Lecture: 2

SYSTEM DESIGN AND SIMULATION

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary
Department of Mechanical and Automobile
Institute of Engineering,
Thapathali Campus,
Tribhuvan University
Kathmandu, Nepal
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 System
• A collection of elements or components that are
organized for a common purpose.
Design
• Design is the process and art of planning and making
detailed drawings of something.
• Design is a set of specifications and drawings that can be
consistent with the needs
• Design is to compromise between the requirements and
attainable

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 What is System design?

System design is a set of specifications and drawings that can

clearly and describe the whole shape and arrangement of the
system in detail.

System Design needs to be familiarized with the specifications

of the system upon which the design is to be based.

System design should collect all available information and

comments of the same general type as that proposed.

System design is based on rigorous experimentation, but it need

more creativity. Design of a system has no sole result, it will be
developing, be perfecting.
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 Develop from nothing

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 Better and better

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 WHAT IS SIMULATION?

• The imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system

over time…
– Most widely used tool (along LP) for decision making
– Usually on a computer with appropriate software
– An analysis (descriptive) tool – can answer what if questions
– A synthesis (prescriptive) tool – if complemented by other tools
• Applied to complex systems that are impossible to solve
mathematically

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 MATLAB Simulation of Vehicle Suspension System

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 Simplified Model
• Unsprung Mass: 320 kg
• Spring stiffness: 49kN/m
• Damping coefficient: 350 N-s/m
• Bump: 0.15m
• ωn= 2πfn fn = Natural Frequency
• ζ = damping ratio

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 Real and Unequal Roots

• When b2 > 4mk

• Here fluid Friction dominates, and results in sluggish behavior.
• This response is called overdamped.

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 Real and Equal Roots

• When b2 = 4mk
• Here fluid Friction and stiffness are balance , and results in
yielding the fasted possible non-oscillatory response.
• This response is called critically damped.

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 Complex roots

• When b2 < 4mk

• Here, stiffness dominates , and results in oscillatory behavior.
• This response is called under damped.

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 Variables

• sprung Mass: 300.5 kg

• UnSprung Mass: 40.3 kg
• Suspension Spring stiffness: 17474.9 N/m
• Tyre Spring constant: 179913.0 N/m
• Tyre damping coefficient: 3.7 N-s/m
• Suspension Damping coefficient: 1328 N-s/m

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Project: Optimizing Vehicle Suspension Design through System Level
Simulation
Reference:
• https://www.mathworks.com/videos/optimizing-vehicle-suspension-design-through-
system-level-simulation-81865.html

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 Basic Matrix Operations

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What do matrices do to vectors?

(0,2)
(2,1)
(3,1)

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

 Recall

(3,5)

(2,1)

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

What do matrices do to vectors?

(3,5)
• The new vector is:
(2,1)
1) rotated
2) scaled

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

Are there any special vectors
that only get scaled?

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

Are there any special vectors
that only get scaled?

Try (1,1)

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

Are there any special vectors
that only get scaled?

= (1,1)

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

 Are there any special vectors
that only get scaled?

= (3,3)

= (1,1)

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

 Are there any special vectors
that only get scaled?

• For this special vector,

multiplying by M is like
multiplying by a scalar.
= (3,3) • (1,1) is called an
eigenvector of M
• 3 (the scaling factor) is
= (1,1) called the eigenvalue
associated with this
eigenvector
Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary
 Are there any other eigenvectors?
• Yes! The easiest way to find is with MATLAB’s
eig command.

• Exercise: verify that (-1.5, 1) is also an

eigenvector of M.
• Note: eigenvectors are only defined up to a
scale factor.
– Conventions are either to make e’s unit vectors, or
make one of the elements
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Rupak Chaudhary
 Step back:
Eigenvectors obey this equation

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

 Step back:
Eigenvectors obey this equation

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

 Step back:
Eigenvectors obey this equation

Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary

 Step back:
Eigenvectors obey this equation

• This is called the characteristic equation for l

• In general, for an N x N matrix, there are N
eigenvectors
Asst. Prof. Rupak Chaudhary
 A physical example application of eigenvalues and
eigenvectors

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 • For m1 and m2Mass system
𝑑 2 𝑥1
𝑚1 2
= −𝑘 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑥2
𝑚2 2
= −𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑑𝑡
Rewriting the equation
𝑑 2 𝑥1
𝑚1 2
− 𝑘 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 0
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 2 𝑥2
𝑚2 2
− 𝑘 −2𝑥2 + 𝑥1 = 0
𝑑𝑡

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 • Let m1 = 10kg, m2 = 20kg, and k=15N/mm
𝑑2 𝑥1
10 𝑑𝑡 2 − 15 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = 0
𝑑2 𝑥
20 𝑑𝑡 22 − 15 −2𝑥2 + 𝑥1 = 0

• From vibration theory, the solutions can be of the form

xi = Ai sin(ωt − φ)
where Ai is the amplitude of the vibration of mass i, ω is the frequency of vibration and φ is
the phase shift. Then the above equation can be given as

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 • Let ω2 = λ then Ax = λx
• In the above equation, λ is the eigenvalue and x is the eigenvector corresponding to λ. Natural
frequency of the system is given by ω = λ
• It is important because we do not want to have a force on the spring-mass system close to this
frequency as it would make the amplitude Ai very large and make the system unstable.

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 Model Analysis of Cantilever beam Using MATLAB

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