Session-10

The Funda of Tenses – 02 (Negative and Interrogative)

Tense Tip-1:
SH, CH, SS, S,
Regular Verbs Consonant + Y
O, X
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Base form Sing Mix Study
Present (V1) Sings Sing Mixes Mix Studies Study
Past (V2) Sang Mixed Studied
Perfect (V3) Sung Mixed Studied
Continuous Singing Mixing Studying

Tense Tip-2:
Family verbs
Be family Have family Do family
Be Have Do
Base form
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Present (V1) Is, am are Has Have Does Do
Past (V2) Was Were Had Did
Perfect (V3) Been Had Done
Continuous Being Having Doing
Tense Tip-3: Be family + Noun/Adj = State

Tense Tip-4: Be family + Ving = Continuous action

Tense Tip-5: Have family + V3 = Completed (perfect) action

Tense Tip-6: Modal verb + Base form

• Main Modals = Will, Would, Shall, Should, Must, Can, Could, May, Might,
Ought to, Used to
• Semi-Modals = Need, Dare, Dared

Tenses Tip-7: “Have” is not only a helping verb family but also a main verb family
• Have, has, had (helping Verb family) + V3 = The train has left.
• Has, have, had (main verb family) + Noun = Eat, Possess, Experience and
causative function.

1. We had (V2) breakfast at 9 am today. (Eat)

2. We have three houses. (Possess, own)
3. We are having a great time in the USA. (Experience)
Tenses Tip-8: The first helping verb + Not (The adverb of negation)

Tenses Tip-9: Indefinite tenses (Present and Past) don’t have helping verbs in their
affirmative forms. So, we use the “Do” family verbs – do, does, did– as helping verbs for
these tenses.

Tenses Tip-10:
• Do family helping verbs (do, does, did) + Base form of the verb
• Have family helping verbs (has, have, had) + V3 = Completed (perfect) action
• Modal helping verbs – will, would, could, should + Base form of the verb
• Be family helping verbs – is, am, are, was, were…. + Noun/Adj (State)
• Be family helping verbs – is, am, are, was, were…. + Ving of the verb (Active Action)
• Be family helping verbs – is, am, are, was, were…. + V3 of the verb (Passive Action)

Tenses Tip-11: First helping verb + Subject ………? = Interrogative sentence

Tenses Tip-12: First helping verbn’t (contracted) + Subject …….? = Interrogative negative
✔ Africa ek surakshit (safe) place nhi hai.
Tense – Present indefinite tense (State)
Structure – Be family + N/Adj
✔ African mahadveep (continent) me
tarah tarah ke (of varieties) plants aur
animals hain.
Tense – Present indefinite (action)
Structure – V1
✔ African continent me vividh (of
varieties) plants aur animals nhi hai.
Tense –
Structure –
✔ Vaidik period me India ek caste-based
economic system follow nhi kiya karta tha.
Tense – Past indefinite (habit- action)
Structure – V2
✔ Is sal ham exams ke liye appear nhi
honge.
Tense – Future indefinite (action)
Structure – will + base form
✔ Africa is not a safe place.
✔ The African continent does not have a
wide range/variety of flora and fauna.
✔ The African continent does not own a
wide range/variety of flora and fauna.
✔ The African continent does not possess a
wide range /variety of flora and fauna.
✔
✔ India did not follow a caste-based
economic system in/during the Vaidik period.
✔ In/during the Vaidik period, India did not
follow a caste-based economic system.
✔ India, In/during the Vaidik period, did not
follow a caste-based economic system.
✔ This year, we will not (won’t) appear for
the examinations.
✔ Sheenam aj rat ki party me nhi hogi. ✔ Sheenam will not (won’t) be in the party
Tense – Future indefinite (state) tonight.
Structure – Will + be + N/Adj ✔ Tonight, Sheenam will not be in the party.

✔ Jab se pandemic shuru hui, ham apni ✔ We haven’t been attending our classes
classes ko attend nhi kar rhe hai. since the pandemic started.
Tense – Present Perfect continuous (action) ✔ Since the pandemic started, we haven’t
Structure – Has, Have + been + V-ing been attending our classes.

✔ Company agle sal se freshers ko ✔ The company will not be hiring freshers
naukari par nhi rakh rhi hogi. from the next/upcoming year.
Tense – Future continuous (action)
Structure – Will + Be + V-ing

✔ Is Africa a safe place? (Interrogative)

✔ Is Africa not a safe place? (Interrogative negative)
✔ Isn’t Africa a safe place? (Correct)

✔ Does the African continent not have a wide range/variety of flora and fauna?
✔ Doesn’t the African continent own a wide range/variety of flora and fauna?
✔ Didn’t India follow a caste-based economic system in/during the Vaidik period?

✔ This year, will we not appear for the examinations?

✔ Will Sheenam not be in the party tonight?
✔ Won’t Sheenam be in the party tonight?

✔ We haven’t been attending our classes since the pandemic started.

✔ Since the pandemic started, have we not been attending our classes?
✔ Won’t the company be hiring freshers from the next/upcoming year?

New vocabulary: Flora and fauna = The plants and animal species inhabiting an area.

Extra writing tip-1: The definite article “the” is not used before the names of
geographical locations
• Examples: The India, The Asia, The Jaipur, The Rajasthan, The North India, The
Wuhan
• Exceptions-1: The USA, The Philippines, The UAE, The UK, The Hague, The Bahamas,
The West Indies, The Netherlands
 • Exceptions-2: The North Pole, The South Pole, The Greenwich, The Equator, The
Tropic of Cancer, The Northern Hemisphere, The Durand Line, The LOC, The LAC, The
McMahon Line

Extra writing tip-2: The definite article “the” is used when geographical locations are
used as adjectives before proper nouns.
Examples: The African continent, The Indian Ocean, The Indian Prime Minister,
The American Constitution, The Chinese Embassy, The Australian Dollar
The French Ambassador

Extra writing tip-3: Contractions (Informal) → I + am = I’m You + are = You’re

Pronouns + be family = I’m We’re You’re He’s

She’s They’re It’s Mohan’s
Pronouns + will = I’ll We’ll You’ll He’ll
She’ll They’ll It’ll Mohan’ll
Pronouns + would = I’d We’d You’d He’d
She’d They’d It’d Mohan’d
Pronouns + has/have = I’ve We’ve You’ve He’s
She’s They’ve It’s Mohan’s
Pronouns + had = I’d We’d You’d He’d
She’d They’d It’d Mohan’d
Helping verbs + not = Isn’t Ain’t Aren’t Wasn’t
Weren’t hasn’t haven’t
hadn’t Don’t Doesn’t Didn’t
Won’t Can’t Wouldn’t Shouldn’t
Mustn’t Couldn’t Mightn’t
Extra writing tip-4:

• Since + starting point of an action (action continues in the present)

• For + duration of an action
• From + starting point of an action (action doesn’t continued in the present)