Fluid Mechanics

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering – Winter Term 2020/2021

Jörg Franke I Senior Lecturer cum Academic Coordinator

Bachelor Programs Civil Engineering (BCE) | Architecture (ARC)
Version 1.00
Contents

1. Introduction

2. Fluid properties

3. Fluid statics

4. Integral and differential conservation laws

5. Potential flow

6. Viscous flow in ducts

7. Flow past immersed bodies

8. Compressible flow

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3. Fluid statics
Introduction

 Fluid at rest

 No shear force acts in fluid, just normal forces

 Results also apply to solid body rotation

 Hydrostatics: fluids with constant density, liquids

 Aerostatics: fluids with variable density, gases

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3. Fluid statics
Introduction

 Pressure: magnitude of normal force per unit area in a static fluid

 In a static fluid the magnitude of normal force per unit area (pressure) is a scalar

 Infinitesimal volume element

 Width of volume element is dz

 Normal forces and weight of fluid act

 For the limit dy -> 0 (point)

𝑝 = 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑝𝑠 = 𝑝𝑦

(Zierep and Bühler 2018)

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3. Fluid statics
Introduction

Pressure units
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure#Units

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3. Fluid statics
Introduction

General basic equation of fluid statics

 Fluid in a (mass) force field F, yielding the specific mass force f = F/M

𝑇
 Force balance at infinitesimal volume element with 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦 , 𝑓𝑧

𝑓𝑥

(Zierep and Bühler 2018)

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3. Fluid statics
Introduction

General basic equation of fluid statics

 Fluid in a (mass) force field F, yielding the specific mass force f = F/M

 Force balance at infinitesimal volume element yields

1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝
= 𝑓𝑥 , = 𝑓𝑦 , = 𝑓𝑧
𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑧

 When there is no force, there is no pressure gradient (variation)

OR

 A constant pressure does not lead to a resulting force

 Pressure variation (gradient) yields resulting force

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3. Fluid statics
3.1 Hydrostatics

Constant density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

𝑇
 Specific mass force 𝑓 = 0,0, −𝑔
1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝
 Leads to =0 , =0
𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕𝑦
 Pressure in horizontal xy-plane is constant, p = p(z)

1 𝑑𝑝
= −𝑔
𝜌 𝑑𝑧

 Pressure varies linear with height

𝑝 𝑧 = −𝜌𝑔𝑧 + 𝐶

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3. Fluid statics
3.1 Hydrostatics

Constant density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

Pressure distribution in an open container; linear increase with depth

𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎
(constant) atmospheric pressure

(Zierep and Bühler 2018)

𝑔 𝜌 z‘

𝑝 𝑧 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑔 ℎ − 𝑧 𝑝 𝑧′ = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧′

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3. Fluid statics
3.1 Hydrostatics

Constant density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

Pressure distribution in communicating containers

 Determine relation between p1 and p2

 Pressure in a horizontal plane is constant,

within the same, connected fluid

𝑝1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ

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3. Fluid statics
3.1 Hydrostatics

Constant density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

Pressure measurement with U-tube manometer

 Determine relation between p1 and p2

 Two fluids, densities r1 und r2

𝑝1 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌2 − 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ

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3. Fluid statics
3.1 Hydrostatics

Constant density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

Hydraulic press

 Determine relation between forces F1 and F2

 Neglect weight of the plates on which forces act

 From force balance at piston 1 and 2

𝐴1 𝐴1
𝐹1 = 𝐹2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ𝐴1 ≈ 𝐹
𝐴2 𝐴2 2 𝜌

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3. Fluid statics
3.1 Hydrostatics

Constant density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

Pressure forces on bodies – force on bottom of containers (Zierep and Bühler 2018)

Fluid -> Wall

Wall -> Fluid
„Hydrostatic paradoxon“
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3. Fluid statics
3.1 Hydrostatics

Constant density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

Pressure forces on bodies – force on lateral walls of containers

 Plane, inclined wall

 Force on the wall (only from inside)

𝐹 = 𝑝1 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧𝑐 𝐴

 𝑧𝑐 is z-coordinate of
centroid of area 𝐴

(Zierep and Bühler 2018)

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3. Fluid statics
3.1 Hydrostatics

Constant density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

Pressure forces on bodies – buoyancy of fully and partly submerged bodies

𝐹𝑏𝑢𝑜

FG
𝐹𝑏𝑢𝑜 = 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑔𝑉𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

(Zierep and Bühler 2018)

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3. Fluid statics
3.1 Hydrostatics

Constant density – influence of gravity and solid body rotation around z-axis

 Centrifugal force and gravitation

𝑇
 Specific mass force 𝑓 = 𝜔2 𝑥, 𝜔2 𝑦, −𝑔

 Leads to

1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝
= 𝜔2 𝑥 , = 𝜔2 𝑦 , = −𝑔
𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕𝑦 𝜌 𝜕𝑧

 Integration yields pressure distribution

(Zierep and Bühler 2018)
1
𝑝 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝜌𝜔2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 𝜌𝑔𝑧 + 𝐶
2

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3. Fluid statics
3.2 Aerostatics

Variable density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

𝑇
 Specific mass force 𝑓 = 0,0, −𝑔
1 𝜕𝑝 1 𝜕𝑝
 Leads to =0 , =0
𝜌 𝜕𝑥 𝜌 𝜕𝑦
 Pressure in horizontal xy-plane is constant, p = p(z)

1 𝑑𝑝
= −𝑔
𝜌 𝑑𝑧

 But now density depends on pressure p and temperature T

 For a thermally ideal gas

𝑝 𝑧
𝜌 𝑧 =
𝑅𝑇 𝑧
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3. Fluid statics
3.2 Aerostatics

Variable density – only influence of gravity in negative z-direction

𝑅 𝑇 𝑧 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑔
= −𝑔 ⇒ =− 𝑑𝑧
𝑝 𝑑𝑧 𝑝 𝑅𝑇 𝑧

 Temperature distribution must be known as function of height

 Simple example presented in exercise

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VGU
VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

Jörg Franke

Le Lai Street, Hoa Phu Ward,

Thu Dau Mot City,
Binh Duong Province,
VIETNAM
Tel. (0650) 222 0990 Ext. 115
Mobil 081 487 3675
joerg.franke@vgu.edu.vn
visit www.vgu.edu.vn

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