Adhesive

BIT CHEMICAL ENGINEERING INTERNSHIP REPORT
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL AND FOOD ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

4TH YEAR CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
HOSTING COMPANY- KOKEB PAINT AND MARBLE FACTORY

PROJECT: PRODUCTION OF BIO ADHESIVE FROM EUPHORBIA
TRICALLI
Prepared by:
Fentahun Dessale....................................
Mikias znabu………………………….
Eleni Belayeneh……………………….
Advisor: Mr.Melaku
Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
December 2014 E.C
KOKEB PAINT FACTORY

BIT STUDENTS
2014 E.C
Declaration
We have conducted our internship Experience in kokeb paint factory from August 1 to
November 25 under the guidance of Mr.melaku and Mr.Gibril (company advisor). We
declare that this Paper is our original work and compiled according to the internship report
writing guide line given by the Institute-Industry Linkage office of the Institute. All the
contents are our own and have not been submit to any other institute.
The final paper is approved by:
 Fentahun Dessale
 Mikias Znabu
 Eleni Belayeneh
Advisor: Mr melaku
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Acknowledgment
First, we want to thank the almighty God for providing us hope, strength and courage
throughout our life to prepare our paper in a significant manner. Next to God we want to
thank our school adviser Mr.melaku who supports us by giving corrective comments and
valuable ideas. Then after we want to thank the company adviser Mr Gibril who support us
by giving supportive advise and helping by introducing the company workers to facilitate our
experience and to make our relationship smooth with company workers .Next this we want to
express our thanks to Mr.Worku who help us by giving practical properties of paint by
relating the theoretical one and also by introducing company workers. Finally we want to
express our special thanks to all company workers for their kindness support.
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Executive summary
This report and the project work consists the brief history and profile of our hosting company.
In this internship program, we have been working on laboratory section, mixing section,
milling section, levelling section, filling and packing section. Our report includes brief
history of the company main product, customers of organization, organizational structure and
workflow of the company, brief history of paint and its raw materials as well as production
process. We also explained all internship experience how to select Kokeb paint factory, and
challenge we faced, measures we taken, and benefits got in the internship including
theoretical and practical skills, team playing skills, interpersonal communication skills and
leadership skills are included. Generally this paper contains our internship report and project.
The main objective of the project is to substitute chemically produced binder by bio binder
and stopping importing of environmental unfriendly product.
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Table of Content
Declaration ............................................................................................................................ i
Acknowledgment .................................................................................................................. ii
Executive summary .............................................................................................................. iii
CHAPTER ONE ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF KOKEB PAINT FACTORY ............................................... 1
1.2 Brief history of the company ................................................................................... 1
1.3 Objective, vision and mission of the company ......................................................... 1
1.3.1 Objective ......................................................................................................... 1
1.3.2 Vision ............................................................................................................... 1
1.3.3 Mission ............................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Main product/Service of the company .................................................................... 2
1.5 Customers that use Kokeb product ......................................................................... 2
1.6 Work flow of the company ...................................................................................... 2
1.6.1 Management office.......................................................................................... 3
1.6.2 Human resource development section............................................................. 3
1.6.3 Raw material Store and raw material purchaser .............................................. 3
1.6.4 Production Section ........................................................................................... 4
1.6.5 Tinting section ................................................................................................. 4
1.6.6 Laboratory Section ........................................................................................... 4
1.6.7 Labeling section ............................................................................................... 5
1.6.8 Leveling and filling Section ............................................................................... 5
1.6.9 Product store and seller ................................................................................... 5
1.6.10 Maintenance Section ....................................................................................... 5
1.7 General organizational structure of the company ................................................... 6
CHAPTER TWO ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.8 PAINTS AND ITS RAW MATERIALS ........................................................................... 7
1.8.1 History of Paint ................................................................................................ 7
1.9 General Industrial Paint Components ...................................................................... 7
1.9.1 Pigment ........................................................................................................... 8
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1.9.2 Solvents (or Thinners) .................................................................................... 10

1.9.3 Additives ........................................................................................................ 10
1.9.4 Binder ............................................................................................................ 11
1.10 PAINT MANUFACTURING PROCESS ....................................................................... 13
1, accurate measurement of raw materials ......................................................................... 13
2, Mill base preparation and pigment dispersion ......................................................... 14
3, Let-Down process..................................................................................................... 14
4, Finished product and process laboratory testing ...................................................... 14
5, Canning .................................................................................................................... 14
1.11 Specific products and its main inputs of paint manufacturing ............................... 15
1.11.1 Products of water based paints: ..................................................................... 15
1.12 General flow chart for water based paint production process ............................... 16
1.13 Products and raw materials for solvent based paint: ............................................. 16
1.14 General flow chart for solvent based paint production process............................. 17
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................. 18
1.15 PROJECT: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZETION OF BIO-ADHESIVE FROM A
COPOLYMER COMPOSITE OF EUPHORBIA AND CATUS TREE EXTRACT LATEX .................. 18
1.16 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 18
1.17 Problem of statement ........................................................................................... 19
1.18 Objective .............................................................................................................. 20
1.19 General Objectives ................................................................................................ 20
1.20 Specific objective .................................................................................................. 20
1.21 Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 20
Literature review................................................................................................................. 21
1.22 Definition of Adhesive and Adhesion .................................................................... 21
1.23 Consumption of Adhesives in kokeb paint factory ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.24 Theories of Adhesion ............................................................................................ 21
1.24.1 Adsorption Theory ......................................................................................... 21
1.24.2 Mechanical Theory......................................................................................... 21
1.25 Process of Film Formation during Adhesion .......................................................... 22
1.26 Classification of Adhesives .................................................................................... 22
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1.26.1 Natural Adhesives .......................................................................................... 22

1.26.2 Synthetic Adhesives ....................................................................................... 22
1.26.3 Thermosetting Adhesive ................................................................................ 23
1.26.4 Thermoplastic Adhesives ............................................................................... 23
1.27 Issues Associated with Petroleum-based Adhesives .............................................. 23
1.27.1 Dependence on Non-Renewable Raw Materials ............................................ 23
1.27.2 Emission of Carcinogenic Formaldehyde ........................................................ 24
1.28 . Production process of bio adhesive from natural latex ........................................ 24
1.29 Application of silica in adhesive production .......................................................... 24
1.30 Testing of binder ................................................................................................... 25
1.31 Introduction to Euphorbia Tirucalli........................................................................ 26
1.31.1 Plant Description............................................................................................ 26
1.32 Ecology and Geographical Distribution of Euphorbia Tirucalli................................ 26
1.33 Latex and Its Chemical Composition ...................................................................... 27
1.33.1 Data collection methodology ......................................................................... 27
1.33.2 Primary data collection method ..................................................................... 27
1.33.3 Secondary method of data collection ............................................................. 28
1.34 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 28
1.35 Materials............................................................................................................... 28
1.35.1 Chemicals ...................................................................................................... 28
1.35.2 Equipment ..................................................................................................... 28
Methods ............................................................................................................................. 29
1.36 Raw Material Collection, Transportation and Storage ........................................... 29
1.37 Extraction and Characterization of Latex ............................................................... 29
1.37.1 Latex Extraction ............................................................................................. 29
1.38 Characterization of latex ....................................................................................... 30
1.39 Production and Characterization of Bio-binder ..................................................... 31
1.39.1 Production of copolymer Bio-binder .............................................................. 31
1.40 Overall production process of copolymer bio-binder from euphorbia and cactus
latex 32
1.41 Characterization of Bio-Adhesive .......................................................................... 33
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5. Specific gravity measurement ............................................................................... 35

6. Solubility in Water ................................................................................................ 35
7. Turbidity measurement ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................ 35
1.41.1 Extraction and Characterization of Latex ........................................................ 35
1.41.2 Latex Extraction .................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.42 Characterization of Latex ...................................................................................... 35
Effects of Experimental Variables on Lap Shear Strength and Viscosity ............................... 39
1.43 Effects of Experimental Variables on Lap Shear Strength ......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
1.43.1 Effect of latex concentration .......................................................................... 39
Conclusion and Recommendation ....................................................................................... 40
1.44 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 40
1.45 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 41
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................... 42
1.46 SECTION ONE: OVER ALL PROCESS DESCRIPTION .................................................. 42
1.47 The general process section of the factory ............................................................ 42
1.48 Stages accomplished for this work ........................................................................ 46
1.48.1 Supporters from the factory communities ..................................................... 46
1.48.2 Challenges facing during the internship period .............................................. 46
1.48.3 Measures we have been taken in order to overcome those challenges .......... 46
SECTION TWO: OVERALL BENEFITS OF INTERNSHIP............................................................. 47
1.49 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 47
1.49.1 Practical skill .................................................................................................. 47
1.49.2 Theoretical knowledge ................................................................................... 47
1.49.3 Entrepreneur skill........................................................................................... 47
1.49.4 Communication skill ....................................................................................... 48
1.49.5 Team playing skill ........................................................................................... 48
1.49.6 Leader ship skill.............................................................................................. 48
1.49.7 Work ethics skill ............................................................................................. 48
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List of figures
figure1. 1 general production organization of the factory....................................................... 6
figure1. 2 general paint ingredients ....................................................................................... 8
figure1. 3 production process of paint.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
figure1. 4 production process of water based paint .............................................................. 16
figure1. 5 process of solvent based paint making ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
figure1. 6 a) euphorbia tree b) latex ..................................................................................... 26
List of tables
Table a: mixing ratio of component ..................................................................................... 32
Table b: solid content determination result .......................................................................... 36
Table c: ph value result ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table d:viscosity result........................................................................................................ 37
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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND OF KOKEB PAINT FACTORY
1.2 Brief history of the company

Kokeb paint factory is one of the biggest paint factories in Ethiopia its main establishment is
in Addis Ababa and expands its branch to Bahir Dar town in Amhara regional State, on
November 27, 2010 under the BEAEKA General Business PLC. The company was situated
in Bahir Dar about 7.9 Km away from the center of the town with a covering area of around
15000 Square meter in the western part of city commonly called industrial villages (around
Yibab Eyesus ). The construction was completed within 16 months with the capital of 360
million birr. Kokeb paint factory has an annual processing capacity of 25 million liters of
paint. It has around 150 employees; of which 140’s is permanent and the other 10 are
provisional workers. The company is one of the market dominant in the economic sector of
the country with having a preferable product for the customer (company document).
1.3 Objective, vision and mission of the company
1.3.1 Objective
 Producing high quality paint with affordable price

 Establish new plants like glass and edible oil plants
 To involve foreign market
 Economic use of resource
 Reduce power consumption
 To ensure product consistency at required level
 Promoting the product in a fair and ethical way
(Kokeb paint factory website).
1.3.2 Vision
To be one of the well Known and Ethiopian market leader companies by year 2025 through
providing customers with high quality products and services. With benefit at competitive
prices simultaneously ensuring long-term relationship with customer and maintaining high
profitability of the company (from the company establishment document).
.
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1.3.3 Mission
 To provide the best product and service that can satisfy customers need and there by conform
to ever changing competition to sufficiently excel and satisfy customer expectation.
 To expand the business to different foreign countries with proper diversification mechanisms
 To ensure being a company of choice to its stakeholders and an investment choices for
owners
 To contribute socioeconomic development of Ethiopia in particular and the other countries in
general
1.4 Main product/Service of the company

Although there are thousands of different paints on the market, kokeb paint factory paints can
generally be categorized in to two types :water based and oil based paints .Among water
based paints super,wubet, mica and quartz and from oil based paints enamel, varnish,
furniture lacquer ,poly varnish, NC-sanding sealer and anti rust are main products.
1.5 Customers that use Kokeb product
 Different Construction site

 Real states developer
 Different sight engineers
 Community
 Different government and private sectors
1.6 Work flow of the company

Kokeb paint factory has different sections that are involved with different jobs interacted one
with other. These sections are:
 Management office
 Human resource development section
 Raw material store and purchasing section
 Production section
 Tinting section
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 Laboratory and quality control section

 Labeling section
 Leveling and filling section
 Product store and sellers section
 Maintenance section
1.6.1 Management office
 This division is concerned with all activities that are takes place in the factory.
 It makes sure the rule and regulation are well practice.
 It provides some raw material, safety equipment and general service like transport and others.
1.6.2 Human resource development section
These sections are primarily governed by the rules and regulation on that were formed in the
co-ordination of both workers and administration. It makes sure that the rule obeyed or no;
and hence it reports on the number of working hours that a single employee has spent so that
the employee earns as they deserve.
 It also holds the structure hierarchy of the occupation of the type of employee, so when there
is a gap formed it announces a vacancy based on the job criteria that already exist.
 Also gives some training assignment for the employers.
1.6.3 Raw material Store and raw material purchaser
The main purpose of this store is to hold some raw material that are used for the production
of paint like kerosene, calcium carbonate, Titanium dioxide, pests, dries, binder, pigment,
packing materials such as cartons, different size plastics and gallons,
marble(fine,0.5,1.2,2.5),cellulose, tetron, additives, Benton powder, Aluminum silicate etc.
Basically purchasers: purchasing raw materials and services from the supplier. Its main aim is
to support and facilitate the company operations with an uninterrupted flow by supplying the
right material and services at
 The right time
 The right prices
 The right place
 From the right source
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1.6.4 Production Section
These classifications are primarily concerned in the formulation of raw material for the
production of the paint. They prepare different formulations that are important for the
production of the paint and take out the right one.
1.6.5 Tinting section
This is the main and important section for the production of paints after letdown process is
completed. The tinter tests the color of the produced paint by comparing with the standard
paints by adding different pastes until the paint in the process is meet with the standard one.
1.6.6 Laboratory Section
In the laboratory there are different quality parameters of paint that has to be checked before
the paint was sent to filling. Those parameters are:
 Temperature: temperature measurements of paint are performed in order to check whether
the product resist the environmental effect or not and to measure other parameters at room
temperature.
 PH: in order to check whether the product has an acidic behavior or basic media and
environmental effect or not. This is measured using PH meter and adjusted at arrange of7.5 to
8.5.
 Sp.gr: it is the measure of the weight of the paint to know its density.
 Solid content: it is the amount of non-volatile component which remain parts of paint film.
 Wash ability (for water based paints): applied during raw material selection by taking
sample to buy in mass to identify the washing resistance of the paint and for comparison test
with other factory product like Nifassilk paint.
 Viscosity: to identify the flow resistance of the paint and adjusting at the right range.
 Drying time: This shows the time at which the paint is dry after application.
 Fineness of grinding: it is a measure of the degree of break-down of agglomerates and
aggregates of particles.
 Gloss: is used to determine how much the product is attractive after application on a surface.
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1.6.7 Labeling section
In this stage containers that are important to hold the new paint product are labeled after
labeling the gallons are prepared for filling. This shows general paint information’s and
guidelines to use.
1.6.8 Leveling and filling Section
The filling machine fills the gallons by standard volume or required liters by controlling the
process manually.
1.6.9 Product store and seller
This division is responsible for storing the final product and manage the product that are
ready for marketing, control the outgoing for reprocess to the production section. It records
how many products are entering to the store and how many of them are prepared for sales.
The main functions of sellers are selling the produced paints and receiving order from the
customer and inform the production section to produce the ordered paint.
1.6.10 Maintenance Section
This section is responsible for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical parts of the
company and checking the performance of machines with performing periodic maintenance.
For example; controlling the power supply and maintaining electrical board and mechanical
systems which are mostly on the machine in order to minimize maintenance cost.
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1.7 General organizational structure of the company
General
Paint manager
Human Sale and Paint Finance Procurements

resource marketing management and supply
operation
management
Production
Laboratory
manager
management
Operators
and worker
figure1. 1 general production organization of the factory
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CHAPTER TWO
1.8 PAINTS AND ITS RAW MATERIALS
1.8.1 History of Paint
Contemporary paints and coatings consist of countless compounds uniquely formulated to

fulfil the varied requirements of hundreds of thousands of applications. Paint” ranges from
the broad group of environmentally-sound latex paints that many consumers use to:
 decorate and protect their homes
 the translucent coatings that line the interior of food containers
 to the chemically-complex, multi-component finishes that automobile manufacturers apply
on the assembly line
Paints and coatings have evolved from the simple Early Man colours on cave walls into a
primary protective barrier between our possessions and our environment. The history of
paints range from:
1700 – 1867 the paint and coatings industry, however, had to wait for the Industrial
Revolution before it became a recognized element of the world economy.
Mid-Late 1800s in the mid 1880’s, paint factories began springing up in population and
industrial canters across the nation. Mechanization was making the manufacturing process
accessible to a larger and less specialized group of entrepreneurs.
1950s – 1970s Industry consensus standards limiting the use of lead pigments date back to
the 1950s, when manufacturers led a voluntary effort to remove lead from house paints.
Many of today’s paints and coatings may go unnoticed by the consumer, but play
immeasurably valuable roles in delivering:
 high-quality foodstuffs
 durable goods
 housing
 furniture
1.9 General Industrial Paint Components

A paint formulator must choose from hundreds of different materials selecting a cost
effective; combination which will have the desired film forming and service properties.
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Therefore; a paint formulator chooses raw materials from the following four basic categories.
These are;
Pigment Additives
Solvent
Bindfigure2.
figure1. 2 general paint ingredients
1.9.1 Pigment
Pigment plays a large role in determining colour and appearance. Some pigments also
provide added bulk, helping to thicken paint when needed. In its unmixed form, a pigment is
simply a powder which is responsible for colour change. A pigment is a colouring material,
usually in the form of an insoluble powder that is mixed with oil, water and etc. to make
paint. Pigments are granular solids which impart paint it’s most important properties of
colour and opacity. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the world's primary pigment for providing
whiteness, brightness, and opacity. It provides excellent hiding power, and whiteness. There
are two general categories of pigments:
1, prime pigments provide colour: either inorganic or organic
2, extenders pigments controls gloss level, texture, etc.
Primary pigments –inorganic
The term inorganic means the pigment is having mineral origin and inorganic prime pigments
are usually metal oxides. They are called prime because the first use of paints was for
decoration and color therefore of first (prime) importance. Many metal oxides were found
naturally, such as red and yellow iron oxides. Today most are made synthetically to get the
cleanest colures possible.
Main properties of inorganic pigments are:
 Effective opacity or hiding power

 Effective resistance to fading
 They are bright clean inorganic red, orange, and yellow pigments
 Relatively good heat stable and chemical resistant
 Heavy weight because of the presence of nonvolatile solid content
 Has large particles
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 Has low tinting strength

Prime pigments –organic
The term organic means pigments which contain the element carbon. Most organic pigments
are not naturally occurring and are made from petroleum by-products in very complicated
chemical processes by chemists. Organic pigments are the brightly colored ones used for the
clean colors red, yellow, bright green and blue, purple.
Behaviors of organic pigments are:
 it create high volume or lightness in weight

 it has small particle size
 it needs dispersion agent
 fatness (giving them a natural gloss)
 transparency or semi transparency
 has high tinting strength
 good-to-excellent light fast rating
 Very difficult to get clean reds and yellows with good opacity and good exterior
 Often these pigments are very difficult to grind into paint mill bases
 Pigments are generally low in density and not prone to settling out
 Low density and may tend to float to top of paint
 Effective to very poor hiding power
Extender pigments
Extenders are solid components of paint. They are finely ground natural materials, most
commonly earth, and they have no effect on the colour of the paint, but they do alter some
properties
Properties of some extender pigments
 Talc: This is a very slippery mineral and is used to give paint good sanding
properties.
 Talc and mica: These extenders are plate like in shape and are used to give
barrier Properties to the paint. They spread out and prevent moisture
travelling through the Paint.
 Calcium carbonate: Also known as whiting, limestone, chalk or even as
marble dust.
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 Silica: Silica comes in a number of different forms but is generally best

known as a flatting pigment.
 Clays: Clays are used to give paint some extra body and can help to prevent
settling.
1.9.2 Solvents (or Thinners)
These are colourless liquids that are included in the paint (or clear finish) and work on the
binder to thin the quality of the paint. This dilutes the coating and improves the ease of
application and increases penetration of the product. The solvent then evaporates after
application during the drying out process.
Examples of solvents used in Kokeb factory are:
Water: used for emulsion or water based paint
Kerosene and ethyl acetate used for oil based paints
1.9.3 Additives
When certain properties need to be manipulated or enhanced, additives is often the solution.
Thickeners, for example, are additives that help thicken the paint to make application easier.
Surfactants help disperse pigments within the paint, ensuring the coat is even and stay in
place.
Additives are available for improving:
 Colour
 Strength
 Brightness
 Haze
 Gloss
 Opacity etc.
There are many types of additives such as:

 Antifoam: prevent formation of air bubbles entrapped in the coating.
 Driers: accelerate the paint drying by catalyzing the oxidation of the binder.
 Plasticizers: increases the paint flexibility.
 Anti-skinning agents: prevent the formation of skin in the can.
 Anti-settling agents: to prevent pigment settling.
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 Preservatives: prevent smelling of paint while in the container and growth of

algae /fungi, on the paint after it has been applied.
 Wetting and dispersing agent: are surfactants that assist in moistening
(wetting) the pigment; easier to grind and disperse; prevent flocculation of the
pigment particles (ensuring uniformity).
 Thickeners: makes the paint easy to apply
1.9.4 Binder
In a paint mixture, the binder is responsible for providing adhesion, binding the pigment, and
giving the paint resistance properties to make the final coating tough and durable. The binder
itself is clear and glossy, but the presence of pigment interferes with this quality. Depending
on the ratio of pigment to binder, or the PVC (pigment volume concentration) the paint can
assume varying levels of glossy finish. Paints with the glossiest finish often have a typical
PVC of 15 percent, while the most matte paints have a PVC anywhere from 40 to 80 percent.
Paints with less gloss have more binder per unit of pigment and tend to be more durable.
There are two specific types of binder: oil-based and latex-based.
1, Oil-based paint requires a binder that has similar properties to the paint—in this case, the
binder oxidizes or dries when exposed to air, hardening along with the rest of the paint. Once
applied, the liquid factor of an oil-based paint evaporates, and the binder then reacts with the
air to harden into place with the pigment.
2, Latex-based paints actually do not possess latex—rather, the binder that is used (plastic-
like in nature) creates a film in the paint that resembles natural latex rubber. Almost all water-
based paints have a latex-based binder. When the coating is applied, water evaporates from
the paint, leaving behind a film of pigment and latex-based binder, which bind together into
one continuous coating.
Generally, binders:
 binds pigment and additives together,

 imparts adhesion and strongly influences:
 Gloss
 Durability
 Flexibility
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 Toughness
As a binder Kokeb paint factory use:
 Copolymer and homo polymer for water based paints
 Alkyd resin and phenol resin for oil based paints
The purpose of using additives is to;
 Modify surface tension

 Improve flow properties
 Reduce foaming
 Slow down reaction time
 Improve paint stability to ultraviolet
 Improve the production and storing properties
 Add texture to the paint
 Enhance the adhesive characteristics for special surfaces
 Give pleasant odor in case of interior painting
 Provide water proofing characteristics
Depending on the type of paint and intended use, additives may include:
Anti-settling agent –to prevent pigment settling
Dispersing agent (dispersant)-to separate and stabilize pigment particles
DE foaming agent: prevent formation of air bubbles entrapped in the coating
-its application is before the formation of foams
Driers: accelerate the paint drying time by catalyzing the oxidation of the binder.
Plasticizers: increases the paint flexibility.
Anti-skinning agents: prevent the formation of skin in the can.
Preservatives: prevent smelling of paint while in the container and growth of algae /fungi, on
the paint after it has been applied.
Wetting and dispersing agent: are surfactants that assist in moistening (wetting) the
pigment; easier to grind and disperse; prevent flocculation of the pigment particles (ensuring
uniformity).
Thickeners: increase viscosity of paint if it is necessary
Thinners-decrease the viscosity of paint if it is necessary
Anti-foaming agent - prevent formation of air bubbles entrapped in the coating
- Its application is after foam is formed
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Raw materials used in Kokeb paint factory from inside country

 Water
 CaCO3
 Ethanol
Raw materials used in Kokeb paint factory from abroad
 Kerosene
 Butyl acetone
 Thinner
 Acetate
 Titanium dioxide (TiO2)
 Iron oxide (red, green, brown, yellow)
 Ethyl acetate
 Chromium oxide (green, yellow, blue)
 Aluminum silicate (Al2SiO3)
 Filler (CaCO3)
 Dolomite
 Homo polymer resin
 Copolymer resin Alkyd resin
 Polyurethane resin
 Dispersing agent
 Wetting agent
 Antifoam
1.10 PAINT MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Generally, paint is produced in a batch operation from its raw material scaling to finished
product within the appropriate formulation. There are five critical manufacturing steps
involved:
1, accurate measurement of raw materials

Ingredients are typically measured by weight scale and sometimes by volume in a calibrated
vats and graduated measuring containers.
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2, Mill base preparation and pigment dispersion
Pigments are powders of typically small in size and have different color that tend to stick
together to form agglomerates. The pigment must be broken down into separate particles and
must be then wetted by resins and solvents to stop them sticking together again. This is the
process of dispersion. At high rpm mixers are used for well distributions of materials and
dispersing most of pigments. This machine rotates stainless steel with discs of up to 60mm
diameter, at about 1000rpm that can be adjusted based on the need of mixing. Pigments are
added slowly to the portion of the liquid paint component, with the mixer running, to form
the mill base.
Some pigments are more difficult to disperse and require ball milling, which are used for
small batches of difficult disperse mill base. Ball mills are large porcelain lined rotating
drums containing golf ball sized porcelain balls. Rolling and tumbling of the ball provides
sufficient force to break up agglomerates. The ball mill works based on the principle of
impact or attrition force to mill the paint.
3, Let-Down process
After the mill base has been completed; the rest of ingredients (solvent and additives) are
added and mixed. This is known as letdown process. After let down and mill base are
completed and mixed; if required, by the formulation any final additions are made and added
in and at this step the dispersion is tasted.
4, Finished product and process laboratory testing
Product quality is monitored throughout the manufacturing process by the product

verification laboratory. Critical ingredients are tested before manufacturing starts. The mill
base may be tested for dispersion and if further processing may be required the let-down is
tested to ensure it sufficiently mixed. The complete batch (mill base plus let down and any
final additives) is thoroughly tested by the product verification laboratory. These final testes
evaluate properties such as degree of dispersion, viscosity, hiding power, tinting strength,
color, application, drying time, gloss, PH and etc.
5, Canning
When testing is completed the batch is passed for canning. During canning two samples are
taken, a retain sample, which is stored in case it is needed for future reference and a final
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inspection sample which is tested by the final inspection laboratory to guarantee conformance
with relevant standard and specification. After this final stage of testing is completed the
batch is passed for filling and labeling section. The final product is prepared for sales as
required or stored in the product storage room.
1.11 Specific products and its main inputs of paint manufacturing
1.11.1 Products of water based paints:
Super paint:
 Water
 Organic dispersion agent
 Thickener powder
 Anti-foam
 Titanium dioxide
 Aluminum silicates
 Calcium carbonates
 Copolymer
 Preservative
 Thickener solution
 Pastes (if necessary)
Quartz
 Water
 Inorganic dispersing agent
 Anti-foam
 Thickener powder
 Titanium dioxide
 Homopolymer and copolymer
 Preservatives
 Pastes (if any)
 Marbles (fine, 0.5, 1.2, 2.5 as customer need)
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Raw material
Mixing Milling
weighting
Mill base preparation

and dispersion
Finished product
Canning Let down
and laboratory
Process
1.12 General flow chart for water based paint production process
Raw material Mixing Tinting Laboratory testing
Product Filling Labelling

Sales Packing
storage section section
figure1. 3 production process of water based paint
1.13 Products and raw materials for solvent based paint:
Example:
Enamel:
 Long oil
 Dispersing agent
 Benton solution
 Emulsifier
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 Kerosene
 Zirconium
 Calcium
 Cobalt
 MEKO
 Water
1.14 General flow chart for solvent based paint production process
Raw Pre- Milling Mixing

material mixing
weighing
Labelling Tinting
Product
Laboratory
storage Canning Filling
testing
figure1. 4 emulsion paint production process
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CHAPTER THREE
1.15 PROJECT: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZETION OF BIO-
ADHESIVE FROM EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI EXTRACT LATEX
1.16 Introduction
The life of a paint is that of the binder from which it is made. Binders also called film-
formers, stabilize the structural integrity of paint, as it cohesively holds other particles in the
paint, and adhesively hold the paint to the substrate. Emulsion (water based) paints and oil
paints are the two classes of paint based on the solvent or dispersant i.e. water and organic
solvents respectively. And the organic solvents are generally referred to as volatile organic
compounds (VOCs). Typical oil paints have excellent characteristics, such as heat resistance,
high strength, good resistance to corrosion, weather, water and chemicals, good adhesion, full
gloss and flexibility. Emulsion paints are typically inferior to the oil paints considering many
of these properties, however the use of water as the thinner or dispersant presents emulsion
paints to be cheaper, non-flammable, and environmental friendlier than the oil paint, and also
as workable alternative in the quest to omit VOCs in paint formulation. The emission of
VOCs from surface coatings has been under strict regulations by empowered regulatory
agencies, with the intents to meet some safe environmental standards. This presents the major
challenge in the coating industry.
In this study Euphorbia tirucalli tree is selected as a source of raw material for synthesis of
bio adhesive. Euphorbia tirucalli is a type of Euphorbiaceous plant species. Euphorbia
tirucalli is relatively easy to grow in different soil types, under diversified conditions, and
does not require special management practices. Ethiopia has high resources of Euphorbia
tirucalli. For instance, it is found in Wollo, Gojjam, Gonder, Shoa, Tigray, Harerge, Sidamo,
Gamogofa, Ilubabor and Bale. Euphorbia tirucalli contains white milky latex in any part of
the shoot. Latex is a colloid system having the rubber particles dispersed in water. Latex
(white fluid) is tacky in nature. The synthetic latex is prepared from raw materials based on
petroleum and/or coal which are non-renewable and, therefore, must be used with economy
(juliet et al., 2018).Natural latex which is a renewable resource can be used as adhesive due
to its tacky nature. However, due its low viscosity and poor bonding strength relative to
synthetic adhesives, it cannot be used directly as an adhesive. In addition, plant-based
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adhesives are brittle and vulnerable to environmental conditions. Thus, it is necessary to

improve its properties. In this study starch was selected as reinforcement agent to prepare the
copolymer bio-adhesive. This project work is aimed at studying the replacement of synthetic
adhesives by bio-based adhesive from Euphorbia tirucalli latex and evaluating its
performance (barminas, 2013).
1.17 Problem of statement

In our country Ethiopia due to the growth of different manufacturing sectors specifically
textile, shoe, woodworks, packaging industries, paint factory and bookbinding, the demand
for adhesives (binder) has increased significantly over the years. The country`s requirement
of adhesive is met through import which leads to additional foreign currency demand.
Furthermore, most of the current produced adhesives are basically made from petroleum
derived chemicals which are non-renewable and environmental unfriendly. Adhesives like
urea formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, and poly vinyl acetate are the most commonly used
petroleum based products in many manufacturing sectors as well as in kokeb paint factory.
However, the increasing cost of petrochemical-based products ,depletion of petroleum and
growing perception of environmental protection have encouraged the development of bio-
based adhesives from cheap and renewable resources. In addition, these types of adhesives
are highly volatile and are also classified as gaseous contaminant as well as carcinogenic
substance (thuraisingam et al). As a solution to the problems, it is inevitable to replace
petroleum based adhesives by bio-based adhesives. Beside the mentioned problems, the raw
materials required to produce synthetic adhesives are also not available in Ethiopia.
Therefore, it is necessary to consider how to use locally available natural resources. In this
study Euphorbia tirucalli tree is used as a potential source of raw material to prepare bio-
adhesive because they contains a natural white liquid (latex), which has a tacky nature.
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1.18 Objective
1.19 General Objectives

The general objective of this project work is to investigate bio-adhesive production from
Euphorbia tirucalli latex.
1.20 Specific objective
The specific objectives of this project work are:

 To extract latex from Euphorbia tirucalli tree branches using water as a solvent
 To study the characteristics of the extracted latex in terms of total solid content, pH,
viscosity, density, and functional groups
 To investigate preparation of bio-adhesive from latex using starch as a filler
 To investigate the effect of experimental variables such as latex concentration, starch
content and mixing time on bonding strength and viscosity of the bio-adhesive.
 To investigate the characteristics of the prepared bio-adhesive in terms of bonding
strength, viscosity, thermal stability, pH, and foam length.
1.21 Significance of the Study

This project work is aimed at import substitution of petroleum based adhesives which kokeb
paint factory is importing by way of renewable and locally available adhesive. For country
like Ethiopia in which 85% of the population depends on agriculture the factories must use
this advantage, such type of project is going to upgrade the societal economic status of the
factory. The first organs to benefit from this study are farmers who can plant the euphorbia
tirucalli and supply the raw material for manufacturing the bio-adhesive. In addition, planting
more euphorbia tirucalli to extract latex contributes to the reduction in CO2 from the
atmosphere, hence making it environmental friendly. This study will initiate the factory to
reduce importing petroleum-based adhesives via replacing them with renewable-based
adhesive which has higher attribute than the current one which will in turn decrease value of
importing and transportation. In this way the factory will become self-sufficient. In addition it
brings the factory to green economy system. In summary, once the project is done
successfully and implemented, it is expected to have the following significances.
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 Reduce cost of production for the manufacturing sectors like paint factory, furniture,
textile and others as they decrease cost for buying the adhesive from aboard.
 Farmers who cultivate the tree will be benefited financially.
 Create employment for the local people
 As it’s a pioneer it will be a starting point for further studies.
Therefore, as stated above this project work will possess significance on the society,
environment and the factory.
Literature review
1.22 Definition of Adhesive and Adhesion
The dictionary defines an adhesive/binder as a substance capable of holding materials
(adherent) together by surface attachment. Adhesion is the state in which two surfaces are
held together by interfacial forces, which may be valence forces, interlocking action, or both
while an adherent is a substrate held to another substrate by an adhesive (mwambusi, 2016).
1.23 Theories of Adhesion

The actual mechanism of adhesive attachment is not explicitly defined. Several theories
attempt to describe adhesion. No single theory explains adhesion in a general, comprehensive
way. Some theories are more applicable for certain substrates and applications; other theories
are more appropriate for different circumstances (Allen, 1993).
The most common theories are;
1.23.1 Adsorption Theory
The adsorption theory states that adhesion results from molecular contact between two
materials and the surface forces that develop. Adhesion results from the adsorption of
adhesive molecules onto the substrate and the resulting attractive forces, usually designated
as secondary or Vander Waals forces (Butt el al., 2008)
1.23.2 Mechanical Theory
According to the mechanical theory of adhesion, in order to function properly, the adhesive
must penetrate the cavities on the surface; displace the trapped air at the interface, and lock-
on mechanically to the substrate (pocius, 1997).
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1.24 Process of Film Formation during Adhesion

During physical drying where the system is latex, film formation will occur. Film formation
is the process of making a coherent film (packham, 2005).
1.25 Classification of Adhesives
For the most part, adhesives used to bond materials together may be separated into two
distinct groups: those adhesives such as animal, vegetable, casein, and blood glues which are
formulated from materials of natural origin, and those adhesives which are based on synthetic
resins derived from petroleum, natural gas, and coal, i.e., products of the petrochemical and
related industries (Eckelman, 1977)The properties of various adhesives are discussed below.
1.25.1 Natural Adhesives
A. Animal glues
Animal glues are made from the hide and bones of animals such as cattle, sheep, and fish.
They are, in fact, hydrolysis products of collagen, i.e., protein-based adhesives. The protein
in the animal glues contains a high amount of an amide group (-CONH-), free amino groups
(-NH- ,- NH 2 ) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH)(forest products laboratory, 1955)
B. Protein Based Adhesives
The principal protein-based vegetable glue is manufactured from either soybean meal or the
vegetable protein isolated from it. Soybean glue has properties and characteristics which are
similar to those of casein glue, but lacks its water resistance (rathi and domb, 2018)
1.25.2 Synthetic Adhesives
Synthetic resins are man-made polymers which resemble natural resins in physical
characteristics but which can be tailored to meet specific requirements. These resins impart
to glue lines and joints the highest water resistance attained to date. Synthetic resins are
typically derived from petrochemicals. There are two types of synthetic resins
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1.25.3 Thermosetting Adhesive
The most commonly used commercial thermosetting adhesives in manufacturing sectors

include phenol-formaldehyde resin, urea-formaldehyde, melamine-formaldehyde and
phenol-resorcinol formaldehyde (sellers, 2001)
A. Phenol-Formaldehyde (PF) Adhesive
PF resins are prepared by addition and condensation reactions of phenol and formaldehyde
in the presence of either an acid or base catalyst. Under either an acid catalysis or a base
catalysis, the initial reaction is the same, i.e., addition of formaldehyde to phenol to form
methylol substituted phenols (fan et al., 2014)
B. Urea-Formaldehyde (UF) Adhesive
UF resins are derived from urea and formaldehyde in the presence of a catalyst. The
reactions between urea and formaldehyde first generate a mixture of mono-, die-, tri- and
tetra-methylol urea that further condense to form cross-linked polymer networks( (Salkova,
2010)
C. Epoxy Adhesive
Epoxy resins are based on compounds containing at least two epoxy functional groups.
These compounds polymerizes in the presence of a catalyst.
1.25.4 Thermoplastic Adhesives
A. Polyvinyl acetate (PVA)

PVA, the “white glue”, is typically prepared from an emulsion polymerization of vinyl
acetate. The PVA glue is typically sold as an aqueous emulsion. PVA is the most commonly
used glue in paint factory (Grazulevi et al., 2015)
B. Hot Melt Adhesives
Hot melt adhesives are resins which are normally solid but melt upon heating so that they
may be applied as a drop or a bead of glue. Upon cooling, they immediately regain their
adhesive properties.
1.26 Issues Associated with Petroleum-based Adhesives
1.26.1 Dependence on Non-Renewable Raw Materials
The raw materials for making UF and PF resins are mostly derived from non-renewable
natural gas and petroleum. The finite reserve and expanding consumption of petroleum and
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natural gas will definitely affect the availability of the raw materials for making these
formaldehyde-based adhesives in a long run ((huang, 2007)
1.26.2 Emission of Carcinogenic Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde has been re-classified as a human carcinogen by International Agency for

Research on Cancer (Iarc, 2004)
1.27 . Production process of bio adhesive from natural latex

The production of bio-adhesive from natural latex basically consists two major sections.
These are extraction of latex and mixing of the extracted latex with filler. Extraction of latex
consist the following procedures: crushing, soaking, pH adjustment, heating filtration, and,
concentration.
1. Crushing: it is the process of reducing the size of the plant material into small size. The
plant material should be used as a wet.
2. Soaking: it is the process of adding water to the crushed material to extract the liquid
latex
3. PH adjustment: at acidic or neutral condition, latex coagulates due to the growth of
bacteria. Therefore, to prevent this ammonia solution should be added to make it basic
solution. PH should be in the range of 8-11(cornish et al., 1999)
4. Heating: process of heating the slurry to prevent from sticking.
5. Filtration: it is the process of separating liquid latex from bagasse by filter suction.
6. Concentration: it is the removal excess water from the liquid latex by evaporation.
7. Mixing of latex with additives: it is the process mixing latex with fillers. Starch,
Cellulose, silica and kaolin are most commonly used fillers to enhance latex property
(camacho et al., 2018)
1.28 Application of starch in adhesive production
Starch is the major polysaccharide in plants .chemically is composed of two glucan polymers,
amylose, and amylopectin. These polymers are deposited in granules of different sizes
(hoseney, 1994). Starches of diverse sources differ in their chemical composition and in
structural characteristics of their glucan and granules due to genetic, environmental and
nutritional factors to which plants are exposed during their development. In the inner part of
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the starch granules amylose, lipids, phosphorylated residues, and long lateral chain
amylopectin interact between them avoiding the water uptake. In contrast, a high percentage
of amylopectin, especially that with short lateral chains, allow hydration via hydrogen bond
more freely which produces gels susceptible to reinforcement when stored for a long time (li
et al., 2008).
1.29 Testing of binder
1. Bonding strength
Bonding strength is defined as the maximum force produced by unit bonding area, which
mainly depends on the strength of binder (cohesive power) .In other words; bonding
strength refers to the ability of a binder to stick to a surface and bond two surfaces together.
2. Viscosity
The measure of the viscosity of the glue solution is important. It shows how the glue flows.
The test for viscosity, or fluidity, is based on the idea that the greater the tenacity of the
glue, the greater will be its cohesiveness, and the less will be its flowing power. In other
words, the higher will be its viscosity. The viscosity test is not entirely accurate in itself, but
taken in connection with the bonding strength test it forms a very satisfactory basis for
grading (forest products laboratory, 1955)
3. Foam
Foam, in glue, arises from the incorporation of minute bubbles of air with the solution, when
it is beaten rapidly. There may be present in the solution, substances which render the
emulsion more or less permanent; or the emulsion may be only temporary, the foam
receding and disappearing in a few moments. The same defects which fictitiously increase
the viscosity, contribute materially to the foam in glue. Foam is undesirable in glues as it
decreases strength by creating bubble. Foam of binder shall be not more than 2 .5 cm (forest
products laboratory, 1955)
4. Alkalinity and Acidity of Adhesive
It is a measurement used to specify how acidic or basic the adhesive solution is. The acidity
or alkalinity shall be determined in terms of pH and must be within the range of 7.5 to
9.5(forest products laboratory, 1955).
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1.30 Introduction to Euphorbia Tirucalli
1.30.1 Plant Description
1: Euphorbia tirucalli (Kinchib); belongs to the genus Euphorbia, one of the 8,000 species
within family Euphorbiaceous (Gupta et al., 2013).It is a shrub or a small tree that can grow
up to 7 – 12 m high. It is present in most (sub) tropical areas with a propensity for semi-arid
areas. Its pencil like branches has inspired its vernacular name, the pencil-tree. E. tirucalli is
generally evergreen since its stems and branches remain green for a number of years;
eventually the main trunk and older branches get a brown bark appearance, however. The
tree is rarely fed on by herbivores, nor has it many natural enemies. It bears white poisonous
latex, which accounts for its low herbivore pressure and medicinal features.. However, E.
tirucalli is rather unique because it can grow very fast, and produce a lot of biomass even
under very marginal soil and extreme climatic conditions (panchal, 2017)
a) Euphorbia tree b) Latex
figure1. 5 a) euphorbia tree b) latex
1.31 Ecology and Geographical Distribution of Euphorbia Tirucalli

Euphorbia Tirucalli is probably the best known and most widespread of all trees species
(Gildenhuys, 2006)According to the same author, the plant’s origin are not known but Van
Damme (1989) and Schmelzer and Gurib-Fakim (2008) believe it originated from tropical
East Africa and it is endemic in countries such as Angola, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi,
Mauritius, Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zanzibar. These trees are
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currently widely distributed in southern Europe, Asia and the Americas having been steadily
introduced due to its ornamental and medicinal features.
1.32 Latex and Its Chemical Composition

E. tirucalli contains white milky latex in all its part, including the roots. Latex is sticky and a
stable dispersion (emulsion) of polymer micro particles in an aqueous medium. It is found in
nature, but synthetic latexes can be made by polymerizing a monomer such as styrene that
has been emulsified with surfactants. Latex as found in nature is a milky fluid found in 10%
of all plants (Angiosperms (agrawal $ d kotaro). The latex is a complex emulsion consisting
of proteins, alkaloids, starches, sugars, oils, tannins, resins, and gums that coagulate on
exposure to air. It is usually exuded after tissue injury. The latex contains about 28% solid
matters whose composition is: 21 to 27% water-soluble substances, 59 to 63% resin-soluble
substances and 12 to 14% rubber-like substances (mwine $ damme, 2011).
1.32.1 Data collection methodology
In order to do our projects on synthesis of resin from euphorbia tree extract latex data was
collected through the following mechanisms these are primary data collection and secondary
data collection.
1.32.2 Primary data collection method
In order to solve the gap of the industry resin raw material importing problem to synthesize
resin inside country primary data was collected through the following methods:
 Direct personal investigation: by asking peoples who know about resin resource.
 Indirect oral investigation: this was done through asking peoples orally and collecting
the view of each personal data what they have known before about the natural
resource resin.
 Information through correspondent: this data collection method is done by
correspondent comparison of the extracted resin and the imported one by
visualization and identification of the binding properties of the trees.
 Telephonic interview: to gather full information from different people who know and
engaged on this work in the Ethiopian art and painting sector
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1.32.3 Secondary method of data collection
The second method of data collection includes the followings
 Historical documents: the Ethiopian art people and tradition paint makers written
publication indicate that euphorbia is used as binder for art and mural paint
preparation
 Public records: mainly the records of different writers on Ethiopian endogenous plants.
1.33 Materials and Methods
The experimental work was carried out in the laboratory of Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar
Institute of Technology specifically at the School of Chemical and food Engineering and
kokeb paint factory laboratory.
1.34 Materials
1.34.1 Chemicals
All of the chemicals used in this experiment were collected from secondary school
laboratory. List of chemicals used and their purposes are shown below.
 Ammonia solution (25% conc.) - to prevent latex from coagulation by adjusting pH

 Citric acid (lemon solution)- to adjust pH of latex
 benzene (99.5% purity) - as plasticizer and solvent for dissolving rubber particles
with starch
 starch (99% purity) - to improve adhesive strength and viscosity
 Distilled water - solvent for extraction of latex
1.34.2 Equipment
The equipments used to conduct the experiment were:
 PH meter– to measure pH of latex

 Viscometer - to measure viscosity
 Oven - to dry samples
 Onion Grinder – to crush raw material
 evaporator - to remove water from latex/to concentrate latex
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 Electronic balance - to measure mass of different materials

 Refrigerator - to preserve harvested ET branches
 Beaker – as a main equipment to prepare the adhesive
 Ruler – to measure height of foam of adhesive
 Fibber wood specimens _to test the binding ability of produced bio binder
 Dish _for holding the sample latex
Methods
1.35 Raw Material Collection, Transportation and Storage
Euphorbia tirucalli branches were harvested from st.Lalibela, Amhara, Ethiopia by cutting
them using knife in size of 20. Then, the harvested plant material was transported and
collected to laboratory by coating those using wet cloth within one day. Finally, the collected
branches were washed using water to remove dusts and stored in refrigerator for three day to
prevent from drying until the experiment started out.
1.36 Extraction and Characterization of Latex
1.36.1 Latex Extraction
Latex extraction was carried out according to the method of Cornish with minor
modifications (cornish et al., 1999).After harvesting and preserving, 100g branch of
Euphorbia tirucalli was cut into small pieces using onion grinder for 2 minutes. After this,
150ml of distilled water was added to the grinder to extract the liquid latex from the crushed
material. Then, the mixture transferred into 1000ml beaker and its pH was measured and it is
found to be 6.4-6.5 then the pH adjusted using ammonia solution to be in the range of 9.5-11
in order to it prevent from coagulation. The mixed material is allowed to heat in a hot plate at
350C for 45 minutes to prevent sticking of the latex with the bagasse. Next to this, the slurry
was filtered and the homogenate (mixture of liquid latex and distilled water) was filtered
through by slow filtration suction and bagasse left on the funnel as a cake. The surface of the
slurry was made even and pressed slightly with a tablespoon for efficient filtration. The
remaining ground branches (bagasse) were returned to the extraction unit to extract the
retained latex. The slurry was again transferred onto the funnel and the homogenate filtered.
The homogenate from both filtrations were concentrated to remove the added water using
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BIT CHEMICAL ENGINEE
ENGINEERING INTERNSHIP REPORT
RT
heating evaporation operated at 150 C. Finally, the collected latex was quantified. The overall
extraction of experimental procedure
ocedure is shown diagrammatically
diagrammatically below in Figure.
The percentage yield of latex in wet basis was calculated by:
Percentage of latex yield (wet basis) = {mass

mass off liquid obtained/ (mass of
euphorbia*100............ (1)
c) Heating and filtration d) Drayed latex

a) E.T branch b) Crushing
figure1. 6 Experimental procedures for latex extraction from Euphorbia tirucalli tree
branch
1.37 Characterization of latex

It is necessary to determine the physic-chemical
physic chemical properties of the raw material before
conducting the main experiment. Thus, the characterization includes
A: Determination of Dynamic Viscosity (μ)

The dynamic viscosity of latex was determined using Digital
Dig Vireo viscometer. The dynamic
viscosity was determined at 20°C (room temperature) according ASTM D 1084 procedure.
45 ml of sample was placed into the holder. Then, the Vireo viscometer tips were inserted to
the sample to measure the dynamic viscosity and the reading was taken from the controller
display. It was done in triplicates to minimize error.
B. Determination of Total Solid Content (TSC)
The total solid content of the
the latex was determined by loss of volatile components. Three
samples of latex with mass of 15, 20and 25g
25 were taken and filled into a known weight of
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crucible. Then, the crucibles with their latex were placed in oven maintained at 165C and the
weight of each sample was measured every 40 minute. After 40 minute, it is allowed to cool
in coolant then measured the amount of latex and returned to the oven at the same
temperature as in the previous step. The procedure was repeated until a constant weight was
obtained and the percentage total solid content of the latex was determined.
Then, percentage of total solid content as mass fraction of the initial latex was determined
using equation 2.
Total solid content (%) = (M1 /M0)*100.......2
Where, M0 is mass of latex before drying
M1 is mass of latex after drying
C. Determination of pH value
The pH of latex was measured according to ASTM E70 procedure.20ml of the fresh sample
was taken and putted in to a clean dry 100 ml beaker. Before staring measuring the pH, the
pH electrode was first calibrated .Then, to make a pH measurement, the electrode was
immersed into the sample solution until a steady reading was observed. Finally, the reading
was taken from the display.
C. Determination of Density
The density was measured by taking known volume of the latex and drying for 3 days to
remove the total moisture content and measuring the mass of the dry latex. Finally
calculated using the equation
Density= mass/volume...............3
1.38 Production and Characterization of Bio-adhesive
1.38.1 Production of Bio-adhesive
The production of bi adhesive was carried out in a beaker equipped with stirrer as shown in
Figure. The process used to prepare adhesive was mixing of latex with starch. Initially, latex
at different concentration was prepared in such way that: high ammonia liquid latex was
allowed to dry in a sun for 24 hr and then the dried latex was shredded using a spoon to
facilitate dissolution. Then, the solid latex mixed with a different amount of distilled water to
prepare the required different concentration (30%, 40% and 50%). After preparation of
different concentrations of latex solution, a specified amount of 10ml benzene was added to
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the beaker. And next, starch was crushed into powder form using a mortar and pestle before
incorporation into the latex solution. Then, the powder starch was added at different levels
according to the design presented in Table into the latex solution and it was stirred to mix
homogenously. 60gm of adhesive was prepared in each run.
a) Experimental set up b) Bio adhesive product c) Sample product show
Mixing ratio of components required for preparing the bio- adhesive is present below
ingredient Phr (parts per hundred rubber)

latex 100
starch 10-30
Table a: mixing ratio of component
1.39 Overall production process of copolymer bio-binder from euphorbia

and cactus latex
NH3 solution Distilled water

Material collection
Latex extraction 32
Crushing Ph adjustment
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Distilled Water
Bagasse
Dilute latex
Concentrated latex
+bagasse
Starch
Benzene
Figure 1 general production diagram of bio binder adhesive Bio binder
1.40 Characterization of Bio-Adhesive

It is necessary to characterize the produced bio-adhesive to check whether it met the
requirements of adhesive standards. Thus, the adhesive was characterized using different
properties.
1. Viscosity Test
The viscosity of the bio-adhesive was determined using digital vireos viscometer in
laboratory. The viscosity was determined at 20°C (room temperature) according to ASTM
D1084 procedure. 25 ml of sample was placed into the holder. Then, the vireos viscometer
tips were inserted to the sample to measure the dynamic viscosity and the reading was taken
from the controller display. The same procedure was applied for each run to determine the
viscosity.
2. Bonding Strength Test

Bonding strength of the prepared bio-adhesive was evaluated by measuring the lap shear
strength. Medium density fibber wood was used as the adherent for adhesive strength tests
throughout this study. Wood specimens with dimensions of 25mm (Width), 10cm (Length)
and 4mm (thickness) were cut. These wood pieces were cleaned to remove dust, and then a
constant amount of adhesive slurry (30 mg/cm2) was applied on to 6cm by 3.5 cm area of one
end of the wood pieces using brush. Then, the glued woods were allowed to dry for 15 min at
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room temperature before assembly and next bonded as a lap joint, by applying a load. Before
testing, the lap joints were conditioned for 3 days at room temperature to attain its strength.
Finally, tensile strength (N) of the assembly was measured by a shear strength test by
applying load of 0.5kg, 1kg and 1.57kg.
Upon analysis of specimens using the load Appling testing, the value of lap shear strength
was calculated by using equation 4.
Lap shear strength (N/m 2) = F/A=MG/A………………………………………………. 4
Where, M is the mass of iron load
A is the lap (glued) area, A = a*b
Where, a is length of the glued wood specimen (3.5cm) and b is width of the glued wood
specimen (6cm).
G is gravitational attraction force
b) Lap sheer stress test set up

a) Fiber wood joint
3. Foam
Foam of the prepared bio-adhesive was determined according the following procedure. 30 gm
of the adhesive solution was placed in 100ml beaker container and agitated with stirrer for
1min. Then, allowed to stand at room temperature for 10 minutes. Finally, the height of the
foam was measured using ruler (forest products laboratory, 1955)
4. Determination of pH of Adhesive
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The pH of adhesive was measured according to ASTM D1583 procedure.25gm of the

sample was taken and putted in to a clean dry 100 ml beaker. Before staring measuring the
pH, the pH electrode was calibrated. Then, to make a pH measurement, the electrode was
immersed into the sample solution until a steady reading was observed. Finally, the reading
was taken from the display.
5. Specific gravity measurement
This is measured for knowing the exact density of the produced resin with the recommended
standard value and was calculated using equation 5.
Specific gravity=density of solution /density of solvent.
6. Solubility in Water
Solubility of the resins in water was determined by mixing 1ml of the resin with 5ml of
distilled water at room temperature (25-30°C) and identifying weather the mixture have
suspension or not by visual.
Results and Discussion

1.40.1 Extraction and Characterization of Latex
1.40.2 Extracted latex characterization
From the experimental work done discussed in section 1.37.1 the following results are
obtained.
Based on the obtained results, the percentage latex yield was calculated by using equation 1
Mass of liquid latex obtained = 37.6gm
Initial mass of plant material used = 100gm
Percentage of latex yield (wet basis) = mass off liquid obtained/ mass of euphorbia*100
=37.6/100*100=37.6%
From this result, it can be concluded euphorbia tirucalli plant can be used as a source of latex
for bio-adhesive production as it gives good yield.
1.41 Characterization of Latex

A. Determination of Total solid content (TSC)
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The total solid content of latex was determined using the methods described in section1.38.
The calculations of total solid content of the samples were determined using equation 2 and
the obtained results are summarized in Table b.
Sample mass in gram

S1 S2 S3
Initial mass 15 20 10
Mass after 40mnt 14 14.4 7.5
Mass after 80mnt 9.6 13.4 6.3
Mass after 4.7 6.7 3
120mnt
Mass after 4.6 6.5 2.9
160mnt
Total solid 30.66 32.5 29
content after
160mnt (%)
Table b: solid content determination result
The total solid content of the three latex samples having mass of 15, 20 and 10grams were
30.66, 32.5 and 29.0 percent respectively. The mean of the three samples gives 30.72 the
result obtained is almost in agreement to that of the literature since (Kapaczewski, 1947) who
reported a total solid content of 28%.From this finding, it can be concluded latex has low
viscosity due to low total solid content. Therefore, it needs modification to use as an
adhesive.
B .Determination of pH value of latex

The pH value of latex was determined by pH electrode as measuring experimental procedure
was stated in section 1.38. The pH value of latex was triplicate and the results obtained are
summarized in Table c.
run PH value mean
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1 6.34
2 6.35 6.33
3 6.32
Table c PH value result
The result shows that the natural extracted latex is slightly neutral. At acidic or neutral
condition, latex will coagulate due to the growth of bacteria. Therefore, to prevent this
preservative solution should be added to make it basic solution.
C. Determination of Dynamic Viscosity
Vireo viscometer was used to determine the dynamic viscosity of the latex according to
method discussed in section (ASTM D1084).An average of 14.7mPa.s dynamic viscosity at a
temperature of 20C was obtained. The determination of latex viscosity was triplicate and the
results obtained are summarized in Table d below.
run Viscosity(mPa.s) mean

1 14.8
2 14.4 14.6
3 14.6
Table d: viscosity result
Viscosity indicates the flow property of any liquid. The result obtained indicated that the
naturally occurred latex is more viscous .Therefore; it cannot be used directly as adhesive. It
needs modification to use it as an adhesive.
D. Determination of Density
As stated in section 1.38 the density of the latex was calculated by taking known volume of
30ml and the latex was drying for 3 days to remove the total moisture the obtained result are
24g. Based on the obtained results, density of latex was calculated by using equation 3.
D=m/v D=24/30=0.8g/ml
From this result, it can be concluded that liquid latex is dense.
1.42 Characterization of the Prepared Bio-Adhesive

A) lap shear strength calculation
As mentioned in section 1.41 the lap shear strength test are calculated using the equation
Lap shear strength=mg/a
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At 0.5kg iron loading for 30% latex concentration

Lap Shear strength=0.5*9.81/(6*3.5*10-4)
2335.72pa
At 1kg 40% latex concentration lap shear strength=1*9.81/ (21*10^-4)
=4676.4pa
At 1.57kg 50% latex concentration lap shear strength=1.57*9.81/ (21*10^-4)
=7334.14pa
From this it can be concluded that the binding ability of the binder increase from minimum
lap shear strength of 2335pa to maximum lap shear strength of 7337pa.Sample which carried
out at 50% latex concentration, 20phr, and 30 minutes was selected for characterization as it
gave the maximum lap shear strength. The following results are obtained based on the
procedures discussed in previous section. In this study standards are taken based on wood
specimen.
Parameters value Minimum requirement
Lap shear strength 7334Pa >2.34mpa
viscosity 589mpa.s >500mpa.s
Ph value 7.64 5.5-7.5
foam 1.5cm <2.5cm
The prepared bio-adhesive was compared with synthetic adhesives in terms of bonding
strength (lap shear strength) and hence the results confirmed that the bio-adhesive is
comparable.
1.43 Calculation of amount of requirement of each component for bio-

adhesive formulation
Latex concentration determination
Required latex concentration (%wt.) = mass of shredded latex/mass of solution
For 30% concentration, mass of shredded latex = 0.3*total mass of solution=0.3*60=18M
For 40% concentration, mass of shredded latex =0.4*total mass of solution=0.4*60=24M
For 50% concentration, mass of shredded latex = 0.5*total mass of solution =0.5*60=30M
NB: total mass solution is known for all concentrations. It is selected based on the amount
required to run the experiment.
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1.44 Amount of additives required calculations are based on phr.

ingredient phr
latex 100
starch 10-30
Amount shredded latex and water was determined by the following relations
Required latex concentration (wt. %) = (mass of shredded latex/total mass of solution)*100.
Since total mass of solution and latex concentration are known, amount required shredded
latex can be calculated easily using equation.
Amount of starch added was calculated using the following equation
Percentage of starch to be added (wt. %) =( mass of starch/mass of adhesive prepared)*100
Since mass of adhesive to be prepared and percentage of starch to be added known, it is easy
to calculate mass of starch required using the above equation.
Density of benzene= 0.8787g/ml (as conversion factor into mass)
1.45 Conversion of phr into wt%
Conversion of 10phr into wt%

Total phr = 100+10=110 phr
Wt. % starch = 10/110*100 = 9.09% and the same procedure for other levels was used.
1.46 Effects of Experimental Variables on Lap Shear Strength and

Viscosity
1.46.1 Effect of latex concentration
The lap shear strength of the adhesive at different latex concentration by setting starch load
have been investigated and the results are plotted in Figure. As shown in the figure the lap
shear strength of adhesive was affected by latex concentration, as the latex concentration
increase from 30% to 40% and from 40% to 50% a steady increase in lap shear strength was
observed. This may be due to the case that as latex concentration increases, amount solid
latex in the solution increases and results an increase in the availability of more tacky solid
latex. In other word as latex concentration increases, amount of water in the solution
decreases and as a result dilution effect of water decreases. As shown in the graph minimum
lap shear strength was observed at latex concentration of 30 % which is 2335.72Pa and
maximum lap shear strength was observed at latex concentration of 50% which is 7334.1Pa.
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8000
7000
6000
5000
lap shear strength

4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60
latex concentration
1.47 Effect of silica load on viscosity
Figure shows the effect of starch loading on the viscosity of the adhesive at constant latex
concentration. As shown in the figure the viscosity of adhesive was affected by starch
loading, as the amount of starch content increase from 10phr to 50phr a steady increase of
viscosity was observed. This is due to the case that as starch load increase, total solid content
on the solution becomes higher and results an increase in viscosity. As shown in the graph
minimum viscosity was observed at starch load of 10phr which is 468mPa.s and maximum
viscosity was observed at starch load of 50phr which is 537.8mPa.s.
Conclusion and Recommendation

1.48 Conclusion
Bio-based adhesive derived from latex of Euphorbia tirucalli was developed in this study.
Characterizations of latex like viscosity, pH, density, total solid content are tested. These
analyses hence made characteristics data available for use as reference in future scientific
studies. Results from latex characterization 14.6mPa.s viscosity confirmed that the extracted
latex has low viscosity and bonding strength and as a result starch was added to modify its
properties. A maximum of 7334Pa of lap shear strength (Bonding strength of the adhesive)
with corresponding viscosity of 589mPa.s is achieved. Form the findings, it was seen that
mixing of latex with optimum starch content gave better results on both lap shear strength
and viscosity. During the preparation of the adhesives, the effects of latex concentration,
starch load, and mixing time on the adhesive bond strength and viscosity were studied. It was
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found that viscosity of the adhesive is significantly affected by latex concentration and starch
load. However, no significant difference was observed with variation of mixing time on
viscosity. In the case of lap shear strength all the studied factors i.e. latex concentration,
starch load and mixing time were significant. From the statistical analysis it can be concluded
that as latex concentration increases up to 50% total solid content, lap shear strength also
increases. Increasing starch load up to 20phr was found to increase lap shear strength of the
adhesive. However, beyond 20phr a decrease in lap shear strength was observed. This trend
shows that there is an optimum level of starch load which results in maximum bond strength.
It was also found that the result of the lap shear strength of the bio- adhesive as a function of
mixing time indicate that effective mixing of starch with latex was achieved within 30
minutes of mixing. The results obtained show that adhesive production using latex as
feedstock was a considerable potential especially in terms of availability, renewability and
producing environment-friendly product. In general, from the findings it can be concluded
that the prepared bio-adhesive has comparable quality with synthetic commercial synthetic
adhesives and hence it can be used in place of synthetic adhesives but it needs more
modification due to different weakness the experiment done.
1.49 Recommendations
The bio-adhesive prepared from Euphorbia tirucalli latex gives good quality in terms of
bonding strength as the commercial adhesives do. However, further work should be done on:
Assessment of toxicity hazards to humans presented by collection, preparation and service of
the Euphorbia tirucalli latex adhesive Assessment of the costs and feasibility of latex
extraction and adhesive preparation. In this study the strength of the prepared bio-adhesive
was only tasted on fibber wood specimen. Therefore, in order to check its applicability on
other materials it is recommended to test the adhesive on other substrates. As it is discussed
in previous section, there is a lot of waste from the extraction section. This waste is called
bagasse. Another research should be done to convert the bagasse into valuable product. Since
the bagasse is biomass it can be used to produce renewable energy such as biogas and
briquette. In this project, latex was extracted by milling the branches of Euphorbia tirucalli
using onion grinder. However, this equipment is not efficient to give higher yield and there is
also a possibility of contamination with fragments during crushing. Therefore, to improve the
yield and purity equipment like warring blender should be used. Even though the prepared
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bio adhesive is good in bonding strength, it is not applicable for elevated operating
temperature (above 500C). Therefore, it is recommended that further work should be done on
improving thermal stability of the adhesive. Benzene was used as plasticizer in this study by
setting at constant value. Future studies should consider benzene as a factor to investigate its
effect on viscosity and bonding strength (lap shear strength) of the adhesive. Moreover, as
this project is new in its kind further works should be done on selection and considering of
other filler and factors.
CHAPTER FOUR
1.50 SECTION ONE: OVER ALL PROCESS DESCRIPTION
1.51 The general process section of the factory
 weighing section
 mixing section
 milling section
 laboratory section
 Labeling section
 Filling and canning section of the company.
1. Weighing section:
This section is the starting section where different raw materials are proportionally weighed
in order to produce the required type of paint.
2. Mixing section:
At this stage adding raw materials and adjusting the rpm of the mixer manually is the main
target of the process. During this, the components of the paint are well mixed so that the
dispersion process checked effectively.
Strength of this section

• This is the section in which the whole reaction takes place.
• The desired product also gained from this section
• Simple in construction and high conversions

Weakness
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Since the reactor used in this section is batch, so it has the following weakness
 High labor costs per batch
 Long ideal time (charging and discharging times)
Figure 2: mixer
3. Tinting section
This is the most and important section for the production of paints after letdown process is
completed, the tinder starts to work or tests the color of the produced paint with the standard
paints by adding different pastes until the paint in the process is meet with the standard one.
Strength of this section:
The required and targeted color is produced in this section
Weakness of this section is:
During tinting there might be situations in which the color pass from the standard and require
a material that return to the desired color which may require extra cost .
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4. Milling section:
during this section, because of some pigments are difficult to mix with the resin and solvent
in the mixing process ,milling of such pigments are necessary for reducing the size of the
pigment for the next letdown process.
Strength of this section is:
 It makes dispersion by grinding pigments

Weakness of this section is:
 It requires high amount of time for grinding depend on the type of pigments used
 It requires high energy consumption
5. Laboratory section:
In this section we have been working by measuring different quality parameters such as PH,
specific gravity, solid content, wash ability and drying time.
The parameters that are checked by laboratory be for final filling are
 Temperature: temperature measurements of paint are performed in order to check

whether the product resist the environmental effect or not and to measure other
parameters at room temperature.
 PH: in order to check whether the product has an environmental effect or not. This is
measured using PH meter.
 Sp.gr: it is the measure of the weight of the paint to know its density.
 Solid content: This characterizes the amount of non-volatile compound which remain
parts of paint film.
 Wash ability (for water based paints): it’s the criteria for buying raw material by
identifying the pigment solid content, volatility, wash ability and color identification
 Viscosity: to check desired flow resistance.
 Drying time: This shows the time at which the paint is dry up on surface coating.
 Fineness of grinding: it is a measure of the degree of break-down of agglomerates
and aggregates of particles.
 Gloss: is used to determine how much the product is attractive for after application.
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Figure 3: laboratory section
6. Labelling and filling Section

At this section some plastics, gallons that are important to hold the new paint product are
labeled after labeling the plastics and gallons for filling; the filling machine fills the gallons
by standard volume or required liters.
Weaknesses of this section are:
 Some paints are filled manually this causes time consuming and labor intensive
for workers.
 Labeling is also done all the time manually in labeling section; it causes more
labor intensive, time consuming, and labeling problem.
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Figure 4: filling sections
1.52 Stages accomplished for this work

As a starting point during the first day of the internship the company adviser give us slight
explanation about the general production process and production sections of the factory.
1.52.1 Supporters from the factory communities
 The company workers was support us kindly

 The laboratory technician was well experienced who explain about paint quality as
well as how to check its quality fulfillment.
 The pre explanation was good for our success
 We were asking any question and they give us full answer
1.52.2 Challenges facing during the internship period
Some of the challenges during the program are:
 Working environment: the dust and particulate coming from the production section
was difficult for health
 Lack of documentation and reference for paint related library
 Most of the factory workers are work by experience not science based
1.52.3 Measures we have been taken in order to overcome those challenges
Some of the measures taken are:

 Overcoming and adapting the working environment
 Having close relation with each section workers
 Asking them repeatedly with respect
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 By staying more time with them and create friendship relation and asking them the
right question
SECTION TWO: OVERALL BENEFITS OF INTERNSHIP

1.53 Introduction
The importance of internship program is that relating and converting the theoretical
knowledge parts to practical knowledge. Also this program was important in terms of
improving practical knowledge, interpersonal communication skills, team playing skills,
leadership skills and also in terms of understanding about work ethics related issues and
entrepreneurship skills.
1.53.1 Practical skill
During this internship period we improved our practical skills regarding to the production
quality parameters and operation that performs by the works and gained new different
knowledge about paint production and its raw materials selection.
From these activities, some of the practical skills improved are
 How to prepare sample in the lab section and measuring paint parameters
 Selection of criteria for buying raw materials
 How to take sample from mixing tank to lab section
 How to measure the physical parameter
 How to operate milling machine
1.53.2 Theoretical knowledge
We have improved different theoretical knowledge’s like the operating system of the
different paint machines and the general running systems of the factory. Additionally we try
to relate the theoretical one from class to practical depending up on the information of
different idea is generated and can be analyzed about each unit operation process and their
function.
1.53.3 Entrepreneur skill
Knowing conditions of factory and types of technologies used in factories helps to identify
required product in the market also during the internship, ways of processing and
mechanisms used in the factory are observed.
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 Problem solving to decrease the idle time and increase productivity

 Job creativity
 Understanding the working condition and try to innovate technological equipment
1.53.4 Communication skill
Communication skills allow you to understand and be understood by others. Some the skills
are:
 Effectively communicating ideas to others
 Actively listening in the work place
 Giving and receiving critical feedback for worker
1.53.5 Team playing skill
Collaboration within a group can help solve difficult problems at work place.by working
together; teams can find the solution that works best. team work leads to become productive
and effective at work place.
1.53.6 Leader ship skill
They are important skills to have because a good leader able brings out the best solutions and
motivate the workers together to achieve their goal. A good leader ship can also organize and
keeps the team on track and focused to avoid delays. Some of them are:
 leading the work
 Problem solving
 Better operator handling
 Accepting and tolerating idea of other.
1.53.7 Work ethics skill
It can lead you to generate responsibility and positive attitude towards everything your works
requires. Doing your job can help you perform tasks better.
Kokeb paint factory workers are develop
 Punctuality
 Hard working
 Loyalty for work
 Respecting rules and regulation of the company
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REFERENCES
agrawal $ d kotaro. 2009. “Latex: a model for understanding mechanisms, ecology, and
evolution of plant defence against herbivore. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematic.
Allen. (1993). Current theories of adhesion and their relevance to adhesive technology HAL
Id : jpa-00251873.
camacho et al. (2018). Basis and Applications of Silicon Reinforced Adhesives.
cornish et al. (1999). Latex quantification in guayule shrub and homogenate.
Eckelman. (1977) Brief Survey of Wood Adhesives In Purdue University Cooperative

Extension Service West Lafayette IN.
fan et al. (2014) Synthesis and Structure Characterization of PhenolUrea-Formaldehyde

Resins in the Presence of Magnesium oxide as catalyst.
forest products laboratory. (1955) Animal Glues : Thier Manufacture, Testing, And
Preparation.
Grazulevi et al. (2015). The Structure and Adhesive Properties of Poly ( vinyl acetate )
Dispersion Modified with Organosilicon Compounds The Structure and Adhesive Properties
of Poly ( vinyl acetate ) Dispersion Modified with Organosilicon Compounds.
Iarc (2004) International Agency for Research on Cancer.
Kapaczewski (1947) Latex composition of some Euphorbia and cactus.
mwambusi. (2016).
mwine $ damme (2011) Euphorbia tirucalli L . (Euphorbiaceous ) – The miracle tree :

Current status of available knowledge.
okemini $ dilim. (2015). Formulation and Performance Evaluation of Wood Adhesives

Produced with Rice Husk Ash as New Filler
packham (2005) Handbook of Adhesion (second edi, Vol. 1). john Wiley & sons.
panchal (2017) Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.
rathi and domb. (2018). Protein ‐ based bio adhesives and bio glues.
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sellers. (2001) Wood adhesive innovations and applications in North America. Forest
Products Journal 51(6): P. 12-22.
thuraisingam et al. (2016). Natural Rubber Latex ( NRL ) and rice starch as an alternative
binder in wood composite industry . Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,
10(17), 101–106.
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BIT CHEMICAL ENGINEERING INTERNSHIP REPORT

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

HOSTING COMPANY- KOKEB PAINT AND MARBLE FACTORY

December 2014 E.C

KOKEB PAINT FACTORY

1.9.2 Solvents (or Thinners) .................................................................................... 10

1.26.1 Natural Adhesives .......................................................................................... 22

5. Specific gravity measurement ............................................................................... 35

figure1. 1 general production organization of the factory....................................................... 6

figure1. 2 general paint ingredients ....................................................................................... 8

figure1. 3 production process of paint.................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

figure1. 4 production process of water based paint .............................................................. 16

figure1. 6 a) euphorbia tree b) latex ..................................................................................... 26

Table b: solid content determination result .......................................................................... 36

Table c: ph value result ......................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table d:viscosity result........................................................................................................ 37

1.2 Brief history of the company

1.3 Objective, vision and mission of the company

 Producing high quality paint with affordable price

1.4 Main product/Service of the company

1.5 Customers that use Kokeb product

 Different Construction site

1.6 Work flow of the company

 Laboratory and quality control section

1.6.1 Management office

1.6.2 Human resource development section

1.6.3 Raw material Store and raw material purchaser

1.6.4 Production Section

1.6.5 Tinting section

1.6.6 Laboratory Section

1.6.7 Labeling section

1.6.8 Leveling and filling Section

1.6.9 Product store and seller

1.6.10 Maintenance Section

1.7 General organizational structure of the company

Human Sale and Paint Finance Procurements

figure1. 1 general production organization of the factory

1.8.1 History of Paint

Contemporary paints and coatings consist of countless compounds uniquely formulated to

1.9 General Industrial Paint Components

figure1. 2 general paint ingredients

Main properties of inorganic pigments are:

 Effective opacity or hiding power

 Has low tinting strength

Behaviors of organic pigments are:

 it create high volume or lightness in weight

Properties of some extender pigments

 Silica: Silica comes in a number of different forms but is generally best

1.9.2 Solvents (or Thinners)

There are many types of additives such as:

 Preservatives: prevent smelling of paint while in the container and growth of

 binds pigment and additives together,

The purpose of using additives is to;

 Modify surface tension

Raw materials used in Kokeb paint factory from inside country

1, accurate measurement of raw materials

2, Mill base preparation and pigment dispersion

4, Finished product and process laboratory testing

Product quality is monitored throughout the manufacturing process by the product

1.11 Specific products and its main inputs of paint manufacturing