Plasticity -1D

∆𝜀
State variables in time 𝑡𝑛+1

∆𝛾 = 0
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑓𝑛+1 ≤0 𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑝 RMA 𝜀𝑛+1 = 𝜀𝑛
𝜀𝑛 , 𝜀𝑛ҧ
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝜎𝑛+1 , 𝑓𝑛+1 𝑝 𝑝
𝜀𝑛+1
ҧ = 𝜀𝑛ҧ
State variables in time 𝑡𝑛
𝑝
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑓𝑛+1 >0 𝜎𝑛+1 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑛+1 − 𝜀𝑛+1

State variables in time 𝑡𝑛+1 Stress in time 𝑡𝑛+1

𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
Solve: 𝑓𝑛+1 = 𝜎𝑛+1 − 𝐸∆𝛾 − 𝑘(𝜀𝑝ҧ +∆𝛾)=0
∆𝛾 > 0
𝑝 𝑝
𝜀𝑛+1 = 𝜀𝑛 + ∆𝛾 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝜎𝑛+1
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝
𝜀𝑛+1
ҧ = 𝜀𝑛ҧ + ∆𝛾 𝜎𝑛+1 = 𝐸 𝜀𝑛+1 − 𝜀𝑛+1
 Linear elasticity - 3D
𝜎 = 𝐶 ∶ (𝜀 − 𝜀𝑝 )

The fourth-order elastic stiffness tensor

In vector notation:

where 𝐸 Young modulus,  Poisson ratio.

 Equivalent stress
3 Scalar calculated based on the Cauchy stress tensor,
𝜎ത = 𝑆∶𝑆 called Misses stress or HMH stress
2

1
Stress deviator 𝑆 =𝜎−𝑝1 𝑝= 𝐼
3 1
Is pressure independent, insensitive to change of the pressure stress.

𝜎ത 𝜎 = 𝜎ത 𝑅𝜎𝑅𝑇 For any rotation 𝑅

Yield function and yield surface:

𝑓 𝜎, 𝜀𝑝ҧ = 𝜎ത 𝜎 − 𝑘 𝜀𝑝ҧ and 𝑓 𝜎, 𝜀𝑝ҧ = 0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Mises_yield_criterion
 Flow rule in 3D
𝜕𝑓
Associated flow rule: 𝜀𝑝ሶ = 𝛾ሶ
𝜕𝜎

3 𝑡𝑟(𝑆)
Plastic flow is impressible, no volume changes: 𝑡𝑟 𝜀𝑝ሶ = 𝛾ሶ =0
2 𝜎ത

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝜎ത 3 𝑆
The direction of the plastic flow: = =
𝜕𝜎 𝜕𝜎 2 𝜎ത

The ratios of the components of the plastic

strain rate tensor are in alignment with
stress deviator ratios

𝛾ሶ ≥ 0 is equivalent plastic strain rate.

 Isotropic hardening plasticity – 3D
1) Constitutive equation
𝜎 = 𝐶 ∶ (𝜀 − 𝜀𝑝 )
2) Yield function
𝑓 𝜎, 𝜀𝑝ҧ = 𝜎ത 𝜎 − 𝑘 𝜀𝑝ҧ
3) Flow rule
𝜕𝑓
𝜀𝑝ሶ = 𝛾ሶ
𝜕𝜎
4) Loading/Unloading conditions

5) Isotropic hardening law

It controls the size of the elastic domain

𝑘 = 𝑘 𝜀𝑝ҧ where 𝜀𝑝ҧ = න 𝛾ሶ 𝑑𝑡 (diameter of the cylinder).
 Plasticity -3D
∆𝜀
State variables in time 𝑡𝑛+1

∆𝛾 = 0
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑓𝑛+1 ≤0 𝑝 𝑝
𝑝 𝑝 RMA 𝜀𝑛+1 = 𝜀𝑛
𝜀𝑛 , 𝜀𝑛ҧ
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝜎𝑛+1 , 𝑓𝑛+1 𝑝 𝑝
𝜀𝑛+1
ҧ = 𝜀𝑛ҧ
State variables in time 𝑡𝑛
𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑓𝑛+1 >0 𝜎𝑛+1 = 𝜎𝑛 + 𝐶 ∶ ∆𝜀

State variables in time 𝑡𝑛+1 Stress in time 𝑡𝑛+1

Solve: 𝑓𝑛+1 ∆𝛾 = 0
∆𝛾 > 0
𝑝 𝑝
𝜀𝑛+1 = 𝜀𝑛 + ∆𝜀𝑝
𝑝 𝑝
𝜀𝑛+1
ҧ = 𝜀𝑛ҧ + ∆𝛾 𝜎𝑛+1 = 𝜎𝑛 + 𝐶 ∶ (∆𝜀 − ∆𝜀𝑝 )
Plasticity 3D – pressure dependent potentials
Failure criteria for quasi-static case:
First invarients of stress tensor:
Second invarient of stress tensor deviator:
Third invarient of stress tensor deviator:
Distance from the hydrostatic axis

Distance along the hydrostatic axis

Volumetric strain energy

Shape strain energy

Plastic potential of Huber-Mises-Hencky

(Huber, 1904, von Mises, 1913 oraz Hencky, 1924)

Plastic potential of Drucker-Prager (Drucker, 1959 oraz Prager, 1952)

Plasticity 3D – pressure dependent
Plastic potential of Bresler-Pister (Bresler & Pister, 1958)

Plastic potential of Mróz (Mróz, 1972)

Plastic potential of Willam-Warnke (Willam & Warnke, 1975)

Deviatoric plane
Plasticity 3D – pressure dependent
Plastic potential of Podgórski (Podgórski, 1984)

Plastic potential of Burzyński (Burzyński, 1928)

Hipothesist of variable strain energy (volumetrical-shape)
* Aksiator fitting function :
Plastic potential of Mróz
Identification procedure – Mroz example

Identification points:
Plastic potential of Mróz
Identification procedure – Mroz example
 Plastic potential of Mróz
Identification procedure – Mroz example
Meridian section (coordinates of Haigh–Westergaard)
distance from the hydrostatic axis
distance along the hydrostatic axis

Energetic interpretantion:
 Plastic potential of Mróz
Identification procedure – Mroz example

Plane stress conditions:

Comparisson in plane stress conditions
Identification points:

Plane stress conditions

Comparisson in meridian plane
Identification points:

Meridian plane
Comparisson in strain energy plane

Comparisson in strain energy plane

Quasi-static plastic (failure) potentials
Burzyński in general case
Linear system to identify the parameters:

Including A, B and C:
Quasi-static plastic (failure) potentials
Burzyński in general case
Meridian plane:

ellipsoid

hiperboloid

paraboloid

cone – linear
cylinder – linear
Quasi-static plastic (failure) potentials
Burzyński in general case
Concrete Damage Plasticity model
Concrete Damage Plasticity model
Concrete Damage Plasticity model
Loading function
Loading function
Loading function
Loading function
Loading function
Loading function
Plastic potential surface
Uniaxial behaviour – plasticity with
damage
 Regularization

Localization still in one element but behaviour

independent of the mesh size.

Abaqus documentation
 Przykłady numeryczne
Czteropunktowe asymetryczne zginanie belki betonowej z nacięciem

grubość belki 100mm

Geometria, warunki brzegowe oraz mech. Zniszczenia

(Schlangen, 1993)

B
A
 Przykłady numeryczne
Czteropunktowe asymetryczne zginanie belki betonowej z nacięciem

Przemieszczenie niszczące 0.0001m

• CPS4R
• Model materiału CDP
• Abaqus/Standard - ster. przem.
 Przykłady numeryczne
Czteropunktowe asymetryczne zginanie belki betonowej z nacięciem

Ściskanie Rozciąganie

Parametry
Przykłady numeryczne
Czteropunktowe zginanie belki betonowej z nacięciem

d - długość nacięcia 10, 30 i 50 mm

Geometria i wymiary belki betonowej (Hordijk, 1992)

• Szerokość belki 50 mm
• Mierzono siłę i przemieszczenie pionowe punktu A
Przykłady numeryczne
Czteropunktowe zginanie belki betonowej z nacięciem

2
1 3

Porównanie wyników numerycznych i eksperymentalnych próby

czteropunktowego zginania z nacięciem o długości
(0.01m, 0.03m i 0.05m)
Przykłady numeryczne
Czteropunktowe zginanie belki betonowej z nacięciem

Rozkład parametru zniszczenia DAMAGET w rozciąganiu

oraz propagacja rysy dla największego nacięcia

• CPS4R - 4000 el. skoń.

• Model materiału CDP
• Abaqus/Standard - ster. przem.
 Przykłady numeryczne
Czteropunktowe zginanie ściskanego słupa obetonowanego

H = 500 kN

Schemat modelu badawczego

Test rozciągania stali

• C3D8R - 9966 el. skoń.
• S4R – 3996 el. skoń.
• Model sprężysto-plastyczny dla stali
• Model betonu plastycznego z
zniszczeniem dla betonu
• Abaqus/Explicit - ster. przem.
 Przykłady numeryczne
Czteropunktowe zginanie ściskanego słupa obetonowanego

Rozkład skalarnego
parametru zniszczenia
DAMAGET od skurczu betonu

Wykresy siła pop. - przem.

w środku rozpiętości słupa
dla przestrzennego
modelu oraz dośw. Lab.
 Dynamic failure criteria
Taking into account of the strain rates effect
assumption

Function f is presented as a product of two functions g and h

Multiplayer:
CDIF - TDIF

Multiplicative form
(Litoński, 1977 and Rusinek, 2000)
Dynamic failure criteria
Cumulative form I
(Tuler & Butcher, 1968)

failure time
Constitutive parameters

Cumulative form II
(Freund, 1993)

failure time
Constitutive parameters
Cumulative Failure Criterion
Cumulative form III Cumulative Failure Criterion CFC
(Campbell, 1953, Stolarski, 2004)

if

quasi-static equivalent strength

parameter connected with energy activated during separation process
the longest critical time

time to failure
Constitutive parameters

(Geers, Borst, & Peerlings, 2000)

shifting of the surface into comressive zone
Cumulative Failure Criterion
Influence of the constitutive parameters
shape of curve
 Cumulative Failure Criterion
Influence of the constitutive parameters
Meridian plane (coordinates of Haigh–Westergaard)
distance from the hydrostatic axis
distance along the hydrostatic axis

if

Shape of the failure

curve in meridian
plane for
 Cumulative Failure Criterion
Influence of loading history on description of time to failure

Haveside function
 Cumulative Failure Criterion
Influence of loading history on description of time to failure

Linear function
 Cumulative Failure Criterion
Influence of loading history on description of time to failure

sin2() function
 Cumulative Failure Criterion
Influence of the constitutive parameters
• Equivalent fracture
stress as a function
of strain rate
logarithm

Constitutive parameters of
CFC for concrete
 Przykłady numeryczne
Eksperyment z prętem Hopkinsona

Schemat działania pręta Hopkinsona

7 m/s

12 m/s

Mechaniz. zniszcz. w eksp.

(Brara, 1999)
Przykłady numeryczne
Eksperyment z prętem Hopkinsona
7 m/s 12 m/s

Parametry
Mechaniz. zniszcz. w próbach numer. konstytutywne betonu
 Przykłady numeryczne
Przebicie płyty

Widok płyty żelbetowej i pocisku

Przykłady numeryczne
Przebicie płyty

płyta betonowa płyta żelbetowa

t=0.004 s t=0.004 s

51/56
 Przykłady numeryczne
Przebicie płyty

Wykres prędkości pocisku

Przemieszczenia modeli dla kąta padania pocisku 450 w chwili 0.008 s

dla przypadku bez zbrojenia A ze zbrojeniem B oraz ze zbrojeniem
zagęszczonym C
Material model for concrete
Continous surface cap model for concrete
Concrete model:
J 1 =  ii First invariant of stress tensor

1
J 2' = S ij S ij Second invariant of stress deviator
2
1 Third invariant of stress deviator
J 3 = S ij S jk S ki
'

3
Plasticity surface (associated flow rule):

( )
f J 1 , J , J , = J −  Ff Fc
' ' ' 2 2 (
f J 1 , J 2' , J 3' ,  0 ) Elastic
2 3 2

f (J 1
, J 2' , J 3' , )  0 Plasticity algorithm

Shear failure surface:

Ff =  − e −  J +  J 1
1

 = 14,5[MPa ] ( )
f J 1 , J 2' , J 3' , = 0
 = 10,5[MPa ]
 = 0,01929[1/ MPa ]
 = 0,1265[ −]
Material model for concrete
Continous surface cap model for concrete
Rubin scaling function:
1 = 0,74[ −] Q1 = 1 − 1e −  J + 1 J 1
1 1
torsion
=
1 = 0,17[ −] Q2 = 2 − 2e −  J + 2 J 1
2 1 triaxial extension

1 = 0,07057[1/ MPa ] 120

1 = 0,001151[1/ MPa ] 100
2 = 0,66 80
'
3J
2 = 0,16[ −] 2 60
40
2 = 0,07057[1/ MPa ]
20
2 = 0,001387[1/ MPa ]
0
Cap Hardening surface -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
 J 1 − L (  )   J 1 − L (  ) + J 1 − L ( ) 
J1
Fc ( J 1 , ) = 1 −    3
2  X ( ) − L ( )
2

L ( ) =
 if   0
(
X ( ) = L ( ) + RFf L ( ) )
0 if   0 R =5
 0 = 45[MPa ]
Material model for concrete
Continous surface cap model for concrete

The cap is moving during plastic volume change


 =W  1 − e
pl − D1 ( X − X 0 )−D2 ( X − X 0 ) 
2

 0.0012
 
v

W = 0,05 0.001
0.0008
D1 = 0,00025 vpl
0.0006
D2 = 0,0000003492 0.0004
0.0002
Damage
 ijd = (1 − d ) ijvp
0
0 20 40 60
J1
Ductile damage 3
J1 compressive
1 K = 12550
c =   if
2 ij ij  c   0c energy E = 25742
Brittle Damage
J1 tensile  0c = 0,1322
 t = E  max
2
if  0t = 0,0152
 t   0t energy
Material model for concrete
Continous surface cap model for concrete

Softening function
0,999  1+D 
d ( t ) = − 1 A = 3 Vel = l el C = 3 Vel = l el
D  1 + De −C (t − 0t ) 
 tension

B = 100 D = 0,1
d  1+B 
d ( c ) = max  − 1 compression
B  1 + Be − A(c − c ) 0 d max = 0,999 p mod = 0

Reduction of A = A(d max + 0,001)p mod

1 1
l el = 2 l el = 2
0.8 l el = 1 0.8
l el = 1
l el = 0,5
d ( t ) d ( c )
0.6 0.6
l el = 0,5
0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 20
t c
Material model for concrete
Continous surface cap model for concrete
Regularisation - fracture energy
pwrt
G fs = 0,06838
 −J 
G f = G fs +  1 
 3J ' 
(G ft
− G fs ) tension G ft = 0,06838
 2 
G fc = 6,838
pwrc
 J 
pwrt = 1
G f = G fs +  1 
 3J ' 
(G fc
− G fs ) compression
 2  pwrc = 5

10

1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Gf
0.1

0.01
pwrt pwrc
 −J   J 
 1 
or  1 
 3J '   3J ' 
 2   2 
Material model for concrete
Continous surface cap model for concrete
Viscoplasticity formulation t
 = (1 −  ) + 
vp T p 
ij ij ij with =
1 + t
pwrt 
 −J1 
 = s + 


' 
(t −s ) tension
0t 0c
 3J 2  t = c = s = S ratet

pwrc
 Nt  Nc
J1 
 = s + 


' 
(c −s ) compression
 3J 2  N t = 0,48
Fracture energy - strain rate N c = 0,78
repow 0t = 0,00006176
 E  
G rate
= Gf 1 + ' 
f
 f  0c = 0,0001003
S rate = 1
Selected tests:
repow = 1
- uniaxial tension with different strain rates
- uniaxial compression with different strain rates
 Simple tests - FEM
Continous surface cap model for concrete
Uniaxial tension with different strain rates
16
14
12 tension strain rate 0,01
10 tension strain rate 0,1
8 tension strain rate 1
6 tension strain rate 10
4 tension strain rate 100
2
0
0 0.002 0.004

Uniaxial compression with different strain rates

-0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 3E-17
0

-20 compression strain rate 0,01

compression strain rate 0,1
-40
compression strain rate 1
-60 compression strain rate 10
compression strain rate 1000
-80

-100
Simulation of blast impact
Configuration
The numerical models consist:

1. One concrete or reinforcement concrete slab block

with dimensions 2x2x0.2 m3, totally fixed on perimeter
2. Reinforcement – 34GS steel rods dimeter - 4 mm with concrete slab
space 100 mm (1,2 or 3 layers ) 2x2x0.2 m
3. The blast loading (ConWep) corresponding to mass of
explosive charge from 25 up to 100 kg of TNT is used
4. Charge is situated in the distance from the concrete
slab equals 1 m

1000 mm
The three methods are used FEM, SPH and hybrid FEM-SPH

1. The same constitutive relation is assumed for both

kinds of simulations – normal strength concrete (B30)
Simulation of blast impact
Influence of the method – pure concrete

Observations:
1. Velocity is similar using
two methods
2. Failure patterns is also
similar using two
methods

Failure pattern for blast impact with 25 kg of TNT and pure

concrete slab (pure FEM)

Failure pattern for blast impact with 25 kg of TNT and pure

concrete slab (hybrid FE-SPH method)
Simulation of blast impact
Influence of the reinforcement – failure patterns -25 kg of TNT

pure concrete 1 layer of reinforcement

2 layers of reinforcement 3 layers of reinforcement

 Balanced method – example of concrete

29/11/2021 The Prediction of the Dynamic Tensile Strength of the Brittle Materials 64/ 17