ) = 0 for backward emission.
when
With these conditions, the solution of the differential
(m integer). equation (16) is

The gain g sec 0 determines the amplification of the wave N ( L , e, t) = exp S, Lse.28
[ g ( t - ux:)- s(e)l dz - 1
in the absence of dissipation. Its time dependence follows
that of the giant pulse. I n practice, g and &: decreases
along the waveguidebecause of theproduction of the
s(e) / i s e c d {exp+ /'
[ g ( t - uz) - s(e)l dx dy (18)
1
Stokes radiation. We shall assume that this attenuation in the forward direction, and
canbe neglected, and we shall discuss thevalidity of
this assumption in a later section.
The dissipation in a metallic waveguide results mainly
N ( 0 , e, t) = exp
Lsec8
[g(t - 1 1
u. - &(e)]dz - I

from its imperfectconductivity.Thedecayconstant of +

s(e) / L a e c d {exp [g(t - uz) - s(e)l dz dy (19)
}
the power in a 0 mode is given by [4]
in the backward direction,
S(0) sec e = The function g ( t ) is the gain measured a t z = L for
b a
~

the forward and at z = 0 for the backwardwave. I n

where R is the reflection coefficient of the wall a t normal addition, u = (n/c)(1 - lcos 01) in the forward and u =
incidence. Equation (13) does not holdformultilayer (n/c)(l +
cos e) inthebackward case, so that uz is
dielectric reflectors. the time difference, a t a distance 2 from the exit, between
It is mathematically simpler to discuss the results in Stokesand laser wavepackets passing x: = 0 simul-
terms of the functions g ( t ) and s(0) instead of the actual t,aneously. Equations (18) and (19) are derived in Ap-
gain g(t) sec 0 and loss S(0) sec 0 along the waveguide. pendix A. The function g ( t ) follows the shape of the giant
Henceforth, g(t) and s(0) willbecalled gain and loss, pulse. A theoretical derivation of g ( t ) is given in [5]. I n
respectively. practice, sharp, short spikes appear on the pulse which
result from the multimode cha.racter of the oscillations.
111. ANALYSISAND DISCUSSION Explicit integration of (18) and (19) was carried out
Atanypoint along the guide there is amplification for a square and for a parabolic pulse. The solution for
of stimulated radiation, as well as quantum noise (spon- the square step is derived in Appendix B. The integration
taneousradiation). Therateequation for the power for theinvertedparabola was carried out on a 7094
flux P in a e mode is computer.
The angulardependence of the power output N ( t ) is
e
dz
= g sec e(p + cos e) - s(e) sec e p
nV (14) a sensitive function of the gain g(t), the loss a(@, and
thegeometry of the waveguide. Let g ( t ) representa
where V is the volume of the waveguide and n = 4;. general curve witha uniformly negativecurvature (Fig. 3).
For a given time dependence of the laser power, the The dissipation s(0) is represented by a horizontal line.
gain g a t a point ( x , t ) depends on the time lag between The net gain is positive during the time interval t o to
the wave packet in a e mode and the 1.aser pulse. to 7. +
290 IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS OCTOBElt

IO8

lo7

to6

z lo5

io4
Fig. 3. Parabolic gain pulse.
lo3
A. Power an.d En,ergy Outputs in the Forward !Semicircle
The gain of a wave packet traveling in the forward
IO2
direction ( e = 0) is constant, along the path, since both
Stokes and laser radiation travel wit'h the same velocity.
(Dispersion can be neglected in a short guide.) 10'

The gain of a wave packet starting at to (Fig. 3 ) in

a e # 0 mode varies withtime, since its propagation IO0
0 4 E I2 IS 20 24 28
velocity is smaller and it is overtakcn by the laser beam
t
as it travels along t'hc guide. The int,eraction time of the
St,okes and laser radiations increases with angle. Con- Pig. 4. Time dependence of Stokes power oulplut a t three different
angles for a square-step laser pulse. 7' = 1 ns, g = 1 cm-', I; =
sequent,ly, the power and energy ot1tput.s init,ially in- 10 cm. (a) 7'0 = T j 2 ; 0 = 60". (b) 2'0 = ?', 0 = 'iO"30'. (c)
crease with angle even though the dissipation 6(8) also Y o = 277, e = 7S028'.
rises. At low gains, the emitted power and- energy attain ficat,ion, theoutput from a gcncral pulse can be rep-
a maximum at a small angle and then decrease monoton- resented fairly accurately by an equivalentsquare-step
ically. At high gains the out,put increases up t o angles a,rmlysis.
where t,he positive-gain t h e T (Fig. 3) is close t o the
effectrivetransit time To,defined by C. Square-Step Pulse
??I, Let t,he function
T, = -(see 0 - 1).
C

For a general pulse, the angles of maximum outputs are 0 otherwise

close but need not' coincide exactfly with the critical angle, ~epresenta square step. The power output N ( t ) is derived
which is defined by in Appendix R. The energy E(8), ohta,ined by integrating
N ( i ) over the t,ime, is given by

For angles e larger than ec, the power and energy fa11
off monotonically.
B. Baclcwurd Semicircle
The nlaxirnum outputinthe backward senxicircle is
always at e = R / Z , falling off nlonotonically toward 0 = R .
Its effective interactiontime at a11 angle 6 is smaller
than at the corresponding forward angle. It follows t'hat
the output in a backward direction is lower than that in
the corresponding forward direction, particularly for short
pulses. The curves for the two semicircles join smoothly
at e = a/2 (Fig. 5). The angular behavior and the for-
ward-backward ratios a.re illustrated in the square-step
for e > e,. (24)
case. Because of the exponential eharac%cr of the ampli- Equations (23) and (24) give the emission 1)alterns in
 SCATTERIXG I N WAVEGUIDES 291

FORWARD 8 BACKWARD

Fig. 6. Energyoutput vs. angle for parabolic pulse. n = 1.5,

R = 0.97, L = 10 em, y ( t ) = (4gm/+(t - T), s(0) = 0.3 (0.5 +
sin2 e) ern-'. (a) gm = 3 cm-1; T = 0.5 ns. (b) gm = 2 ern-'; T = 1 ns.
FORWARD e BACKWARD (e) gm = 1.2 em-'; T = 2 ns.
Fig. 5. Energyoutput as a function of the angle e. T = 20 ns,
g = 0.54 ern-', 6( e) = 0.3 X (0.5 +
sin2 0) ern-'. a) High gains: Here (g - 6)L >> 1. The valid asymp-
totic form for both senlicircles with the conventions (23)
the forward and backward semicircles, provided that u and (26) is
and 8, are defined as
E(e) = exp [(g - 6)Lsec el
n
- (I - cos e) forward semicircle
C
u= (25)
3 (1
C
+ j cos e:) backward semicircle

and
Thedominant large exponential factors rise andfall
nI,
- (see e, - 1) forward off steeply on both sides of the critical angle. It follows
ry
1 = C
(26) from expressions (23a) and (24a), as well as from Figs. 5
and 6, that at high gains the angular width at half max-
nL
--
c
(/see e,I + 1) backward. imumcan be of the order of 1 degree. Consequently,
most of the power and energy are emitted in a narrow
I t is assumed that T is larger thanthetransittime angular width in adirection which is almost perpendicular
nL/c. Curves for the power output N ( t ) at different angles to the laser beam.
and for the angular dependence E(t9) are given in Figs. 4 b) Low gains: Here (g - 6)L << 1. The exponerltials
and 5 . The maxima of N ( t ) and E(8) in t,he forward involving (g - 6)L can be expanded, yielding
semicircle are atthe critical angle 8, in the forward
direction [see (26)].
The interaction time of a wave packet in a 8, mode,
+
L see e- 1
-
6.
+ 16 exp (-
- 6L sec e) 1
startingat x = 0, with the laser beam is T nL/c.
At the end of its interaction time, the wave p d c e t is a t
+ g(T - T,)L see e, e < e, (23b)
z = L. ,4 packet starting a t x = 0 ina 8 (> 8,) mode and
finds itself at a point x < L at, the end of its interaction
time 1' + nx/c, which is smaller than T +
nL/c. Con-
sequently; the amplification and the power out'put a t such
angles are smaller than for e,. I n the backward semicircle .It should be noted thatthe first derivative of E(e)
the Stokes and laser beams aretraveling in opposite vanishes a t 0 = 0, but the second derivative is positive,
directions. Theinteractiontime at the critical angle is indicatingamaxinlumoutput at e f 0 even for small
T - n L / c and is smaller thanthetime T - nx/c for gains.
0 < 0,. I t follows that the maximum power and energy 2 ) Backward-Forward Intensity Ratios: The backward-
outputs fall off monotonically as the angle approaches forward ratio is an important parameter for which widely
the backward e = T direction. different results were obtainedexperimentally [GI. The
1 ) Asymptotic Solutions: A simple asympt'otic form can calculated value for a square pulse is obtained,noting
be obtained for E ( @ at high and low gains. that u = T s = 0 i,n the forward and u = 2n/c, T o =
292 IEEE JOURNAL O F QUANTUM ELECTROKICS OCTOBER

2nL/c in the backward direction. In most practical cases and the forward-backward ratio is
n/(c6) is much smaller than the pulse duration T and T
canbe neglected. At high gains 2n/[c(g - a)] can also 1' - 2nL/c '
be neglected. Withtheseapproximations, the resulting as in the guided wave.
energy outputs are, for high gains,
D. Parabolic Pulse
forward The power and energy outputs for a parabolic pulse
(27) g ( t ) were also computed. The Stokes energy output for
E = LT
g--6
( 2nL)
c exp ( g
- - 6)L backward,three laser pulses of almost equal energy but different
durationsisdrawninFig. 6. The shape of the curves
and for low gains, is similar to those of the square st.ep. It should be noted
E = gTL forward that for high gain and short pulses, the forward-backwmd
ratio becomes exceedingly large. Itattainsthe value

E =
g(T - ?)I- L6 << 1
backward.
2.5 X 10' for 7 = 5 x lo-'' second and g, = 3 em-'.
The large rat,io is explained as follows. In the forward

yTL +
2n
C
(L - i) L6 > 1
direction a Stokes wave packet moves in step with the
laser beam and may have the maximum gain throughout
its motion. A packet moving backward can have a max-
The formard-baclrmard energy ratioat high gainis imum gain only in a very short time. It actually samples
T / ( T - 2nL/c). This is also the ratio obtainedin the the laser pulse shape inan interval2Ln/c, and is, therefore,
absence of dissipation or freepropagation (see Section much weaker when the pulse is short and strong. Since
111-(3-3). It is noteworthy that in actual experiments the giant pulses often possess narrow spikes, we believe this
gain may be so high t'hat an equivalent square-step rep- is the reason for the sonlet,imes large, nonuniform meas-
resentation is determined by small spikes bulging a.bove ured forward-backward ratio [GI. Bloembergen and Shen
the normal level of the gain pulse. Such spikes can be [7] rightly observe that a change of a few percent between
short, and the ratio T / ( T - 2nL/c) becomes exceedingly the forward and backward gains is sufficient to explain
large. the observed results; however, theyattributethe gain
The forward outputs may cease to be dominant over difference to the different, damping of the opt'ical phonons
the backward outputs if theat,tenuation of the laser emitted in the two cases.
beam along the direction of propagation is considered. The frequency of the emitted optical phonon is much
If g - 6 vanishes a t some point in the active medium, higher than that of any acoustical vibration in the liquid
the larger forward amplification in the back 9 - 6 > 0 or solids on hand. It follows that relaxation of an optical
region is offset by the attenuation in the front g - 6 < 0 quantum involves two or more acoustical phonons. I n
region. A baclrward scattered wave is amplified only in this case, we fail to see that the relaxattion is as sensitive
the back g - 6 > 0 region and therefore not subject to to the available volume in momentum spaceas stated
anyattenuation. I n such a case the backward output in [7].The two different views could be resolved by careful
can be larger than the forward output. measurement of the forward-backward ratiowhile monitor-
3) Propagation in theAbsence of Dissipation: In the ing the giant pulse shape.
limit 6 = 0, (23) and (24) take the form It is seen in Fig. 6 that as the duration of the parabolic
pulse increases, the maximum energy output approaches
the 6 = ~ / 2angle. The angular pattern of the Stokes
radiation serves as arough diagnostic tool for the temporal
shape of the gaint pulse
IV. EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIOSS
8 > 8,. (24c) Caution is needed inattemptingto compare experi-
ment'al results with this analysis because t,he power output
The forward and backward emissions become
in the various Stokes modes is very sensitive to the gain
E(0) = T(exp gL - 1), forward g ( l ) . The bxderline is verynarrow between powers a t
which the laser beam is not deplet.ed and those for which
it. is highly drained.
At high gains it is possible to evaluate the integmted
power output as follows. The maximum Stokes emission
power rises steeply as the critical angle 8, is approached.
For st.ill larger angles and in the backward semicircle,
At high gain and for L >> l/g the baclrward emission is
it falls off relatively slowly. Therefore, a good estimate
for the total power output at high gains can be obtained
by integrating over the angle from 0, to ~ / 2 .
1965 WAGNER AND YATSIV : RAMAN SCATTERING I N WAVEGUIDES 293

An approximate expression for the power flux output W TABLE I

POWER
W FOR SOMETYPICALPULSE PARAMETERS
is obtained using the definition (15) for N and the density
~ ( v of) T E modes per unit of angle. The maximum power
W (in Watt/cm2)
N,(e) is used in the integration to determine the limit,ing g, em-' ~ ~ ~ _ _ _
laser intensity above which an appreciable power deple- T=2.10-9seconds T=5.10-gseconds T=20.10-gseconds
_ _ _ ~
t,ion starts:
:::
0.6
2.77.10-*
1.06
6 . 0 -10' 1.17
2.3
4.104
.lo9
1.375.104
5.25 .lo9
0.7 5.47.103
4.65.106 0.6
0.9 4.65.10'
where, according to eqs. (40), N,(e) is 1.0 4.58.10'

6 = 0.s cm-l; L = 10 em; X = 7350 A;

dX = 1 A; n = 1.5; b = 0.5 cm
and

ever, that the present treatment can be generalized, since

(16) canbe solved for any prescribed variationalong
Substitution leads to the guide.
Draining of the laser intensity also affects the amplifics-
tion of anti-Stokes radiation in confining structures. The
reflection in the walls enhances the anti-Stokes radiation
(32) a t lowpowers but is ineffective at highpowerswhen
Usually, T is much larger than the forward transit t,ime the laser intensity is weak at therear portion of the guide.
n L / c , so that according to (20), 0, NN r / 2 . Consequently, The intenseemission of Stokes radiation in large a number
the angle 6, = ( r / 2 ) - 0 satisfies theapproximation of modes is associated witha strongexcitation of the
sin 6, = 6,. I t is also possible to neglect the unity in the molecular vibration. At high powers this excitation takes
curly bracket of (32) and to disregard the slow variation place in a small volume and maybe of interest for coherent
of 6 along the region of integration. The power in the excitation of electromagnetic radiation at the frequency
exponent can be expanded for small 4 leading to of an infrared active molecular vibration [9].
At high gains the waveguide possibly ill also sustain
an enhancedinduced Brillouin emission intransverse
modes.Disregarding the associated small frequency
change, this converts parts of the laser beam into trans-
where 4, = ( ~ / 2 - ) e,. verse modes. The long transit time of these may serve
Integration leads to to increase the interactiontimeandenhance the sen-
sitivity of the inverse Raman effect.

APPENDIXA
The explicit form of (16) in the forward semicircle is

eg e - I)(L - 2)](1v+ 1)
At high gains the angle 4, is approximatelyequalto
nL/(nL + Tc) and is much larger than n/[(g - 6)TcI.
dN-- see
-
dz [t -:. - (see

Consequently, - see e 6(e)N. (36)

This is a linear equation, and a solution satisfying the
boundary condition N ( 0 , e, t ) = 0 is

(35) N(x, e, t) = g [ t - (see e - 1)(L - yt)]

C
Table I contains the values of W for some typical pulse
parameters.
The Stokes emission in a guide 10 em long starts to
.exp (l:{g[t --:
(see e - 1 ) ( L - x') - S(0) dx' sec e 1 1 )
drain the laser intensity when 0.9 > g > 0.8 cm-l for .dy'sec e. (37)
T = 2 X lo-' second, 0.6 > g > 0.5 for 2' = 5 x lo-',
and 0.5 > g > 0.4 for T = 20 X lo-'. With power fluxes This can be transformed with the substitution
of 20 MW/cma, the forward gain is 1.1 em-' [SI.
n
The power deplet,ion at the higher gains in a waveguide u = - ( 1 - COS e),
C
is such that the previous results do not apply, since the
gain diminishes along the guide. It should be noted, how- ( L - y') see e = y, ( L - 2') see e = X.
294 IEEE JOURK$L O F QC.4NTUhl ELECTROKICS OCTOBER

The resulting power out,put a t x = L is The power output for 8 > 8, is

Lseea
N ( L , e, t ) = exp [g(t - U Z ) - 6(8)] dx - 1

+ s(e) /Lseca {exp 1’ [g(t - ux) - S(e>l dx} dy, (38)

T<t<Ta (42b)
which is used in (1s) and (19). It can be seen that the
output in the backward semicircle is obtained from (3s)
by redefining u = n(1 +
lcos 8i)/c and considering the
output atx = 0 with the boundarycondition N ( L , e, t ) = 0.
APPENDIXB
The function g ( t ) representing a square step is defined
in (23). I n carrying outthe integrations prescribed in
(IS) and (19), it is convenient t.o treat separat’elytwo
angular regions 6 _< 6 _< 8, and 8, _< 8 5 ~ / 2 .The
crit,ical angle 8, for the forward semicircle is defined by
T+Tg<t (42d)
N ( t ) = 0.
nL
T o , = - (see
C
e, - I) = T.
(39) The energy out’put for this region is
Accordingly, the power N ( t , e) for 8 < 8, is given
for the following time int’ervals:
O<t<Ta (404
+ 6 exp [-
U
~ 61; see 61
U

Equations (40), (41), (42), and (43) also hold for t,he
backward semicircle, provided that is
defined l‘,
as
T o = nL(1sec 81 +
l ) / c and u = n(1 +
/cos 8l)/c. It
should also be noted that the power outputs N ( t ) are
continuous functions of t and the energies &(e) are con-
tinuous functions of 8.
REFERENCES
N(t) = -
9
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+
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