Session-11.

2
The Funda of Tenses- 03 (Advanced)
Home-work Task
(Solutions)
जह ां पश्चिमी अर्थव्यवस्र् एां दो सश्चदयोां (centuries) से कैश्चपटश्चिज्म को फॉिो करती आ रही हैं , भ रतीय
अर्थववस्र् क सम जव द (socialism) में कड़ यकीन रह है । हमें आत्मश्चनभथरत (self-reliance) श्चसख ने
के श्चिए, ग ाँ धी जी ने, हम री िम्बी आज दी की िड़ ई में, हमें “Simple living and high thinking” क मांत्र
श्चदय र् । दे श को आज दी श्चमिने से पहिे, ज्य द तर इां श्चियांस एक misery (दुः ख/कष्ट) की श्चजांदगी जीते
र्े। 1992 में इां श्चियन इकॉनमी ने उद रीकरण (liberalization) दे ख और आजकि नौजव न इां श्चियांस के
एक बड़े श्चहस्से के प स अच्छी सैिरी व िी नौकररय ां है और अच्छ कम रहे हैं । सन 2000 में इां श्चिय
दश्चनय की 20वीां सबसे बड़ी अर्थव्यवस्र् हुआ करत र् िेश्चकन अब 2040 तक इां श्चिय दश्चनय की दू सरी
सबसे बड़ी अर्थववस्र् बनने व ि हैं ।
Jha western ecnomies do sadiyo (centuries) se capitalism ko follow karti a rhi hai, Indian
economy ka samajvad (socialism) me kada yakeen rha hai. Hame atmanirbharbharta (self-
reliance) sikhane ke liye, MK Gandhi ne, hamari lambi freedom fight me, hame “Simple living
and high thinking” ka mantra diya. Desh ko ajadi (freedom) milne se pehle, Jyadatar Indians
ek misery (dukh/kast) ki jindagi jeete the. 1992 me Indian economy ne liberalization dekha
aur ajkal young indins ke ek bade hisse ke pas achhi salary jobs hai aur achha earn kar rha hai.
Year 2000 me india duniya ki 20th largest economy hua karta tha lekin ab 2040 tak India
duniya ki dusri sabse badi economy banne wala hai.
✔ जह ां पश्चिमी अर्थव्यवस्र्ाएं दो सश्चदयोां
(centuries) से कैश्चपटश्चिज्म को फॉलो करती
आ रही हैं, भारतीय अर्थववस्र्ा क सम जव द
(Socialism) में कड़ यकीन रहा है।
✔ Jha western economies do sadiyo
(centuries) se capitalism ko follow karti a
rhi hai, Indian economy ka samajvad
(socialism) me kada yakeen rha hai.
✔ हमें आत्मश्चनभथरत (self-reliance)
श्चसख ने के श्चिए, गााँधी जी ने, हम री िम्बी
आज दी की िड़ ई में, हमें “Simple living and
high thinking” क मंत्र श्चिया र्ा ।
✔ Hame atmanirbharbharta (self-
reliance) sikhane ke liye, MK Gandhi ne,
hamari lambi freedom fight me, hame
“Simple living and high thinking” ka mantra
diya
✔ While Western economies have been following Capitalism
for two centuries, the Indian economy has been believing in
Socialism.
✔ While Western economies have followed Capitalism for
two centuries, the Indian economy has strongly/firmly believed in
Socialism.
✔ 1st Clause – Present perfect continuous
Present Perfect tense (action) + for + duration
✔ 2nd Clause – Present perfect continuous + for + duration
✔ Tense – Past indefinite (V2)
Mr. MK Gandhi gave us the mantra of “Simple Living High Thinking”
during our long freedom struggle, to teach us self-reliance.
To teach us self-reliance, Mr. MK Gandhi, during our long freedom
struggle, gave us the mantra of “Simple Living High Thinking”.
✔ दे श को आज दी श्चमिने से पहिे, ✔ Most Indians had had a life of misery before the nation got the
ज्य द तर इं श्चियंस एक misery (दुः ख/कष्ट) की freedom/liberty.
श्चजंिगी jiye.
✔ Desh ko ajadi (freedom) milne se
pehle, Jyadatar Indians ek misery
(dukh/kast) ki jindagi jiya.

✔ 1992 में इं श्चियन इकॉनमी ने ✔ The Indian economy saw Liberalization in 1992, and
उद रीकरण (liberalization) दे ख और आजकि nowadays, a large proportion of young Indians have good salaried
नौजवान इं श्चियंस के एक बड़े श्चहस्से के प स jobs and are earning well.
अच्छी सैिरी व िी नौकररय ां है और अच्छ कमा
रहे हैं।
✔ 1992 me Indian economy ne
liberalization dekha aur ajkal young indins
ke ek bade hisse ke pas achhi salary jobs hai
aur achha ear kar rha hai.

Portion + of + Noun = Verb

Noun (Singular/uncountable) = Singular
Noun (plural) = plural
 ✔ सन 2000 में इं श्चिया दश्चनय की 20वीां ✔ In the year 2000, India was/ used to be/ would be 20th
सबसे बड़ी अर्थव्यवस्र् हुआ करता र्ा िेश्चकन largest economy of the world, but Indian economy will become/ is
अब 2040 तक इां श्चिय दश्चनय की दू सरी सबसे बड़ी becoming/ becomes/ is to become the second largest economy of
अर्थववस्र् बनने व ि हैं । the world by the year 2040.
✔ Year 2000 me india duniya ki 20th
largest economy hua karta tha lekin ab 2040
tak India duniya ki dusri sabse badi economy
banne wala hai.

Advanced Tense Tip-1: Some verbs (stative verbs) are never used in continuous form.
Logic: No time lapse involved in the action; continuous form of action doesn’t make sense.
Stative verbs:
1. Thoughts and opinions: agree, believe, doubt, imagine, know, mean, recognize, remember,
suspect, think, understand, resemble
2. Feelings and emotions: dislike, hate, like, love, prefer, want, wish
3. Senses: appear, be, feel, hear, look (dikhai dena), see, seem, smell, taste (swad ana)
4. Possession and measurement: belong, have (possession), own, possess, measure, weigh
Note- Stative verb formula applies only on the main verb of a sentence.

How to change tenses for stative verbs?

✔ Present/Past continuous tense → Present/Past Indefinite tense
✔ Present/Past perfect continuous → Present/Past perfect tense
Advanced Tense Tip- 2:
o Present Indefinite → Habitual actions (permanent in nature)
o Present Continuous → Habitual actions (temporary in nature)
Trigger words: Nowadays, these days, this week/month/year, at present

o Present Continuous → Habitual actions (irritating actions)

Trigger word: irritating habit + always

Advanced Tense Tip- 3:

o Past habits can be shown in three ways-
o Past Indefinite tense (V2) Our company celebrated (V2) Christmas.
 o Used to (Main verb) + Base form Our company used to celebrate Christmas.
o Would + Base form Our company would celebrate Christmas.

Advanced Tense Tip- 4:

Future can be shown in three ways-
• Future Indefinite tense (Will + base form) The President will resign today.
General
• Present Indefinite tense (V1) The President resigns today. Official
• Be family + to infinitive The President is to resign today.
Off/Un
• Present Continuous tense (be family + Ving) The President is resigning today.
Informal

Advanced Tense Tip- 5: Past indefinite vs Present Perfect

o Past indefinite tense (V2) → Reporting of past events that can’t be changed
o Present perfect tense (Have family + V3) → Past events impacting the present
 • I didn’t see this movie last year.
• I have not seen this movie yet.
• Dr. Kalam wrote 5 books.
• Dr. Kalam has written 5 books.
• Dr. Kalam wrote/has written
5 books in the year 2015.
Last year has passed; can’t change the fact
– A fact of the past
There’s still a chance
– Emphasis on completion of the action
(Kalam Sahb has died; can’t write anymore)
– A fact
(Kalam Sahb is alive; can write more)
– Emphasis on the action
(Kalam Sahb can’t write anymore books in
2015; alive or not)

o Trigger words (Past indefinite): Adverbs of the past – yesterday, already, last
night/week/year, ago, in + past year

o Trigger words (Present Perfect): Yet, as of now, already, so far, recently, lately or no time
mentioned
Advanced Tense Tip- 6: Present Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous + for + duration
✓ Present perfect tense (Have family verb + V3) + since/for + point (or) duration →
• either the work has finished;
• or, the duration has finished

Present perfect continuous + for + duration → Work continues; Emphasis on the work
Present perfect tense + for + duration → Work continues; Emphasis on the duration

• Doubt: If both the tenses – PPC and PF – show a continuous action (with for + duration),
which one is to be preferred?
1) PPC emphasizes the work, while PF emphasizes the duration.
2) Stative verbs can’t be used in PPC

Note: Present perfect tense (have family + V3) without since/for means the work has been finished.
Advanced Tense Tip- 7: Past Perfect vs Present Perfect Continuous + since + point of time
o Present perfect continuous + for + duration→ Work continues; Emphasis on the work
o Present perfect tense + for + duration → Work continues; Emphasis on the duration
o Present perfect continuous + since + point →Work continues; Emphasis on the work
o Present perfect tense + since + point→ Work has finished; there’s no duration
Note: Present perfect + link verb/stative verb + since + point of time = State in continuation

Advanced Tense Tip- 8: Past perfect tense

Past perfect → Past of Past
An action in the past perfect tense → before → Another action in past indefinite tense
An action in the past indefinite tense → after→ Another action in past perfect tense