Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

ZigBee is a wireless network protocol specifically designed for low data rate
sensors and control networks. There are a number of applications that can benefit
from the ZigBee protocol: building automation networks, home security systems,
industrial control networks, remote metering and PC peripherals are some of the many
possible applications. Compared to other wireless protocols, the ZigBee wireless
protocol offers low complexity, reduced resource requirements and most importantly,
a standard set of specifications. It also offers three frequency bands of operation along
with a number of network configurations and optional security capability.

Zigbee is for low-data rate, low-power applications and is an open standard.

This, theoretically, enables the mixing of implementations from different
manufacturers, but in practice, Zigbee products have been extended and customized
by vendors and, thus, plagued by interoperability issues. In contrast to Wi-Fi networks
used to connect endpoints to high-speed networks, Zigbee supports much lower data
rates and uses a mesh networking protocol to avoid hub devices and create a self-
healing architecture.

Fig.1.1 Zigbee Technology

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

If you are currently exploring alternatives to your existing control network

technologies, such as RS-422, RS-485 or proprietary wireless protocol, the ZigBee
protocol could be the solution you need. This application note is specifically designed
to assist you in adopting the ZigBee protocol for your application. ZigBee is expected
to provide low cost and low power connectivity for equipment that needs battery life
as long as several months to several years but does not require data transfer rates as
high as those enabled by Bluetooth. In addition, ZigBee can be implemented in mesh
networks larger than is possible with Bluetooth.

1.1 HISTORY OF ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY

In the year 1990, the digital radio networks with self-organizing ad hoc were
implemented. The Zigbee specification like IEEE 802.15.4-2003 was approved in the
year 2004, on December 14. The Specification 1.0 was announced by Zigbee Alliance
in the year 2005, on June 13, called the Specification of ZigBee 2004.

1.1.1 Cluster Library

In the year 2006, September, the Specification of Zigbee 2006 was announced
by replacing the 2004 stack. So this specification mainly replaces the pair structure of
key-value as well as message utilized within the 2004 stack through a cluster library.

A library includes a set of consistent commands, planned beneath groups

called clusters with names like Home Automation, Smart Energy & Light Link of
ZigBee. In the year 2017, the library was renamed with Dotdot by Zigbee Alliance
and announced as a new protocol. So, this Dotdot has worked for approximately all
Zigbee devices as the default application layer.

1.1.2 Zigbee Pro

In the year 2007, Zigbee Pro like Zigbee 2007 was finalized. It is one kind of
device which operates on a legacy Zigbee network. Because of the disparities within
the options of routing, these devices should turn into non-routing ZEDs or Zigbee end
devices (ZEDs) on a legacy Zigbee network. The legacy Zigbee devices have to turn
into Zigbee end devices on a network of Zigbee Pro. It functions through the 2.4 GHz
ISM band as well as includes a sub-GHz band.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

Zigbee technology works with digital radios by allowing different devices to

converse through one another. The devices used in this network are a router,
coordinator as well as end devices. The main function of these devices is to deliver
the instructions and messages from the coordinator to the single end devices such as a
light bulb. In this network, the coordinator is the most essential device which is placed
at the origin of the system. For each network, there is simply one coordinator, used to
perform different tasks. They choose a suitable channel to scan a channel as well as to
find the most appropriate one through the minimum of interference, allocate an
exclusive ID as well as an address to every device within the network so that
messages otherwise instructions can be transferred in the network.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 2

FEATURES

 The Microchip Stack for the ZigBee protocol is designed to evolve with the
ZigBee wireless protocol specification.
 At the time this document was published, the current ZigBee protocol
specification version was v1.0. This document applies to Microchip Stack
releases v1.0-3.5 and greater.
The Microchip Stack offers the following features:
 Based on version 1.0 of the ZigBee protocol specifications
 Support for 2.4 GHz frequency band
 Support for all ZigBee protocol device types (Coordinators, Routers and End
devices)
 Implements nonvolatile storage for neighbor and binding tables
 RTOS and application independent
 Out-of-box support for Microchip MPLAB® C18 compiler
 Modular design and standard nomenclature aligns with the nomenclature used
in the ZigBee protocol and IEEE 802.15.4 specifications.

Zigbee is based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Standards Association's 802.15 specification. Zigbee is built for control and sensor
networks on the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless standard for wireless personal area networks
(WPANs). The Zigbee WPANs operate on 2.4 Ghz, 900 MHz and 868 MHz
frequencies.

The Zigbee specifications, which are maintained and updated by the Zigbee
Alliance, boost the IEEE 802.15.4 standard by adding network and security layers in
addition to an application framework.

The standards created by the alliance can be used to create multivendor

interoperable offerings. Manufacturers that are developing custom applications that
don't need to operate with the applications of other manufacturers can create their own
specific variations and extensions.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

As of this writing, there are three Zigbee specifications: Zigbee PRO, Zigbee
RF4CE and Zigbee IP. Zigbee PRO aims to provide the foundation for IoT with
features to support low-cost, highly reliable networks for device-to-device
communication. Zigbee PRO also offers Green Power, a new feature that supports
energy harvesting or self-powered devices that don't require batteries or AC power
supply.

Zigbee RF4CE is designed for simple, two-way device-to-device control

applications that don't need the full-featured mesh networking functionalities offered
by the Zigbee specification.

Zigbee IP optimizes the standard for IPv6-based full wireless mesh networks,
offering internet connections to control low-power, low-cost devices

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 3

ZIGBEE PROTOCOL OVERVIEW

ZigBee is a standard wireless network protocol designed for low data rate control
networks. It is layered on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 specification and provides a
standard methodology for functions, including network formation, messaging and
device discovery.

3.1 NETWORK CONFIGURATIONS

A ZigBee protocol wireless network may assume many types of configurations. In all
network configurations, there are at least two main components:

 Coordinator node
 End device

The ZigBee protocol coordinator is a special variant of a Full Function Device

(FFD) that implements a larger set of ZigBee protocol services. An end device may be
an FFD or a Reduced Function Device (RFD). An RFD is the smallest and simplest
ZigBee protocol node. It implements only a minimal set of ZigBee protocol services.
A third and optional component, the ZigBee protocol router, is present in some
network configurations.

3.2 STAR NETWORK CONFIGURATION

 In the star topology, the communication is established between devices and a

single central controller, called the PAN coordinator.
 The PAN coordinator may be mains powered while the devices will most
likely be battery powered. Applications that benefit from this topology include
home automation, personal computer (PC) peripherals, toys and games.
 After an FFD is activated for the first time, it may establish its own network
and become the PAN coordinator.
 Each start network chooses a PAN identifier, which is not currently used by
any other network within the radio sphere of influence.

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 This allows each star network to operate independently.

3.3 CLUSTER TREE TOPOLOGY

 Cluster-tree network is a special case of a peer-to-peer network in which most

devices are FFDs and an RFD may connect to a cluster-tree network as a leave
node at the end of a branch.
 Any of the FFD can act as a coordinator and provide synchronization services
to other devices and coordinators.
 Only one of these coordinators however is the PAN coordinator.
 The PAN coordinator forms the first cluster by establishing itself as the cluster
head (CLH) with a cluster identifier (CID) of zero, choosing an unused PAN
identifier, and broadcasting beacon frames to neighboring devices.
 A candidate device receiving a beacon frame may request to join the network
at the CLH. If the PAN coordinator permits the device to join, it will add this
new device as a child device in its neighbor list.

Fig.3.1 Topologies

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

 The newly joined device will add the CLH as its parent in its neighbor list and
begin transmitting periodic beacons such that other candidate devices may
then join the network at that device.
 Once application or network requirements are met, the PAN coordinator may
instruct a device to become the CLH of a new cluster adjacent to the first one.
 The advantage of this clustered structure is the increased coverage area at the
cost of increased message latency.
 The other is to extend the physical range of the network. With the addition of a
router, an end device need not be in radio range of the coordinator. All
messages in a cluster tree topology are routed along the tree.

3.4 MESH NETWORK

 A mesh network is similar to a cluster tree configuration, except that FFDs can
route messages directly to other FFDs instead of following the tree structure.
 Messages to RFDs must still go through the RFD‟s parent. The advantages of
this topology are that message latency can be reduced and reliability is
increased
 The cluster tree and mesh topologies are also known as multi-hop networks,
due to their abilities to route packets through multiple devices, while the star
topology is a single-hop network.
 A ZigBee protocol network is a multi-access network, meaning that all nodes
in a network have equal access to the medium of communication.
 There are two types of multi-access mechanisms, beacon and non-beacon. In a
nonbeacon enabled network, all nodes in a network are allowed to transmit at
any time as long as the channel is Idle.
 In a beacon enabled network, nodes are allowed to transmit in predefined time
slots only.
 The coordinator periodically begins with a superframe identified as a beacon
frame, and all nodes in the network are expected to synchronize to this frame.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

 A superframe may also contain a common slot during which all nodes
compete to access the channel.
 The current version of the Microchip Stack supports only non-beacon
networks.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 4

TRAFFIC TYPES

4.1 BEACON GENERATION

Depending on the parameters of the MLME-START .request primitive, the

FFD may either operate in a beaconless mode or may begin beacon transmissions
either as the PAN coordinator or as a device on a previously established PAN. An
FFD that is not the PAN coordinator shall begin transmitting beacon frames only
when it has successfully associated with a PAN. This primitive also includes mac
Beacon Order and mac Super Frame Order parameters that determine the duration of
the beacon interval and the duration of the active and inactive portions. The time of
the transmission of the most recent beacon shall be recorded in macBeaconTxTime
and shall be computed so that its value is taken at the same symbol boundary in each
beacon frame, the location of which is implementation specific.

Fig.4.1 Beacon Generation

4.2 NON BEACON GENERATION

An unassociated device shall initiate the association procedure by sending an

associate request command to the coordinator of an existing PAN. If the association
request command is received correctly, the coordinator shall send an
acknowledgement. This acknowledgement however does not mean that the device has

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associated. The coordinator needs time to determine whether the current sources
available on a PAN are sufficient to allow another device to associate. This decision
should be made within a Response Wait Time symbols. If already associated, remove
all information. If sufficient resources are available, the coordinator shall allocate a
short address to the device and generate an association response command containing
the new address and a status indicating the successful association.

Fig.4.2 Non Beacon Generation

If there are not enough resources, the coordinator shall generate an association
response command containing a status indicating failure. This response is sent to the
device using indirect transmission (pending, request,...). On the other side, the device,
after getting the acknowledgement frame, waits for the response for a Response Wait
Time symbols. It either checks the beacons in the beacon-enabled network or extract
the association response command from the coordinator after a Response Wait Time
symbols. On reception of association response command, the device shall send an
Acknowledgement. If the association is successful, store the addressed of the
coordinator with which it has associated.

The association procedure is shown in Figure on the coordinator side and in

Figure on the device side. When a coordinator wants one of its associated devices to
leave the PAN, it shall send the disassociation notification command to the device
using indirect transmission. Upon reception of the packet, the device should send the
acknowledgement frame. Even if the ack is not received, the coordinator shall
consider the device disassociated.If an associated device wants to leave the PAN, it

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

shall send a disassociation notification command to the coordinator. Upon reception,

the coordinator sends ack. Even if the ack is not received, the device shall consider
itself disassociated. An associated device shall disassociate itself by removing all
references to the PAN. A coordinator shall disassociate a device by removing all
references to that device

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 5

NETWORK MODEL

The ZigBee Standard has evolved standardized sets of solutions, called

„layers'. These layers facilitate the features that make ZigBee very attractive: low cost,
easy implementation, reliable data transfer, short-range operations, very low power
consumption and adequate security features.

Fig.5.1 ZigBee Network

5.1 NETWORK AND APPLICATION SUPPORT LAYER

The network layer permits growth of network sans high power transmitters.
This layer can handle huge numbers of nodes. This level in the ZigBee architecture
includes the ZigBee Device Object (ZDO), user-defined application profile(s) and the
Application Support (APS) sub-layer. The APS sub-layer's responsibilities include
maintenance of tables that enable matching between two devices and communication

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

among them, and also discovery, the aspect that identifies other devices that operate
in the operating space of any device. The responsibility of determining the nature of
the device (Coordinator / FFD or RFD) in the network, commencing and replying to
binding requests and ensuring a secure relationship between devices rests with the
ZDO (Zigbee Define Object). The user defined application refers to the end device
that conforms to the ZigBee Standard.

5.2. PHYSICAL (PHY) LAYER

The IEEE802.15.4 PHY physical layer accommodates high levels of

integration by using direct sequence to permit simplicity in the analog circuitry and
enable cheaper implementations.

5.3. MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) LAYER

The IEEE802.15.4 MAC media access control layer permits use of several
topologies without introducing complexity and is meant to work with large numbers
of devices.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 6

TECHNOLOGY COMPARISONS

Blue Tooth v/s Zigbee

 The “Why ZigBee” question has always had an implied, but never quite
worded follower phrase “…when there is Bluetooth”. A comparative study of
the two can be found in ZigBee: 'Wireless Control That Simply Works' .
 The bandwidth of Bluetooth is 1 Mbps, ZigBee's is one-fourth of this value.
The strength of Bluetooth lies in its ability to allow interoperability and
replacement of cables, ZigBee's, of course, is low costs and long battery life.
 In terms of protocol stack size, ZigBee's 32 KB is about one-third of the stack
size necessary in other wireless technologies (for limited capability end
devices, the stack size is as low as 4 KB).
 Most important in any meaningful comparison are the diverse application
areas of all the different wireless technologies. Bluetooth is meant for such
target areas as wireless USB's, handsets and headsets, whereas ZigBee is
meant to cater to the sensors and remote controls market and other battery
operated products. In a gist, it may be said that they are neither
complementary standards nor competitors, but just essential standards for
different targeted applications. The earlier Bluetooth targets interfaces
between PDA and other device (mobile phone / printer etc) and cordless audio
applications.
 The IEEE 802.15.4–based ZigBee is designed for remote controls and sensors,
which are very many in number, but need only small data packets and, mainly,
extremely low power consumption for (long) life. Therefore they are naturally
different in their approach to their respective application arenas.
 In a full mesh topology, each network node is connected directly to other
nodes. In a partial mesh topology, some nodes are connected to all the others,
but some are only connected to nodes they exchange the most data with.

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 The Zigbee protocol defines three types of nodes: coordinators, routers and
end devices. Although all nodes can send and receive data, they each play a
different role.
 There is one coordinator in each network whose job is to store information
about the network, including security keys. Routers are intermediate nodes,
relaying data from other devices. End devices can be low-power or battery-
powered devices, which can talk to the coordinator or a router, but can't relay
data from other devices.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 7

APPLICATIONS

7.1 APPLICATIONS AREAS

Zigbee protocol has been developed with the emphases on low cost battery
powered application such as consumer electronics, industrial automation, home and
building automation, PC peripherals, medical sensor applications, toys and games.
Some of the major applications include:

 Remote sensing: Water/sewage level monitoring, Temperature sensing.

 Industrial and commercial : Monitor, control and automation links
 Building automation : Security, light, thermostat, Air condition control
 Heath care : Patient monitoring, data logger, remote diagnosis
 Memory tagging : Automotive service record, maintenance logging, inventory
control/tracing.

Description of some of the application is explained below.

1. Water Level Sensing

Zigbee can be installed in remote locations where conventional GSM modems

would be out of their network coverage area, such as inside water tanks.Zigbee
tranceivers can be hermetically sealed with batteries and co-located with the
sensors.Each transceivers transmits periodically to another unit installed above
ground.A GSM modem transmits the data back to base.

2. In-building Control

Zigbee-enabled switches and lights can reduce installation costs in new

buildings by eliminating the need to route light control through the walls, and remove
the need to call in a qualified electrician when switches need to be
relocated.Thermostats and air conditioning controls can also be placed anywhere free
of any wiring constraints.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

3.Radio Systems

The freescale solution is one of the first on the market. It comprises an RF data
modem IC supporting the 2.4GHz band of the 802.15.4 standard, the world renowned
68HCS08 microcontroller, and software meeting current Zigbee protocols.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 8

BENEFITS OF ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY

1. Low cost

The typical zigbee radio is cost effective. chipset prices can be as low as $12
each in quantities as few as 100 pieces while the 802.15.4and the zigbee stacks are
typically included in this cost, crystals and other discrete components are not; design
in module fall in the neighborhood of $25 in similar quantities. This pricing provides
an economic justification for extending wireless networking to even the simplest of
devices.

2. Range and obstruction issue avoidance

Zigbee routers double as input devices and repeaters to create a form of mesh
networking. If two network points are unable to communicate as intended,
transmission is dynamically routed from the block node to a router with a clear path to
the data‟s destination. The use of low cost routers can also extended the networks
effective reach when the distance between the base station and remote node exceed
the device range, an intermediate node or nodes can relay transmission, eliminating
the need for separate repeaters.

3. Multisource products

As an open standard, zigbee provides customers with the ability to choose

vendors as needed. Zigbee alliance work in groups defines interoperability profiles to
which zigbee certified devices must ad hire.

4. Low power consumption

Low power consumption, with battery life ranging from months to years.
Considering the number of devices with remotes in use at present, it is easy to see that
more numbers of batteries need to be provisioned every so often, entailing regular (as
well as timely), recurring expenditure. In the ZigBee standard, longer battery life is
achievable by either of two means: continuous network connection and slow but sure

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

battery drain, or intermittent connection and even slower battery drain. basic zigbee
radios operate at 1mw RF power and can sleep when not involved in
transmission(higher RF –power zigbee radios for application needed greater range
also provide the sleep function.) because this makes battery-powered radios more
practical then ever, wireless devices are free to be replaced without power cable runs
in addition to eliminating data cable runs

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 9

DISADVANTAGES OF ZIGBEE

 It needs the system information to control Zigbee based devices for the owner.
 As compared with WiFi, it is not secure.
 The high replacement cost once any issue happens within Zigbee based home
appliances
 The transmission rate of the Zigbee is less
 It does not include several end devices.
 It is so highly risky to be used for official private information.
 It is not used as an outdoor wireless communication system because it has less
coverage limit.
 Similar to other types of wireless systems, this ZigBee communication system
is prone to bother from unauthorized people.

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Seminar Report 2021-22 Zigbee Technology

CHAPTER 10

FUTURE SCOPE OF ZIGBEE

A recent analyst report issued by West Technology Research Solutions

estimates that by the year 2008, "annual shipments for ZigBee chipsets into the home
automation segment alone will exceed 339 million units," and will show up in "light
switches, fire and smoke detectors, thermostats, appliances in the kitchen, video and
audio remote controls, landscaping, and security systems." Futurists are sure to hold
ZigBee up and say, "See, I told you so". The ZigBee Alliance is nearly 200 strong and
growing, with more OEM's signing up. This means that more and more products and
even later, all devices and their controls will be based on this standard. Since Wireless
personal Area Networking applies not only to household devices, but also to
individualized office automation applications, ZigBee is here to stay. It is more than
likely the basis of future home-networking solutions.

Zigbee is used by a variety of cable and telecommunication companies in their

set-top boxes, satellite transceivers and home gateways to provide home monitoring
and energy management products to their customers. Zigbee is also used by vendors
that provide connected lighting products for homes and businesses. With Zigbee-
based smart home products, consumers can control LED figures, lightbulbs, remotes
and switches in home and remotely to improve energy management.

Utility companies can use Zigbee in their smart meters to monitor, control,
inform, and automate the delivery and use of energy and water. Smart meters give the
consumers the information -- and automation -- needed to reduce energy use and save
money. Zigbee-based products also enhance the shopping experience for consumers
by enabling faster checkouts, in-store assistance and in-store item location. Zigbee
helps retailers operate more efficiently by ensuring items don't run out of stock and
supporting just-in-time inventory practices, as well as monitoring temperatures,
humidity, spills and so on.

Zigbee supports a number of devices, including intelligent shopping carts,

personal shopping assistants, electronic shelf labels and asset tracking tags.

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Recently, the Zigbee Alliance rolled out "dotdot," a program to extend its
interoperability technology beyond Zigbee. Dotdot, a universal language for the
internet of things, lets smart objects work together on any network, unlocking new
markets for members and unifying the fragmented IoT.

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CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION

ZigBee is one of the global standards of communication protocol formulated

by the relevant task force. ZigBee is the newest and provides specifications for
devices that have low data rates, consume very low power and are thus characterized
by long battery life. Other standards like Bluetooth and IrDA address high data rate
applications such as voice, video and LAN communications. So with all these features
ZigBee in future will surely becomes the talk of the town.

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1. "Hands-on ZigBee: implementing 802.15.4 with microcontrollers" Fredeady

2. ZigBee-2007 security essentials ender y¨uksel hanne riis nielson flemming
nielson informatics and mathematical modelling, technical university of
denmark richard petersens plads bldg 321, dk-2800 kongens lyngby, Denmark
3. Shahin farahani, "ZigBee wireless networks and transceivers"
4. H. labiod,h. afifi,c. de santis "wi-fitm, bluetooth, zig bee and wimax".
5. Wireless sensor networks: a survey on the state of the art and the 802.15.4 and
ZigBee standards paolo baronti, prashant pillai, vince chook , stefano chessa ,
alberto gotta, y. fun hu.
6. Khanh tuan le. designing a ZigBee-ready ieee 802.15.4-compliant radio
transceiver. chipcon, 11/2004.

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