University of Tripoli

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

EE421
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Pre-lab

Manal Mahmoud Ali Salim

22171719
Group: 13
Instructor: Dr.Ahmed Ashour
?What can you say about the PAM signal
Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), is a form of signal modulation where the message
information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. It is an analog pulse
modulation scheme in which the amplitudes of a train of carrier pulses are varied according to
.the sample value of the message signal

?What is meant by Aliasing

aliasing is an effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable (or aliases of one
another) when sampled. It also often refers to the distortion or artifact that results when a signal
.reconstructed from samples is different from the original continuous signal

?What is the function of shaping filter

A pulse shaping filter's job is to turn a discrete-time sequence of digital data into a continuous
.analog signal

Why the sampling frequency should be equal or greater than twice the
?message bandwidth
.To recover the signal from its samples effectively without distortion
Suppose that a signal is band-limited with no frequency components higher than Fm Hertz.
That means, Fm is the highest frequency. For such a signal, for effective reproduction of the
:original signal, the sampling rate should be twice the highest frequency, which means
Fs=2Fm Where, Fs is the sampling rate
Fm is the highest frequency
.This rate of sampling is called as Nyquist rate
.A theorem called, Sampling Theorem, was stated on the theory of this Nyquist rate
Draw the circuit used to generate natural PAM and flat top PAM and explain how you
?recover the message signal in both cases

Natural PAM: The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to modulating signal

amplitude at the time of pulse occurrence. Then follows the amplitude of the pulse for the rest
of the half cycle

Flat Top PAM: The amplitude of each pulse is directly proportional to modulating signal
amplitude at the time of pulse occurrence. The amplitude of the signal cannot be changed with
.respect to the analog signal to be sampled. The tops of the amplitude remain flat
The signal can de recovered from natural sampling PAM by using the product detection
.(synchronous detector)

?What is the function of sample and hold circuit in the receiver

Sample and Hold Circuit is used to sample the given input signal and to hold the sampled value.
Sample and hold circuit is used to sample an analog signal for a short interval of time in the
range of 1 to 10µS and to hold on its last sampled value until the input signal is sampled again.
.The holding period may be from a few milliseconds to several seconds

?What is the function of the equalizer in flat top sampling Rx

The main function of equalizer is cancels the effect of pulse shaping (noise induced by the pulse
.signal). It’s used in flat top receiver

?What are the BW and the pulse rate of PAM signal

1
BW = 2 τ ,where τ is the pulse width

.Pulse rate = N × Fs ,where N is the number of messages, and fs is the sampling rate