Chemistry, 4th ed.

Chapter 3 Guided Notes
Measuring and Calculating
Fill in each blank with the correct word or phrase as you watch each video.

Measuring and Units

− Measuring and the Creation Mandate

knowledge
 The Creation Mandate requires us to gain __________________ about God’s creation.

 measurements
To carry out the Creation Mandate, we must take ____________________.

− What Is Measuring?

unknown standard
 Measurement—the act of comparing an ______________ quantity to a ______________ unit

writing
 _________________ Out Measurements

number
o You must have a _______________.

unit
o You must have a ___________.

I ran 7
o How much information does the statement “_______ ____________ _______” give you?

Instruments
 ______________—a device to aid in measuring

 Instruments

units
o Have ___________ on a scale

calibrated
o Are ________________

subdivided
o Are accurately _________________

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− Metric Systems of Measurement

 SI System

International
o “________________ System of Units”

metric
o It started with the ___________ system and then expanded to SI
________.

o There are 7 base 5

__________ units, but we will use only _______ of them.

− SI Units

 Base units—units that do not come from other units

o length ⟶ meter
____________

kilogram
o mass ⟶ _______________

mole
o amount ⟶ ___________

second
o time ⟶ ______________

kelvin
o temperature ⟶ ____________

 base
Derivative units—units derived from ___________ units

o Example: volume derives from length

______________; 1 cubic decimeter = 1 liter

 derived
There are 22 ________________ SI units.

kg m2
o Example: 1 J = 1
s2

− SI Unit Prefixes

 27 millimeters

quantity
o 27 = ______________

prefix
o milli = ____________

o meters = basic
____________ unit

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− Conversion Factors

 units
Conversions—changing the ____________

larger
 Fact: as the unit size gets ________________, the number of those units needed becomes

smaller
_________________.

o Table 3-4 on ST p. 55

o Change 123,456.7 cm to km.

⟵ larger units
kilo, hecto, deka, ---, deci, centi, milli
⟵ smaller numbers

 5
Centi to kilo moves ______ units to the left.

 1.234567
123,456.7 cm converted to km: 123,456.7 cm ⟶ ________________ km

 Memorize!!!!

o mega, kilo
___________, deci, centi micro
__________, milli, ___________, nano

 ___________ change
Unit conversion—a tool used to solve problems in which units ____________

Chemist's
o The _______________ Secret Weapon

o Examples:

 Change grams to tons

__________

feet second
 Change ____________/__________ to miles/h

multiply
o When you ______________ divide
or ____________ numbers, do the same to their units
___________.

cancels
o Therefore, if the same unit is in the numerator and denominator, it “_____________

out
__________.”

change
o This is how we ____________ units.

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 Conversion factor—a statement that two quantities equal
______________ are ____________

o Example: 1 dozen eggs = 12 eggs; one dozen eggs

twelve eggs

− Bridge Notation

 Unit Conversion Example 1

 Unit Conversion Example 2

 Question: How many pounds does a 37.6 kg boy weigh if 28.35 g is equal to 1 oz? (1 lb is

16 oz.)
=

 Question: How many grams are in a beef patty that is 0.33 lbs? (1 oz is 28.35 g.)

 Question: Calculate the cost of gas on a round trip from San Francisco to Los Angeles. The car

used gets 24 miles per gallon of gasoline. Gas is $3.09 per gallon. The distance between the

cities is 403 miles (one way).

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Measurements

− Accuracy

 ______________—how close a measurement or the average of several measurements is to the

___________________ or __________________ value

o How close you are to the ____________ answer

o ____________ percent error

|O – A|
 Percent error = x 100%
A

o Example

− Precision

 ________________—how close several measurements of the same event are to ___________

____________; how __________________ the results are

o Precise but not accurate

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 Accurate but not precise

 Precise and accurate

 Analog instrument—has a ____________ next to a ___________ displaying the reading

 Digital instrument—has only a ________________ display

− Significant Digits When Recording Data

 Significant Digits

o “___________ ___________”

o Deal with ______________ and ______________

o Tell how ______________ something is measured

o “________________ digits”

o All the ______________ digits on an instrument plus ________ estimated digit

 Accurate Digits

o All ____________ ____________ must be on a measuring device in order to ensure accurate

digits.

 All scientific measurements must contain ___________ and ____________ ___________

estimated digit.

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− Significant Digits in Recorded Data

 Rules to Determine Sig Digs

o SD Rule 1:

 Sig digs apply only to _________________ data.

 They do ________ apply to ________________ numbers or to ___________________.

o SD Rule 2:

 All _______________ digits are significant.

o Examples

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o SD Rule 3

 All ____________ between nonzero digits are significant.

o Examples

o SD Rule 4

 Decimal points ____________ significant zeros.

o Examples

 Part A: If a decimal point is present, all zeros to the _____________ of the last

________________ digit are ___________________.

o Examples

 Part B: If a decimal point is _______ present, _________ ________________

____________ are significant.

o Example

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 Part C: In decimal numbers, all zeros to the __________ of the first ______________ digit

are _________ significant.

o Examples

o SD Rule 5

 _________________ zeros in the ____________ place are followed by a decimal point.

o Example

o SD Rule 6

 The ____________ factor of scientific notation contains ____________ sig digs.

o Example

 To indicate the precision of a measurement, use _________________

__________________.

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Mathematics and Measurements

− Calculations with Measured Data

 ____________________ with Sig Digs

 Rules for ______________ and _______________

1. Measured data must be the same kind of _______________ and have the same ___________

before they can be added or subtracted.

2. The sum or difference of measured data cannot have ________________ precision than the

____________ precise quantity in the sum or difference.

 Examples

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 Rules for Multiplication and Division

1. The product or quotient of measured data cannot have ____________ SDs than the quantity

with the ______________ SDs.

2. The product or quotient of a measurement and a counted number, conversion factor, or defined

value has the ____________ ______________ of decimal places, or the same precision, as

the _______________ measurement.

 Example

 Density—how “______________” an object is for its size

o Density =

o Example

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o Example

Orderly Problem Solving

− Problem Solving and the Creation Mandate

 Steps of Problem Solving

1. ____________ the problem.

2. Determine the _____________.

3. Choose ____________.

4. Set up, ______________, and _______________.

5. ____________ ___________ ____________ (units, SDs).

 Question: If 10 g of a substance has a volume of 2 cm3, what is the ____________ of the

substance?

_____ g/cm3

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