12/22/2021

cfwf/e"t tx M @ k|Zg
&= d"Nof+sg / k/LIff
&=! dfkg / d"Nof+sgaLr leGgtf, d"Nof+sgsf k|sf/, ;fwg /
ljz]iftf
d"Nof+sg / k/LIff &=@ k/LIffsf] cy{ / k|sf/ -ljifout, j:t'ut, :t/Ls[t /
lzIfs lgld{t k/LIff_
&=# k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf, k|Zgx¿sf]
ljZn]if0f, j}wtf / ljZj;gLotf
&=$ lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL, cIf/fª\sg k4lt / g]kfnsf]
;Gbe{df lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLsf] cj:yf

dfWolds tx M ! k|Zg
^=d"Nof+sg / k/LIff
^=! k/LIff / d"Nof+sgsf] cjwf/0ff, k|sf/, ;fwg / ljz]iftf k/LIff, dfkg / d"Nof+sgsf]
^=@ k|Zgkq lgdf{0f, ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf, k|Zgx¿sf] cjwf/0ff,
ljZn]if0f, j}wtf / ljZj;gLotf
^=# lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL, cIf/f+sg k4lt k|sf/,
^=$ k/LIffkmnsf] ljZn]if0f / k|of]u, ljBfyL{ pknlAw /fli6«o ;fwg /
k/LIf0f (NASA) k|ltj]bg
ljz]iftf

1
 12/22/2021

k|Zgx? k|Zgx?
!= b]xfosfdWo] s'g cjwf/0ff ;a}eGbf gjLg xf] < #= lgodfg';f/ c+sg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ s] elgG5 <
s_ dfkg s_ dfkg v_ k/LIf0f
v_ k/LIf0f u_ cfFsng 3_ d"Nof+sg
u_ cfFsng $= g]kfnL ljifodf s'g} ljBfyL{n] !)) k"0ff{+sdf ^% c+s k|fKt
3_ d"Nof+sg u/\of] eg] of] b]xfosfdWo] s] xf] <
@= dfqfTds cleJolQm b]xfosfdWo] s'g xf] < s_ dfkg
s_ dfkg v_ k/LIf0f
v_ k/LIf0f u_ cfFsng
u_ cfFsng 3_ d"Nof+sg
3_ d"Nof+sg

k|Zgx? k|Zgx?
%= d"Nof+sgsf] kl/efiff;Fu ;a}eGbf a9L d]n vfg] zAb s'g xf] < &= l;sfOsf] j}wtf lgwf{/0f s'g d"Nof+sgn] ub{5 <
s_ sdhf]/L kQfnufpg' v_ k/LIff lng' s_ lgdf{0ffTds v_ :yfg lgwf{/0f
u_ d"No lgwf{/0f 3_ c+sg ug'{ u_ lg0f{ofTds 3_ lgbfgfTds
^= ljBfyL{sf] k|ultsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{' s'g d"Nof+sgsf] k|sf/ xf] < *= lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sgsf] d'Vo k|of]hg s] xf] <
s_ lgdf{0ffTds s_ n]vfhf]vf ug'{
v_ :yfg lgwf{/0f v_ klxrfg ug'{
u_ lg0f{ofTds u_ lg0f{o lbg'
3_ lgbfgfTds 3_ ;'wf/ ug'{

2
 12/22/2021

Evaluation मूल्यांकन
(Judgement) d"Nof+sg, cfFsng, dfkg / k/LIf0fdWo]
 ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] cjwf/0ff dfkg xf]
Assessment आकलन/लेखयजोखय
 ;a}eGbf gjLg cjwf/0ff cfFsng xf] .
(Data interpretation)

Measurement मयपन
(Data collection)

Test परीक्षण/परीक्षय
(Exam Conduction)

k/LIff jf k/LIf0f -Test_

 dfkgsf] ljlzi6 ;fwg jf ljlw xf] .
 k|Zgx¿sf] ;d"x jf >[+vnf xf], k/LIffyL{x¿n] lglZrt / ;xL pQ/ lbg'kg]{ .
 k|Zgx¿sf] ;Fufnf]nfO{ . oL k|Zgx¿ ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt pknlAw hfFRg]
k|ltlglws gd"gf x'g\ .
 ljBfyL{x¿n] lnlvt k|ltlqmof cleJoQm ub{5g\ h;sf] n]vfhf]vf4f/f JolQm
ljz]ifsf] l;sfO pknlAwsf] dfqf cfFsng ug{ ;lsG5 .
 dflg;sf] Jojxf/ n]vfhf]vfsf nflu o:tf ;fwgsf] cfjZostf kg]{
 JolQmdf cGtlg{lxt ljlzi6 u'0fx¿ -u'0ffTds kIf_ nfO{ Jojxf/sf] ¿kdf
cjnf]sg of]Uo t'NofpFg k|of]u ul/g] . Jojxf/sf] ljlzi6 If]q h:t} l;sfO
pknlAw, a'l4dtf, ?lr, sf}zn, of]Uotf cflb;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ .
dfkg -Measurement_
 dfqfTds cleJolQm
 lglZrt lgodsf cfwf/df ;+VofTds cleJolQm ug'{
 lgod cg';f/ c+sg ug'{ dfkg xf] . – Tyler
pbfx/0f M !)) k"0ff{ª\ssf] s'g} ljifodf ljBfyL{n] %%
cª\s k|fKt ug'{ .
 k/LIf0faf6 ;+VofTds gfk slt eof] egL l;sfOsf]
u'0ffTds kIfnfO{ kl/df0fdf abNg] k|lqmofnfO{ dfkg
elgG5 .

3

dfkg -Measurement_
 ljBfyL{sf] Jojxf/nfO{ lglZrt lgodx?sf] cfwf/df cª\s
k|bfg ul/g] .
 dfkg d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/e"t ;fwg tyf k|lqmof xf] .
 z}lIfs tyf dgf]j}1flgs If]qdf JolQmsf u'0fx? ef}lts
u'0fx? h:tf] dfkg ug{ ;lsb}g .
 dfkgnfO{ ef}lts dfkg / dgf]j}1flgs dfkg u/L b'O{
ju{df juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
 ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] cjwf/0ff dfkg
n]vfhf]vf jf cf+sng -Assessment_
 l;sfO;DaGwL ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ / ltgLx¿sf] l;sfO
k|ultaf/] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof,
 cfFsngn] kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds n]vfhf]vfsf] ;fy}
u'0fsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] dfkb08nfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g,]
 cfFsngn] u'0fnfO{ dfkg ug]{, o;sf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug'{sf
;fy} pknlAwnfO{ k"j{lgwf{l/t dfkb08;Fu t'ngf klg ub{5
. u5{ . -cfFsngn] k"j{lgwf{l/t dfkb08;Fu klg t'ngf u5{ ._
 ;du|df cfFsng eg]sf] s'g} klg j:t' jf k|lqmofdf /x]sf]
u'0fnfO{ k"j{lgwf{l/t dfkb08x¿;Fu t'ngf ul/g] k|lqmof xf]
.
12/22/2021
dfkgsf r/0fx?
dfkgsf r/0f
yg{8fOs PG8 x]u]gsf cg';f/ -# r/0f_
 dfkg ug'{kg]{ u'0f jf ljif]ztfsf] klxrfg tyf kl/efiff ug'{
 dfkg ug'{kg]{ u'0fx¿ k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfjZos sfo{ tyf
lg0f{ox¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{
 cjnf]sg ul/Psf kl/df0fx¿nfO{ ;+VofTds sygdf JoQm ug]{
k|lqmofsf] :yfkgf ug'{
d"Nof+sg
 dfkg / d"No lgwf{/0fsf] ;lDdlnt :j?k
 s'g} klg j:t'sf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmof
 ck]lIft l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n eP gePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f
ug]{ sfo{,
 lg0f{o ug{ ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ lj1fg
 o;n] j:t' jf k|lqmofsf] kl/df0ffTds tyf u'0ffTds n]vfhf]vf
 o;n] slt 5 / s:tf] 5 < b'j} k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbG5 .
 d"Nof+sgdf k/LIf0f / u}/ k/LIf0fsf ;fwgx? k|of]u ul/G5g\ .
4
 12/22/2021

d"Nofª\sg -Evaluation_ d"Nofª\sg

 z}lIfs p2]Zox¿nfO{ s'g xb;Dd k|fKt ug{ ;lsof] egL ls6fg ug]{
k|lqmof – Tyler
 lg0f{o ug{ ;+sng ul/Psf] jf k|of]u ul/Psf] ;"rgf –
Cronbach
 lg0f{o ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;"rgf k|bfg ug'{ d"Nof+sg xf] . –
Stuffle Beam
 d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfd . – Gronlund
 j:t'sf] d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ k|lqmof : Goods dictionary of
Education
 d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ Pp6f k"0f{ k|lqmof M Thorndike and hagen
 Pp6f k|lqmof xf] h;af6 Pp6f sfo{sf] d"No kQf nufOG5 :
Briggs and Justmen
 dfkgsf] ¿kdf d"Nof+sg M yg{8fOs, x]ug, OHa]n
 nIo k|flKtsf] n]vfhf]vfsf] ¿kdf d"Nof+sg M /fNkm 8An' 6fon/,
u|'gn08, h]d=Pd=nL=
 lg0f{o lbgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug]{ k|lqmofsf] ¿kdf d"Nof+sg M
:6]km\n]ljd
 d"No lgwf{/0fsf] ¿kdf M u|'gn08, u'8\; l8:g]/L ckm Ph's]zg
 ;dli6df d"Nof+sg Ö kl/df0ffTds n]vfhf]vf±u'0ffTds n]vfhf]vf±
d"No lgwf{/0f
 k|d'v p4]Zo M ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO jf Jojxf/ kl/jt{gsf] n]vfhf]vf
u/L ck]lIft pknlJw xfl;n eof] jf ePg egL lg0f{o lgdf{0f ug'{
xf] .

dfkg / d"Nof+sgaLr km/s d"Nof+sgsf p2]Zo

dfkg d"Nof+sg  >]0fLs/0f / :yfg lgwf{/0f -Grading and Placement_
;Lldt If]q x'G5 . Jofks x'G5 .  k|df0fLs/0f -Certifying_
t'ngfTds cWoog ub}{g . t'ngfTds cWoog ub{5 .  z}Ifl0fs ;'wf/ -Instructional improvement_
5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} ;fwg nfdf] ;do / kof{Kt ;fwg  l;sfOsf] pGglt -Promotion of learning_
rfFlxb}g . ;|f]tsf] cfjZostf  Forward looking

c+sdfq k|bfg ub{5 . k|fKt c+ssf] JofVof ub{5 .  Backward looking

eljiojf0fL ug{ sl7g pko'Qm eljiojf0fL ub{5 .

of] kl/df0ffTds÷;+VofTds kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds b'j}
ljj/0f xf] . xf] .

5
 12/22/2021

d"Nof+sgsf k|sf/ d"Nof+sgsf k|sf/x?

!_ d"Nof+sgnfO{ lgdf{0ffTds / lg0f{ofTds u/L b'O{ k|sf/df juL{s/0f  lzIffljb\ DofNsd :sfOe|]gsf cg';f/ d"Nof+sgsf b'O{ k|sf/ M
s;n] u/]sf x'g\ < -s_ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof+sg /
s_ u'8| n08 v_ :6km\nl] jd u_ 6fon/ 3_ :qmfOa]g -v_ lg0f{ofTds d"Nof+sg
@_ d"Nof+sgnfO{ :yfg lgwf{/0f, lgdf{0ffTds, lg0f{ofTds /  Linn / Grounlund n] d"Nof+sgsf] k|sf/nfO{ lgDg $ k|sf/df
lgbfgfTds u/L $ k|sf/df s;n] juL{s/0f u/]sf x'g\ < ljefhg u/]sf 5g\ M
s_ u|'8n08 v_ :6km\nl] jd u_ 6fon/ 3_ :qmfOa]g -s_ :yfg lgwf{/0f d"Nof+sg -Placement Test_
#_ /rgfTds d"Nof+sg eGgfn] s'gnfO{ hgfp5 < -v_ lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof+sg -Formative Test_
s_ :yfg lgwf{/0f, v_ lgdf{0ffTds, -u_ lg0f{ofTds d"Nof+sg -Summative Test_
u_ lg0f{ofTds 3_ lgbfgfTds -3_ lgbfgfTds d"Nof+sg -Diagnostic Test_

lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sg
:yfg lgwf{/0ffTds d"Nof+sg
 /rgfTds, ;'wf/fTds, ;lqmo, cGtl/d d"Nof+sg
 ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'Qm sIff jf sf];{df egf{ u/fpgsf nflu ljBfnodf  cgf}krfl/s d"Nof+sg, lg/Gt/ k|s[ltsf]
egf{ u/fpg'eGbf cl3 lnOg] d"Nof+sgnfO{ :yfg lgwf{/0f d"Nof+sg  l;sfO / lzIf0fdf ;'wf/ d'Vo p2]Zo
elgG5 .  l;sfOsf nflu d"Nof+sg
 of] ljz]ift gofF ljBfyL{nfO{ pko'Qm sIffdf egf{ u/fpgsf nflu lnOg]  lzIfs ljBfyL{ b'j}nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg]
ul/G5 .
 l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] n]vfhf]vf ub{5 .
 A placement test is a test given by a school to
 sIff sfo{, u[x sfo{, PsfO k/LIff, q}dfl;s k/LIff, cjnf]sg
determine the academic or skill level of a student,
df}lvs k|Zg, xflh/L hjfkm cflb lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof+sgsf ;fwg .
especially a new student, in order to place them in
the correct class. Students are required to take
placement tests before registering.

6
 12/22/2021

lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf p2]Zox? lgdf{0ffTds d"Nofª\sgsf] rqm jf k|lqmof

 l;sfOsf] k|ultsf] lg/Gt/ n]vfhf]vf ug'{ lzIf0f
 lzIf0f of]hgfnfO{ ;xL ?kdf sfof{Gjog u/fpg' .
 ljBfyL{sf sdL sdhf]/L kQf nufpg' .
 lzIf0f l;sfO lqmofsnfkdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' .
lzIf0f of]hgf
d"Nof+sg÷n]vfhf]vf
 lzIf0f l;sfOdf b]vf k/]sf q'l6x? x6fpg tTsfn} k[i7kf]if0f (CAS)

nfu" ug'{ .
 lzIf0f ljlwnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' .
 lzIfs ljBfyL{ aLr ;'dw'/ ;DaGw sfod u/fpg' .
k'gM lzIf0f (Remedial teaching) lgbfgM pTtd, dWod /
 ljBfyL{sf ;Dk"0f{ cg'ej / Jojxf/x?sf] b}lgs n]vfhf]vf ug'{ .
sdhf]/

lg0f{ofTds d"Nof+sg lg0f{ofTds d"Nof+sgsf] k|of]u

cjwf/0ff
•clGtd d"Nof+sg, cf}krfl/s d"Nof+sg
•sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo k"/f eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{
•pQL0f{÷cg'QL{0f{ jf >]0fL lgwf{/0f ug]{ jf lg0f{o lbg] k|d'v p2]Zo
•z}lIfs lqmofsnfkx?sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nof+sg ug{
•l;sfO pknlAwnfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ jf a}wtf k|bfg ug]{
•k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug\{ / sIff pQL{0f{ u/fpg
•Ps z}lIfs ;qleq ljBfyL{x¿n] k|fKt u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ 1fg, ;Lk / clej[lt
•ljBfyL{sf] k|ult / :t/ yfxf kfpg
hfFr ul/g]
•of]hgfsf] j}wtf, cf}lrTotf / k|dfl0fstf k|bfg ug{
•lg0f{ofTds d"Nof+sgn] nIo k|flKtsf] n]vfhf]vf ub{5 .
•z}lIfs ;+:yfsf] k|ult, ljsf;, lj:tf/ / :t/ yfxf kfpg
•ljBfnodf k|To]s z}lIfs ;qsf] cGtdf lnOg] jflif{s k/LIff o;sf]
pbfx/0f xf] •jfXo lgsfonfO{ glthf af]w u/fpg

7

lgbfgfTds d"Nof+sg
 lgbfg zAbsf] cy{ s'g} klg jt{dfg cj:yfsf] sf/s tTj klxrfg
ug]{ k|lqmof xf] .
 o;nfO{ jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f klxrfg u/L o;sf]
lg/fs/0fsf] nflu Ps Jojl:yt k|lqmofsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 .
 o; sfo{sf nflu k|of]u x'g] k/LIf0fnfO{ lgbfgfTds k/LIf0f jf
d"Nof+sg elgG5 .
 lzIff tyf dgf]lj1fgsf] If]qdf lgbfgfTds k/LIf0fsf] ljsf;
lrlsT;fsf] If]q cGtu{t k|of]u ul/g] k/LIf0fx?sf] cjwf/0ffsf]
cfwf/df ePsf] xf] .
 lrlsT;sn] ljleGg k/LIf0fx? k|of]u u/]/ /f]usf] k/LIf0f u/] h:t}
lzIff If]qdf k|of]u ul/Psf] lgbfgfTds k/LIf0fx?n] JolQmsf]
dgf]j}1flgs ;d:ofx? klxrfg u/L ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu
cfjZos pkfox? k|of]u ub{5 .
lgbfgfTds d"Nof+sgsf p2]Zox?
 lgbfgfTds sfo{sf cfwf/df ;'wf/fTds Pjd\ pkrf/fTds lzIf0f ug{
 lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof+sgn] ;dfwfg ug{ g;s]sf l;sfO ;d:of xn ug{
 hl6n / ljlzi6 l;sfO ;d:ofsf cfwf/e"t sf/0f vf]hL u/L pkrf/ ljlw
k|bfg ug{,
 ljBfyL{df x'g] l;sfO ;d:of jf sl7gfOsf] sf/0f klxrfg u/L lg/fs/0f
ug{
 ljBfyL{sf Jojxfl/s, ;+j]ufTds cflb ;d:ofx? klxrfg u/L To;sf]
;dfwfgdf k|of]u ug{
 ljBfyL{sf] JolQmTj / ;fd~h:osf ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0f ug{
 z}lIfs dfu{bz{g / k/fdz{sf] cfwf/ l;h{gf ug{ .

12/22/2021
lgbfgfTds d"Nof+sg
 lzIff If]qdf lgbfgfTds k/LIf0f ljz]if u/]/ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
;d:ofx? klxrfg u/L pkrf/fTds lzIf0f ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ cfwf/
lbG5 .
 logLx?nfO{ ljBfyL{sf] Jojxfl/s, ;fd~h:o, JolQmTj, ;+j]ufTds
cflb ;d:ofx? klxrfg u/L ltgLx?sf] lg/fs/0f ug{sf nflu
cfjZos pkfox? 5gf]6 ug{df ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
 lgbfgfTds d"Nof+sgsf] cGtdf k/fdz{sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;
d"Nof+sgn] pkrf/fTds lzIf0fsf] cfjZostf cf}NofpF5 .
 lzIff / dgf]lj1fgsf] If]qdf k|of]u ul/g] lgbfgfTds k/LIf0fx¿
ax'k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . o;sf] nflu cGtjf{tf{, cjnf]sg,
36gfj[Q clen]v, ;l~rt clen]v, lnlvt k/LIf0fsf] ;fy} k|fdfl0fs
k/LIf0fx¿ klg k|of]u ul/G5g\ .
k/LIf0fsf k|sf/
k/LIf0fsf k|sf/x?
-!_ dfgs / dfkb08df cfwfl/t k/LIf0f
-@_ ljifout / j:t'ut k/LIf0f
-#_ k|fdfl0fs / u}/k|fdfl0fs jf lzIfs lgld{t k/LIf0f -:t/Ls[t /
:t/ lgwf{/0f gul/Psf] k/LIf0f_
8
 12/22/2021

k/LIffsf lsl;dx?

!= df}lvs k/LIff @= lnlvt k/LIff #= k|of]ufTds k/LIff

ljifout / j:t'ut k/LIff
ljifout k/LIff j:t'ut k/LIff
(Subjective and Objective)

5f]6f] pQ/fTds k|Zg lgaGwfTds k|Zg != 7Ls a]7Ls k|Zg

!= j0f{gfTds k|Zg @= vfnL 7fp“ eg]{ k|Zg

@= t'ngfTds k|Zg #= ax'a}slNks k|Zg
#= ;f/f+z n]Vg] k|Zg
$= /fo JoQm ug]{ k|Zg $= hf]8f ldnfpg] k|Zg
%= :jtGq ljrf/ cleJolQm ug]{ k|Zg

k|Zgsf k|sf/ k|Zgsf k|sf/

-!_ ljifout k|Zg
 k|Zgsf] :jtGq ?kdf hjfkm n]Vg ;lsg]
 1fgsf] ;fy} efiff z}nL, df}lnstf, 5gf}6 ug]{, ;+u7g ug]{,
k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ Ifdtf hfFRg pkof]uL
 k/LIfsn] JolQmut dfkb08 k|of]u u/]/ hfFRg]
 k"jf{u|xsf] k|efj kg]{
 ljifoj:t'sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]qnfO{ g;d]6\g]
 5gf}6 u/]/ k9\g] afgLnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{
 k/LIffyL{n] ukmåf/f em'Sofpg ;Sg]
 d"Nof+sgsf] Ps?ktfdf sdL
-s_ ljifout k|Zg
!=lgaGwfTds k|Zg M
j0f{g ug]{, t'ngf ug]{, ;f/f+z n]Vg], ljZn]if0f ug]{, lg0f{o lbg],
5nkmn ug]{, k'li6 ug]{, ;+Zn]if0f ug]{, ;dLIff ug]{ cflb .
 k|of]u M ;fgf] ;d"xsf] k/LIff lng / lbg, 1fgsf] ;fy} efiff z}nL,
5gf}6 ug]{, ;+u7g ug]{, k|:t'tLs/0f ug]{ Ifdtf hfFRg, lnlvt
cleJolQmsf] ;Lk dfkg ug'{kbf{, cle?lr tyf b[li6sf]0f vf]hL ubf{
cflb .

9
 12/22/2021

k|Zgsf k|sf/ j:t'ut k|Zg

-s_ ljifout k|Zg  lbPsf] ljsNkdWo] ;xL hjfkm 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{
@=;+lIfKt pQ/fTds k|Zg M ;fdfGo :d[lt, sf/0f lbg], kl/efiff lbg],  ;xL ljsNk 5gf}6 u/]df k"0ff{+s, gu/]df z"Go c+s k|bfg ul/g]
pbfx/0f lbg], km/s b]vfpg], l6Kk0fL n]Vg], ;"rL lbg], ;+If]kLs/0f  d"Nof+sgdf Ps?ktf
ug]{ cflb .  k"jf{u|xsf] k|efj gkg]{
 k|of]u M 5f]6f], ;Lldt tyf ljlzi6 pQ/ cfpg] k|Zgåf/f ljBfyL{sf]
 ljifoj:t'sf] Jofks If]qnfO{ ;d]6\g] -ljifout j}wtf pRr x'g]_
pknlJw hfFRg, lgaGwfTds / j:t'ut k/LIffsf sdhf]/L x6fpg,
 cg'dfgåf/f ;xL hjfkm lbg ;lsg]
;a} txsf p2]Zo dfkg ug{, ljifoj:t'sf] a9L k|ltlglwTj u/fpg
 s07 ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf;
pkof]uL .
 k|Zg agfpg ufx|f]

k|Zgsf k|sf/ k|Zgsf k|sf/

-v_ j:t'ut k|Zg -v_ j:t'ut k|Zg
!_ ax'a}slNks k|Zg #_ hf]8f ldnfpg] k|Zg
 a:t'ut k/LIffx¿dWo] of] a9L k|efjsf/L / k|rlnt k|Zg xf] .  Pp6f :tDedf lbOPsf] tYo;Fu csf]{ :tDedf lbOPsf] tYo bfFHg' k5{ .
 36\bf] ljsNksf] k|Zg
 ;a}eGbf 7Ls pQ/df lgb]{zgcg';f/ lrGx nufOG5 .
 k|of]u M ;DaGw klxrfgsf] k/LIf0f ubf{, tYo tYof+s / w|'j;To s'/fx¿ k/LIf0f
 c? a:t'ut k|Zgsf] t'ngfdf c8\sn ug]{ afgLsf] ;Defjgf sd /xG5 . ubf{, k||ZgnfO{ /f]rs agfpFbf, Ps} k|sf/sf ljifoj:t'sf] cTolws k|ltlglwTj
 k|of]u M n]vgsnf, :jtGq lrGtg afx]s k|foM ;a} lsl;dsf pknlAwsf] u/fpFbf .
k/LIf0f ubf{, k/LIf0fnfO{ l56f] ubf{, k|Zgkq k'gM k|of]u ug'{kbf{ . $_vfnL 7fpF eg]{ k|Zg
@_7Ls a]7Ls 5'6\ofpg] k|Zg  dxTjk"0f{ zAb jf jfSof+z lems]/ k|Zg agfOg]
 k|Zgsf] ?kdf lbOPsf] egfO,tYox¿ 7Ls j]7Ls, ;fFrf] em'7f] s] xf] 5'6\ofpg'kg]{  o; k|sf/sf k|Zgdf d'Vo zJb g/fvL k|:t't ul/G5 / ;f]xL :yfgdf ljBfyL{n]
k|ZgnfO{ 7Ls a]7Ls 5'6\ofpg] k|Zg -b'O{ ljsNksf] k|Zg_ k"lt{ ug'{k5{ .
 k|of]u M 1fg txsf s'/fx¿sf] :d/0f hfFr ug{, c+sg l56f] ug'{k/]df, w]/} k|Zg  k|of]u M zAb1fg, ldlt, gfd, ;+Vof / :yfgsf] 1fg hfFRg / cg'dfgsf] e/df
agfpg'kg]{ ePdf . pQ/ lbg] sfo{nfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{
 pRr txdf klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]
 cGbfhdf klg ldnfpg] x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{ ljZj;lgotfdf sdL x'g ;S5 .

10
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k|fdfl0fs / u}/k|fdfl0fs cyjf lzIfs lgld{t
-:t/Ls[t / :t/lgwf{/0f gePsf] k/LIff_
dfkgsf ;fwg
:t/o'Qm k/LIf0f / lzIfs lgld{t k/LIf0f
-s_ :t/o'Qm -k|fdfl0fs_ k/LIff
 k/LIff ;~rfng k|lqmof / pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f ug]{ ljlw k"j{
3f]lift / Ps} k|sf/sf] x'g] k/LIff .
 j}wtf, ljZj;lgotf, j:t'lgi7tf / bIftf :t/o'Qm k/LIffsf
u'0fx¿
 dfgssf] lgwf{/0f
 ljifout j}wtfsf] sdL x'g] .
 ljz]if1n] lgdf{0f u/]sf k|Zgx¿ ;dfj]z . h:t} M /fli6«o jf
k|b]z:t/sf k/LIff
 k|Zgkq lgdf{0f / k/LIf0fdf Ps¿ktf

dfkgsf ;fwg
-v_ lzIfs lgld{t jf u}/k|fdfl0fs k/LIf0f d"Nof+sgsf u}/k/LIf0f ;fwgx?
 s'g} kf7 jf ljifoj:t'sf] lzIf0fkl5 ck]lIft pknAwL dfkg ug{
lzIfsåf/f ;~rfng, k/LIf0f, c+sg / JofVof ul/g] k/LIff  cjnf]sg -?h' ;"rL / >]0fLdfkg_
 o;nfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] k/LIf0f klg elgg]
 36gfj[Q clen]v
 dfgs lgwf{/0f gx'g] . sIffsf ljBfyL{aLr pknlAwsf] t'ngf
ul/g] .  ;l~rt clen]v
 t'ngfTds ¿kdf ljZj;lgotf sd ePklg ljifout j}wtf pRr
x'G5 .  cfTdd"Nof+sg
 ljBfyL{sf] of]Uotf,¿lr / cfjZostf kQf nufpg k|of]u .  cj:yf cWoog cflb
 ljgf of]hgf, 5f]6f] / cbIf k/LIffsf] k|of]u .

11

d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?
d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?
-s_ ljZj;gLotf
 d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgx?af6 k|fKt x'g] lglZrttf / Ps?ktfnfO{ g}
ljZj;lgotf elgG5 .
 olb s'g} k/LIf0fn] ;do u'0fnfO{ k6s k6s dfkg ubf{ o;df
Ps?ktf b]vfk¥of] eg] To:tf] ;fwgnfO{ ljZj;lgotf eGg ;lsG5 .
 ljZj;gLotf ;w} g} dfkgsf] qmdel/ Ps¿k x'g' xf] . -L .J.
Cronbach
 ljZj;gLotfsf] tfTko{ Ps¿ktf x'g' xf] . –James S. Ross
 d"Nof+sgsf] ;fwgnfO{ k6s k6s k|of]u ubf{ klg To;af6 p:t}
glthf cfpF5 eg] To:tf] ;fwgdf ljZj;lgotf /x]sf] dflgg] .
12/22/2021
d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?
 ljZj;gLotf
 j}wtf M k|dfl0fstf jf /rgfTdstf klg elgg]
 j:t'lgi7tf
 bIftf M l56f] 5l/tf] ?kdf z'4tfk"j{s d"Nof+sg ug]{ Ifdtf xf] .
 Jofkstf M k/LIf0fn] ;d]6]sf] If]q;+u Jofkstfsf] ;DaGw
 Jojxfl/stf
 lje]bLs/0f
 ljZj;lgotf / j}wtf ckl/xfo{ u'0f Pjd\ k|fljlws u'0f x'g .
 ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ u'0f a}wtf xf] .
d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?
-s_ ljZj;gLotf
 ljZj;lgotfn] dfkgåf/f k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] l:y/tf, e/ kg{ ;Sg] u'0f,
Ps?ktf, eljiojf0fL ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / z'4tf af/]df hfgsf/L
lbG5 .
 o;sf] u0fgf k|fKtf+sx¿larsf] ;x;DaGwsf cfwf/df ul/G5, h;sf]
dfg ±! / –! sf] aLrdf x'G5 .
 o;sf] dfg hlt !=) sf] lgs6 x'G5, k/LIf0fnfO{ Tolt g} ljZj;lgo
dflgG5 .
 ljZj;lgotfdf sdL cfpg] d'Vo sf/0f d"Nof+sgsf] q'l6 g} xf] .
12
 12/22/2021

ljZj;lgotfsf] dfqf d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?

ljZj;lgotfsf] dfqf ljZj;lgotfsf] :j?k ljZj;gLotf lgsfNg] ljlwx?
 k/LIf0fk'g k/LIf0f ljlw,
0.80 eGbf a9L pRr
0.60-0.80 ;Dd ;Gtf]ifhs  ;dfgfGt/ k|f?k ljlw

0.40-0.60 ;Dd cf};t  c4{ljefhg ljlw

0.20-0.40 ;Dd lgDg  s'8/ l/rf8{;gsf] ;"q

0.0-0.20 ;Dd c;Gtf]ifhgs

d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx? d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?

-!_ k/LIf0f k'gM k/LIf0f ljlw
 k/LIf0f ;fwgnfO{ s'g} ljBfyL{ ;d"xdfly ;~rfng ul/G5 / k'gM s]xL
;dokl5 pQm k/LIf0f ;fwg ;f]xL ljBfyL{ ;d"xdf ;~rfng ul/g]
tl/sfnfO{ k/LIf0f k'gM k/LIf0f ljlw elgG5 .
 o; ljlwdf ;dfg k|Zg, ;dfg ljBfyL{x?sf] ;d"xdfly ;dfg
cj:yfdf b'O{ k6s k|of]u ul/G5 .
 b'j} k6ssf] k/LIf0fsf] k|fKtf+ssf] ;x;DaGwåf/f ljZj;gLotfsf] dfqf
lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
 ;x;DaGwsf]] u'0ffª\ssf] dfg )=* sf] jl/kl/ ePdf /fd|f] dflgG5 .
ljZj;gLotf u'0ffª\s qmdn] )=) b]lv !=) sf] aLrdf x'G5 .
k/LIf0f k'gM k/LIf0f ljlw
 k/LIf0f / k'gM k/LIf0flar ;'xfpFbf] ;dofGt/ x'g'kb{5, h'g ;fdfGotof
& b]lv !% lbgsf] x'g'kb{5 . o; ljlwaf6 lgsflng] ljZj;lgotfnfO{
l:y/tfsf] u'0ff+s jf ;"rs elgG5 .
 of] ;a}eGbf ;/n ljlwsf ;fy} ;a}eGbf a9L q'l6k"0f{ ljlw xf] . t/ o;
ljlwdf cj:yf ;dfg /fVg sl7g x'g] ePsfn] a9L q'l6k"0f{ x'G5 .

13
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d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx? d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?

-@_;dfgfGt/ k|f¿k ljlw -@_;dfgfGt/ k|f¿k ljlw
 b'O{ ;dfgfGt/ k/LIf0f ;fwgx¿ lgdf{0f ul/G5, h;df ljifoj:t'sf] uxgtf, k|Zg lgdf{0f ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;t{x?
k|Zgsf] sl7gfO :t/ cflb ;dfg x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .  ;dfg ljifoIf]q
 o; ljlwdf b'O{ ;d?k k|Zgkqx? tof/ ul/;s]kl5 5f]6f] ;dofGt/df b'j}  ;dfg ljlzi6 p2]Zo
k|ZgkqnfO{ ;dfg ljBfyL{sf] ;d"xdf k|of]u ul/G5 . km/s km/s k|Zgx? ePsf]  k|Zgsf] ;dfg ;+Vof
/ 5f]6f] ;dofGt/ ePsfn] klxnf]sf] cg'ej bf];|f]df x:tfGt/0f x'Fb}g .
 ;dfg k|sf/sf k|Zg
 oL b'j} k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt k|fKtf+ssf] ;x;DaGwsf cfwf/df ljZj;lgotfsf] dfqf
 ;dfg sl7gfO :t/
lgwf{/0f ul/G5 .
 ;dfg lje]bLs/0f Ifdtf
 o:tf] ljZj;lgotfnfO{ Ps?ktf jf ;d?ktfsf] ;"rs klg elgG5 .
 ljZj;lgotf lgsNg] ;a}eGbf a9L vlr{nf] ljlw ;dfgfGt/ k|f?k ljlw xf] .

d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx? d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?

-#_ c4{ljefhg ljlw
 Pp6f k/LIf0fnfO{ hfFr kZrft hf]/ lahf]/ k|Zgsf] k|fKtf+ssf] b'O{ efudf
ljefhg ul/G5 . k|fKt k|fKtf+ssf] ;x;DaGwåf/f ljZj;gLotf u0fgf ul/G5 .
 o;/L k|fKt ljZj;lgotfnfO{ cfGtl/s Ps¿ktf ;"rs elgG5 .
 of] Ps ;/n tyf sd q'l6k"0f{ ljlw ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ cTolws dfqfdf
k|of]u ul/G5 .
 k|Zgkqsf] nDafO sd eP/ ljZj;gLotfdf sdL cfpg] ePsfn] Spearman
Brown sf] ;"q k|of]u u/]/ k"0f{ k|Zgkqsf] ljZj;gLotf lgsflnG5 .
 o; ljlwaf6 k|ZgfjnL k|Zgx¿sf] sl7gfO :t/ ;dfg ¿kdf ljefhg ug{
;lsG5 .
-$_ s'8/ –l/r8{;gsf] ;"q
 s'8/–l/rf8{zg (Kuder-Richardson) n] ljZj;gLotf kQf nufpg]
;DaGwdf k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ;"q Pp6} k/LIffsf k|Zgx¿aLrdf cfGtl/s Ps
¿ktf (Internal consistency) ;"rssf cfwf/df ljZj;gLotf kQf
nufpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
 of] ljlwdf k/LIf0f ;~rfng ul/;s]kl5 k|To]s k|Zgdf ;xL hjfkm lbg] -p_ /
;xL hjfkm glbg] -q_ ljBfyL{sf] cg'kft lgsflnG5 .
 logLx¿aLr ;xljrng -Covarience_ lgsfn]/ k|Zgkqsf] ljZj;gLotf
lgsflnG5 .
 of] Ps k6ssf] k/LIf0f ;~rfngåf/f ljZj;gLotf lgsfNg] k4lt xf] .
 o;sf] nflu KR-20 / KR-21 ;"q k|of]u ul/G5 .

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d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx? d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?

ljZj;gLotfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ tŒjx¿ ljZj;gLotfnfO{ c;/ kfg]{ tŒjx¿
!= cfGtl/s tTjx¿ @= afx\o tŒjx¿
-s_k|Zgx¿sf] ;+Vof -s_ ;d"xsf] ljljwtf M k/LIf0f ul/g] ;d"x ;dfg ePdf ljZj;gLotf sd x'g]
-v_ k|fKtfª\ssf] lj:tf/ M / ;d"x c;dfg ePdf ljZj;gLotf a9L x'g] dflgG5 .
-u_ k|Zgx¿df ;dfgtf M -v_ ljBfyL{ / jftfj/0fLo c;/M
-3_ j:t'lgi7tf M -u_ ljBfyL{sf] cg'dfg M
-ª_ k|Zgsf] sl7gfO:t/ -3_ ljBfyL{sf] zf/Ll/s cj:yf
-r_ k/LIff ;~rfng M
-5_ k/LIffyL{sf] of]Uotfsf] :t/

d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx? d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?

-v_ j}wtf j}wtfsf k|sf/
 d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgn] dfkg ug{ vf]lhPsf] s'/f jf Ifdtfsf] dfkg ug{ ;Sg] -s_ ljifout j}wtf
u'0fnfO{ g} a}wtf elgG5 . -v_ cfwf/ k|f;lÍs jf dfkb08df cfwfl/t j}wtf
 j}wtfsf] ;DaGw k/LIf0fsf] glthfsf] JofVof;Fu x'G5 . cyf{t s'g} k/LIf0fn] -u_ /rgfTds j}wtf
cfkm"4f/f d"Nof+sg u/]sf] u'0f, To; k/LIf0fn] d"Nof+sg ug{ vf]h]sf] u'0f g} xf]
eg]/ ;'lglZrt ub{5 eg] o;nfO{ k/LIf0fsf] j}wtf elgG5 .
 j}wtf dfqfTds kIf geP/ t'ngfTds kIf xf] . j}wtfn] t'ngfTds ?kdf
k/LIf0fsf] u'0fsf] JofVof ub{5 . k/LIf0fsf] j}wtf ljZj;lgotfsf] t'ngfdf a9L
dxTjk"0f{ u'0f xf] .
 j}wtfnfO{ csf]{ zJbdf k|dfl0fstf elgg] .
 o;n] z}lIfs p2]Zox¿ slt k"/f x'g ;s] eGg] s'/f;Fu ;DaGw /fV5 .

15
 12/22/2021

d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx? d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?

j}wtfsf k|sf/ j}wtfsf k|sf/
-s_ ljifout j}wtf -v_ cfwf/ k|f;lÍs jf dfkb08df cfwfl/t j}wtf
 kf7\oqmdLo a}wtf, Course Coverage  tYof+szf:qLo a}wtf klg elgg]
 ;a} kf7 / p2]Zo -ljifoj:t'sf]_ sf] k|ltlglwTj  s'g} k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt k|fKtf+snfO{ cGo e/kbf]{ dfkb08;Fu t'ngf u/]/ :yflkt
 k|Zgkqn] ;a} kf7 / p2]Zosf] k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;s]df To;df ljifout j}wtf k/LIf0fsf] j}wtfnfO{ cfwf/ k|f;lËs j}wtf -tYof+szf:qLo j}wtf_ elgG5 . h:t}
/x]sf] dflgG5 . M s'g} jfXo k/LIfs4f/f s'g} k/LIf0f k|of]u u/L k|fKt ePsf] ljBfyL{sf] k|fKtf+s
/ tL ljBfyL{sf] ;DalGwt ljifo lzIfsn] u/]sf] :t/ lgwf{/0flar pRr
 ljifout j}wtf k|Zgx?4f/f ljifoj:t'sf] k|ltlglwTjsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] dfqf xf] .
;x;DaGw x'G5 eg] Tof] k/LIf0f a}w x'G5 .
 of] j}wtf lglZrt kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t x'g] ePsfn] o;nfO{ kf7\oqmdLo j}wtf
 of] tLg k|sf/sf] x'G5 M k"j{ sygfTds j}wtf, ;djtL{ j}wtf / e"tsfndf
;d]t elgG5 .
cfwfl/t j}wtf .
 ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfsf] lgdf{0fn] ljifout j}wtf lgwf{/0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx? d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?

j}wtfsf k|sf/
-v_ cfwf/ k|f;lÍs jf dfkb08df cfwfl/t j}wtf
 k"j{ sygfTds jf eljiojf0fLdf cfwfl/t j}wtf M s'g} k/LIffsf k|fKtf+sn] efjL
of]Uotf jf Ifdtfsf] af/]df ;"rgf lbG5 eg] To;nfO{ k"j{ sygfTds j}wtf
elgG5 . h:t} M lj=P8= sf] k/LIffdf kfPsf] k|fKtf+s / p;n] u/]sf] lzIf0fsf]
k|efjsfl/tfdf pRr ;x;DaGw x'g' .
 ;djtL{ j}wtf M s'g} k/LIf0fn] ljBfyL{sf] jt{dfg of]Uotf;Fu k/LIf0fsf] k|fKtf+s
t'ngf u5{ eg] ;djtL{ j}wtf ePsf] dflgG5 . h:t} M k/LIf0fsf] k|fKtf+snfO{
cGo ljifosf] k|fKtf+s jf lzIfs4f/f lgwf{/0f u/]sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f;Fu t'ngf ug{'
 e"tsfndf cfwfl/t jf kfZj{ j}wtf M s'g} k/LIffsf k|fKtf+sn] e"tsfnsf] of]Uotf
jf Ifdtfsf] af/]df ;"rgf lbG5 eg] To:tf] k/LIffdf e"tsfndf cfwfl/t j}wtf
ePsf] dflgG5 .
j}wtfsf k|sf/
-u_ /rgfTds j}wtf
 of] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ j}wtf xf] .
 /rgfTdstf eg]sf] efjfTdstfsf] dfqf xf] . k|Zgkqn] k/LIf0f ug{ vf]lhPsf
u'0fx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;s]df To:tf k/LIf0f ;fwgdf /rgfTds j}wtf /x]sf]
dflgG5 .
 o;sf] ;DaGw j}wtfsf] ;}4flGts kl/efiff;Fu x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;}4flGts
j}wtf ;d]t elgG5 .
 /rgfTds j}wtfn] k|Zgkqdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf k|Zgx?n] JolQmdf cGt/lglxt
;'Id u'0fx? g} hfFlrPsf] ;'lglZrttf k|:t't ub{5 .
 o;sf] lgwf{/0f ;dfg u'0f hfFRg] k/LIf0fsf] c+sx¿aLrsf] ;x;DaGwsf] cfwf/df
klg ul/G5 .

16

d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?
j}wtfsf k|sf/
-u_ /rgfTds j}wtf
 k/LIf0f ;fwgdf /rgfTds j}wtf ;'lglZrt ug{ lgDgfg';f/sf # r/0fx?
ckgfO{ k/LIf0f tof/ ug'{kb{5 M
-!_ d"Nof+sg ul/g] u'0fnfO{ kl/eflift ug'{
-@_ u'0fsf] Jofjxfl/s kl/efiff lbg'
-#_ tL Jojxf/ dfkg ug{ ;fwg lgdf{0f ug'{ .
d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?
$_ Jofkstf
 ;DalGwt ljifosf] Jofkstf dfkg ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ .
 dfkg ug'{kg]{ kIf jf ljifoj:t' gfKg ;Sg] k/LIf0f
 o;n] kf7\oj:t'sf] Jofkstf / 9fSg ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ ;+s]t u5{ .
 Jofkstfsf nflu k|Zgsf ;+Vof w]/} x'g'k5{ .
12/22/2021
d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?
#_j:t'lgi7tf
 dfkgsf ;fwgsf] pQ/ Pp6} cfpg], hxfF nu]/ k/LIf0f u/] klg p:t}
glthf lg:sg]
 hf];'s} k/LIfsn] k/LIf0f u/] klg glthf Pp6} cfpg] cyf{t d"Nof+sg
k/LIfssf] :jljj]saf6 :jtGq /xg' j:t'lgi7tf xf] .
 j:t'ut k|Zgx?df j:t'lgi7tf /x]sf] x'G5 . c+sg of]hgf tof/ u/]/
ljifout k|Zgsf] d"Nof+sgnfO{ klg j:t'lgi7 agfpg ;lsG5 .
d"Nof+sgsf ;fwgdf x'g'kg]{ ljz]iftfx?
%_ lje]bLs/0f
 c;n–v/fj, /fd|f]–g/fd|f], 7Ls–j]7Ls 5'6\ofpg ;Sg] Ifdtf .
 tLI0f a'l4 ePsf, dWod / Go"g a'l4 ePsf ljBfyL{ 5'6\ofO{ ;f]cg';f/
pkrf/ / k|f]T;fxgsf nflu lje]bLs/0f cfjZos
^_ Jofjxfl/stf
 d"Nof+sgsf ;fwg ;~rfng ug{, k/LIf0f ug{, c+sg ug{ ;lsg] x'g'k5{
.
 k/LIff ;~rfng b]lvsf ;j} k|lqmof ;s];Dd lskmfotL, k/LIffsf]
kl/0ffd JofVof ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g'kg]{ .
17
 12/22/2021

ljlzli6s/0f tflnsf
cjwf/0ff
 kf7\oqmdsf ;a} p2]Zo ;d]6\g] u/L k|Zg lgdf{0f ug{ agfOg]
of]hgf÷tflnsf .
 o;df k|Zg slt ;f]Wg], lsg ;f]Wg], sxfFaf6 ;f]Wg], s'g txsf k|Zg
;f]Wg] eGg]h:tf s'/f ;dfj]z ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ljBfno lzIffsf] d"Nofª\sg k4lt
 pQm tflnsfdf kf7\oqmdsf p2]Zo, ljifoj:t', cª\sef/, ;do
cflbnfO{ Vofn u/L s'g PsfOaf6 s:tf / sltcf]6f k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg],
s'g k|Zg slt cª\ssf] /fVg], s'g k|ZgnfO{ slt ;do lbg], k|Zgdf
1fg, ;Lk / pRr IfdtfnfO{ s'gs'g k|Zgaf6 d"Nofª\sg ug]{h:tf
s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'G5 .
 ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfn] ljifoj:t'ut j}wtf lgwf{/0f ug{ lgb]{lzt
ub{5 .
 k/LIffsf] :t/Ls/0f, Ps¿ktf / j}wtfsf nflu ljlzi6Ls/0f
tflnsfn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 .

ljBfno lzIffsf] d"Nofª\sg k4lt ljBdfg d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL

k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd @)^@ / @)^%, cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd @)^( sIff
^ b]lv * df ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg k4lt
sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg / pbf/ sIff]Gglt
sIff ! b]lv & ;Dd lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg
sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd !)) k|ltzt lg/Gt/
sIff $ / % df %) k|ltzt lg/Gt/ / %) k|ltzt cfjlws
sIff ^ / & df $) k|ltzt lg/Gt/ / ^) k|ltzt cfjlws
cfjlws k/LIff
klxnf] q}dfl;s k/LIff M s'n k"0ff{ª\ssf] !) k|ltzt cª\s ef/
bf];|f] q}dfl;s k/LIff M s'n k"0ff{ª\ssf] #) k|ltzt cª\s ef/
clGtd k/LIff M ^) k|ltzt cª\s ef/
ltg} k/LIffsf] s'n k|fKtfª\s hf]8]/ ljBfyL{sf] ljifout u|]8 lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{5
.
cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd @)^(
 cfwf/e"t tx sIff ^–* df ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] c+sef/ -
lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sgsf] $)Ü afx]ssf]df_ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] M
-s_ ;}4flGts &%Ü / k|of]ufTds @%Ü /x]sf ljifox? M g]kfnL, c+u|]hL,
;fdflhs / hg;+Vof, lj1fg
-v_ ;}4flGts ^)Ü / k|of]ufTds $)Ü /x]sf ljifo M :jf:Yo zf/Ll/s
-u_ ;}4flGts %)Ü / k|of]ufTds %)Ü /x]sf ljifox? M g}lts, k];f
Joj;fo / k|ljlw, sDKo'6/
-3_ ;}4flGts !))Ü /x]sf ljifo M ul0ft

18

ljBfno txsf] d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL
dfWolds lzIff kf7\oqmd @)&!
 dfWolds tkm{ clgjfo{ ljifox?dWo] ul0ftdf ;}4flGts !))Ü / cGo
ljifosf] xsdf ;}4flGts &%Ü / k|of]ufTds @%Ü /x]sf] .
 dfWolds tkm{ k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/tkm{sf ljwfut
ljifox¿df ;}4flGtstkm{ $) k|ltzt / k|of]ufTdstkm{ ^) k|ltztdf
d"Nofª\sg x'g] .
/fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f?k @)&^ df d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL
 ljBfyL{x¿sf] d"Nofª\sg / k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu ljBfno :t/Lo k/LIff /
afx\o ;fj{hlgs k/LIff ;~rfng ul/g] 5 .
 ljBfnodf cfwfl/t k/LIffcGtu{tsf] sIff ! b]lv & tyf sIff ( sf]
k/LIffsf] ;Dk"0f{ lhDdf :jod\ ljBfnosf] x'g]5 . o;sf nflu sIff &
;Dd lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ dN"ofªs\g k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/g]5 .
 sIff *, !) tyf !! / !@ df j|mdzM :yfgLo, k|b]z / ;ª\3Lo txdf
;fj{hlgs k/LIff ;~rfng ul/g]5 .
 ;fj{hlgs k/LIffsf ;a} ljifodf cfGtl/s / afx\o d"Nofª\sg k4lt
sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 .
12/22/2021
ljBfno lzIffsf] d"Nofª\sg k4lt
ljBfno lzIffsf] ljBdfg ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg k4lt
b'O{ k|sf/sf] d"Nof+sg k4lt M ljBfno:t/Lo d"Nof+sg / ;fj{hlgs afXo k/LIff
sIff ! b]lv & / sIff ( sf] ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L
ljBfnosf] x'g]
;fj{hlgs afXo k/LIff M sIff *, !), !! / !@ df x'g] Joj:yf 5 .
sIff * df :yfgLo tx :t/Lo k/LIff k4lt
sIff !) P; O O k/LIff /fli6o k/LIff af]8{n] k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ k4lt -gLlt
k|b]z:t/af6 ;~rfng ug]{ ePtfklg xfn;Dd s]Gb|af6} Joj:yfkg_
sIff !! / !@ df /fli6o k/LIff k4lt
sIff # df k7g ;Ifdtfsf] k/LIf0f M z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|n]
sIff %, * / !) sf] /fli6«o :t/df ljBfyL{ pknlAw k/LIf0f (NASA) z}lIfs
u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|dfkm{t ul/g] Joj:yf
/fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f?k @)&^ df d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL
 ;fwf/0f wf/tkm{ ;fj{hlgs k/LIffsf k|To]s ljifodf @% k|ltzt ef/sf]
cfGtl/s / &% k|ltzt ef/sf] afx\o d"Nofª\sg x'g]5
 ;a} sIffdf cIf/fª\sg k4ltsf] sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
 ljBfno :t/Lo / ;fj{hlgs k/LIff ;~rfng ubf{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug{]
lgsfon] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifb\åf/f :jLs[t
d"Nofª\sg;DaGwL 9fFrf / kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] tof/ u/]sf] ljifout
ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfadf]lhd ug'{kg]{5 .
 -ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg;DaGwL 9fFrf M kl/ifbn] :jLs[t ug]{
 ljifout ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsf M kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|n]_
19
 12/22/2021

/fli6«o kf7\oqmd k|f?k @)&^ df d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL

ljleGg :t/df k/LIff af]8{ / ;ldltsf] lgdf{0f
-s_ :yfgLo :t/sf] k/LIff ;ldlt
-v_ k|b]z:t/Lo k/LIff af]8{
-u_ /fli6«o k/LIff af]8{
 sIff !! / !@ sf] clGtd k/LIff, dfWolds lzIff k|df0fLs/0f k/LIff
sIff ! b]lv # sf] PsLs[t kf7\oqmd @)&^
/fli6«o k/LIff af]8{n] df ljBfyL{ d"Nof+sg

sIff !–# sf] kf7\oqmd @)&^ df d"Nof+sg sIff !–# sf] kf7\oqmd @)&^ df d"Nof+sg
cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff !—# df cf}krfl/s k|s[ltsf] cfjlws k/LIff qm=;+= d"Nof+sgsf tl/sf jf ;fwg -( j6f_
;~rfng u/L ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] d"Nofª\sg cyf{t\ lg0f{ofTds k|of]hgsf] ! cjnf]sg
k/Dk/fut k4ltsf] d"Nofª\sgn] afnaflnsfnfO{ l;sfOsf nflu k|f]T;fxg df}lvs sfo{
@
ug{] / l;sfOdf ;xof]u ug{] sfo{df of]ubfg ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] s'/fnfO{
cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] # lnlvt sfo{
ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sgn] pgLx¿nfO{ l;sfOsf nflu k|f]T;fxg ug'{sf ;fy} $ kl/of]hgf tyf k|of]ufTds sfo{
l;sfO ;'wf/sf nflu dfu{k|z:t ug'{kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t % sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf k|bz{g
ul/Psf]
^ ;xkf7L d"Nofª\sg
l;sfOsf nflu d"Nofª\sgdf hf]8
& :jd"Nofª\sg
| * cleefjssf] k|ltlj|mof
( s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn

20
 12/22/2021

ljBfyL{sf] pknlAw:t/ / JofVof pknlAw k/LIf0fnfO{ cIf/f+sg;Fu ldnfg

pknlAw:t/ dfkg pknlAw:t/sf] ;fdfGo JofVof
pknlAw cIf/df pknlAw pknlAw:t/sf] JofVof
sdhf]/ - ! d'Vo l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf],
k|ltzt :t/
Below basic) ;a}h;f] l;sfO pknlAwsf nflu ;'wf/fTds E
l;sfO cfjZos ePsf] ) — @) Hofb} sdhf]/
D
;fdfGo @ d'Vo l;sfO pknlAw cf+lzs ¿kdf xfl;n @) — $) sdhf]/
C
(Basic) u/]sf] t/ ;'wf/fTds l;sfO cfjZos ePsf] $) — ^) ;fdfGo
/fd|f] # d'Vo l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] B
^) — &% /fd|f]
(Proficient) A
pRr $ dflyNnf] :t/sf] pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] &% — () pRr
A*
(Advanced) () — !)) pTs[i6

cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd @)&^ k/LIf0f M -sIff $—%_

pknlAw:t/sf]
 cfGtl/s d"Nof+sg %) k|ltzt
cª\ssf] hf]8
 clGtd k/LIffsf] glthf %) k|ltzt
If]qut jf lydut  b'j} hf]8L lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
× !))
pknlAw k|ltzt Ö $ × d"Nofª\sg
ul/Psf l;sfO
pknlAwx¿sf] ;ª\Vof

115

21
 12/22/2021

cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd @)&& M -sIff ^ —*_

ljBdfg d"Nof+sg k|0ffnL
-s_ cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg M
cfwf/e"t lzIff kf7\oqmd @)&& M -sIff ^ —*_
 cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljBfyL{x¿sf] l;sfO :t/df ;'wf/ ug'{
xf] . v_ lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg M
 o;sf nflu lzIfsn] ljBfyL{sf] JolStut l;sfO pknlAwsf cfwf/df k6s  cfGtl/s %) k|ltzt, clGtd k/LIff %) k|ltzt .
k6s l;sfO cj;/ k|bfg ug{'kg]{ 5 .  cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sgaf6 k|fKt glthfdf cfwfl/t cfGtl/s d"Nofª\sg %)
 u[xsfo{, sIffsfo{, k|of]ufTds tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{, ;fd'bflos sfo{, cltl/St k|ltzt ef/ tyf clGtd k/LIffsf] glthfsf cfwf/df %) k|ltzt ef/
lj|mofsnfk, PsfO k/LIff, dfl;s tyf q}dfl;s k/LIff h:tf d"Nofª\sgsf lgwf{/0f u/L lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 .
;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
cfGtl/s d"Nof+sgsf kIf / ef/
l;=g+= d"Nof+sgsf kIf ef/
! ;xeflutf tyf ;lj|motf M sIffdf pkl:ylt, sIff sfo{, u[xsfo{, $
kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf k|of]ufTds sfo{df ;xeflutf / ;lj|motf
@ k|of]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{ #^
# q}dfl;s k/LIff !)
hDdf %) 116 117

lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg

k[i7e"ld
k|fylds lzIffsf] u'0ffTds kIf sdhf]/
kx'Fr sd
aLr}df sIff 5f8\g] / bf]xf]¥ofpg] ;+Vof pNn]Vo ePsf]
lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sg / cIf/f+sg k4lt k/LIf0f
gjf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf
@)%& af6 sIff ! b]lv # ;Dd
Onfd, lrtjg, :ofª\hf, ;'v{]t / s~rgk'/ u/L % lhNnf
nfu" jf sfof{Gjog M k|fylds lzIff kf7\oqmd @)^@ -sIff !–#_ n]
Joj:yf u/]cg'¿k z}=;= @)^# b]lv
ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf @)^^ b]lv @)&@ n] sIff & ;Dd lj:tf/ ug]{
gLlt

22
 12/22/2021

lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg- k|fylds kf7\oqmd @)^@,

s] xf] < @)^% / cfwf/e"t kf7\oqmd @)^(
lzIf0f ls|ofsnfk;Fu;Fu} tyf cfjZostfg';f/ af/Daf/ ul/g] sIff lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg cfjlws pQL0ff{Í s}lkmot
d"Nof+sg !—# k"0f{?kdf lg/Gt/ gtf]lsP cfjlws k/LIff lng ;lsg] t/
 cgf}krfl/s tyf lgdf{0ffTds d"Nof+sg . d"Nofª\sg -!)) — sf] sIff]Ggltsf] cfwf/ agfpg
 sdhf]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ ;'wf/fTds lzIf0f u/L p;sf] pknlAw:t/ k|ltzt lg/Gt/_ gx'g]
a9fpg d2t ug]{ $—% %) k|ltzt %) k|ltzt $)Ü
cfjlws k/LIffdf 5'6\6} pQL0f{
d"Nof+sgdf ljleGg ;fwgx?sf] k|of]u x'g'kg]{
sfo{;~rlosfsf] k|of]u ul/g] ^—& $) k|ltzt ^) k|ltzt $)Ü cfjlws k/LIffdf 5'6\6} pQL0f{
d'Vo p2]Zo ljBfyL{ l;sfOsf] ;'lglZrttf u/L u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ x'g'kg]{
निरन्तर मल ू ्यांकि र उदयर कक्षोन्िनत कक्षय १ दे खि ३
निरन्तर मल ू ्यांकि प्रणयली भन्दय कक्षय १ दे खि ७ सम्म

l;sfOsf nflu lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg rj|m kf7\oj|mdcg';f/ l;sfOsf nflu lg/Gt/
d"Nofª\sgsf ;fdfGo dfkb08
sIff !–% sIff ^–&
-% j6f dfkb08 _ -^+!Ö& j6f dfkb08_
!= sIff sfo{ -sIff != sIff sfo{
;xeflutf_ @= sIff ;xeflutf
@= kl/of]hgf sfo{ #= k|of]ufTds / kl/of]hgf sfo{
#= Jojxf/df kl/jt{g $= Jojxf/ kl/jt{g
$= l;h{gfTds sfo{ %= l;h{gfTds sfo{x¿
%= xflh/L ^= pknlAw k/LIff
&= lzIfsn] rfx]sf cGo kIf yKg ;lsg]

23
 12/22/2021

kf7\oj|mdcg';f/ l;sfOsf nflu lg/Gt/ d"Nofª\sg >]0fL lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg

lgwf{/0f k|lqmof
sIff !–%
• &) b]lv !)) k|ltzt;Dd
– s >]0fL
•$) k|ltztb]lv ^( k|ltzt;Dd
– v >]0fL
•$) k|ltzteGbf tn – u >]0fL
kf7ut /]hfx¿sf] k|ltzt lgsfNg] tl/sf -k|fylds tx_
sIff ^–& !=kf7ut cfwf/df ljBfyL{n] sIffdf l;s]sf s'/fnfO{ kf7\oqmdsf] cg';"rL !
cg';f/sf] kmf/fddf tf]lsPsf dfkb08sf cfw/df Psb]lv tLgcf]6f;Dd /]hf -√_
lrGx nufpg] .
•*) k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf dfly – s >]0fL
•^) k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf dfly &( k|ltzt;Dd – v @= clt pQd l;s]sfnfO{ tLgcf]6f /]hf -√√√_, pQd l;s]sfnfO{ b'O{cf]6f
>]0fL /]hf -√√_ / ;fdfGo l;s]sfnfO{ Pp6f /]hf -√_ lbg] .
•$) k|ltzt / ;f]eGbf dfly %( k|ltzt;Dd – u ;"q
>]0fL ljBfyL{n] kfPsf hDdf /]hf ;+Vof
/]hf k|ltzt Ö » !))
k9fO ePsf kf7 ;+Vof» #

lg/Gt/ ljBfyL{ d"Nofª\sg cIf/fª\sg k|0ffnL

Letter Grading System-LGS
kf7ut /]hfx¿sf] k|ltzt lgsfNg] tl/sf -sIff ^-&_ cjwf/0ff
•k|To]s kf7df ljBfyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] >]0fLnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL s kfPsfdf  lglZrt dfgssf cfwf/df cIf/ (Letter) df c+sg ug]{ jf
*), v kfPsfdf ^) / u kfPsfdf $) :t/ 5'6\ofpg] k|lqmof
•cª\s 7fgL q}dfl;s cjlwdf k|fKt u/]sf s,v jf u sf] ;Dk"0f{  k"j{lgwf{l/t dfgssf cfwf/df ljBfyL{x¿sf] tx jf >]0fL
cª\snfO{ l;sfO;s]sf kf7 ;ª\Vofn] efu u/L cf};t >]0fL lgwf{/0f 5'6\ofpg] k|lqmof u|]l8ª
ug]{  o;df cÍ jf k|ltztnfO{ eGbf :t/nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lglZrt
•pbfx/0ffy{ M ul0ft ljifodf klxnf] q}dfl;sdf rf/cf]6f kf7 dfgssf cfwf/df u|]l8ª ul/G5 .
l;sfO;Sbf ljBfyL{n] j|mdzM u,v,v,s kfPdf p;sf] cf};t >]0fL -
$)± ^) ±^)± *) Ö @$)÷$ Ö ^)_ v x'G5 .

24
 12/22/2021

cIf/fª\sg k|0ffnL g]kfndf cIf/fª\sg k4ltsf] ljsf;

l;kmfl/; jf ;'emfj
cjwf/0ff
 ;j{k|yd pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lzIff cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg @)%%,
 n]6/ u|]l8ª k|0ffnLsf] ;j{k|yd k|of]u ug]{ sfd dgf]lj1fgsf k|f]km];/
Mark W. Durm n]  P;Pn;L cWoog k|ltj]bg @)^@ -;g\ @))%_
 klxnf] k|of]u ;j{k|yd Yale University n] ;g\ !&*% df u/]sf] ;}4flGts lg0f{o
 William Farish n] o;nfO{ ljsl;t u/L ;g\ !&(@ df a]nfotsf]  /fli6«o kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf d"Nof+sg kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)&!÷#÷#)
SoflDa|h ljZjljBfnon] Jojl:yt ?kdf k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . sf] a}7sn]
 ljBfno txdf k|of]u cd]l/sfsf] Augustana ljBfnodf ;g\
nfu" jf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lg0f{o
!*^)÷)^! sf] z}lIfs ;qaf6 Lars Paul Esbjorn n] k|of]u u/]sf]
kfOG5 .  /fli6«o kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf d"Nof+sg kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)&!÷*÷@$
sf] a}7sn]

Letter Grading System P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff, g]kfn

g]kfndf cIf/fª\sg k4ltsf] ljsf;
@)&! P;=Pn=;L= -k|fljlws wf/_
/fli6«o kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf d"Nof+sg kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)&!÷*÷@$ sf]
lg0f{o Letter Percent Value
 k|fljlws wf/sf] P;=Pn=;L=df @)&! ;fnb]lv g} cIf/f+sg k4lt
A+ 90-100 Outstanding
nfu" ug]{ .
A 80-89 Excellent
 @)&@ ;fnsf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffdf ;fwf/0ftkm{ klg cIf/f+sg
k4lt nfu" ug]{ . B 60-79 Very Good
 ^ cf]6f u|]8df u|]l8ª ug]{ . ;L jf tNnf] u|]8 k|fKt u/]sf ljBfyL{n] C 40-59 Good
s'g} klg ljifodf k'gM d"Nof+sg u/fpg rfx]df k/LIffkmn k|sfzg D 25-39 Poor
ePsf] Ps jif{leq d"n jf k"/s k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g] kfpg] .
E 25 below Very Poor
 lj=;+= @)&! sf] P;Pn;L k/LIffdf k|fljlws wf/tkm{ b]xfocg';f/
cIf/f+sg k|0ffnL -^ u|]8_ cjnDag ul/Psf]

25
 12/22/2021

g]kfndf cIf/fª\sg k4ltsf] ljsf; @)&@÷*÷@# sf] lg0f{ocg';f/sf] u|]l8ª

ljBfno lzIffdf cIf/fª\sg k4lt sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw, @)&@ l; k|fKtf+ssf] juf{Gt/ u|]8 jf tx JofVof :t/Ls[t c+s
:jLs[t ug]{ lgsfo M /fli6«o kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg kl/ifb\ g+= -k|ltztdf_ jf >]0fL
 :jLs[t ldlt M @)&@.)*.@# -( u]|8 sfod_ ! () / ;f]eGbf dfly A+ Outstanding $=)
 sfo{ljlwsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)&@.!@.^, bf];|f] ;+zf]wg @)&#.!@.@&, t];|f] @ *) / ;f]eGbf dfly () eGbf sd A Excellent #=^
# &) / ;f]eGbf dfly *) eGbf sd B+ Very good #=@
;+zf]wg @)&$.!).!& / rf}yf] ;+zf]wg @)&%.)%.)!
$ ^) / ;f]eGbf dfly &) eGbf sd B Good @=*
% %) / ;f]eGbf dfly ^) eGbf sd C+ Above Average @=$
^ $) / ;f]eGbf dfly %) eGbf sd C Average @=)
& @) / ;f]eGbf dfly $) eGbf sd D Below Average !=^
* ! / ;f]eGbf dfly @) eGbf sd E Insufficient )=*
( ) N Non Graded )

g]kfndf cIf/fª\sg k4ltsf] ljsf; g]kfndf cIf/fª\sg k4ltsf] ljsf;

sfo{ljlw cg';f/ cIf/f+sg k4ltsf] p2]Zo
-s_ ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;IfdtfnfO{ oyf¿kdf k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ .
-v_ l;sfO pknlAwsf] c+sg ubf{ b]lvg] c+sut :t/x¿nfO{ gf}
cf]6f cIf/ut :t/df ;"lrt ug]{ .
-u_ z}lIfs IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k|j4{g ug]{ .
-3_ Psn ljifo k|df0fLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 ljBfyL{sf] ax'
af}b\lwstfsf cfwf/df l;sfOsf cj;/ k|bfg ug{ .
kf7\oef/ / kf7\o306f
 #@ 306fsf] ;dofjlwnfO{ Ps kf7\o306f (Credit Hour) dflgg]
 lg0f{ofTds d"Nofª\sgsf nflu lnOg] k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g ljBfno
v'n]sf] jf k7g kf7g ePsf] s'n lbgsf] &% k|ltzt xflh/L ePsf]
x'g'kg]{ 5 .
 kf7\oj|mddf k|of]ufTds sfo{sf nflu l;sfO ;Dab\w lj|mofsnfk
tyf cltl/St lj|mofsnfknfO{ cfwf/ dfgL d"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ 5 .

26
 12/22/2021

g]kfndf cIf/fª\sg k4ltsf] ljsf;

sfo{ljlw, @)&@ sf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg -@)&@÷!@÷^_
n]6/ u|]l8ª k|0ffnL -@)&@ P;Pn;L b]lv_
l;=g+= k|fKtfª\ssf] juf{Gt/ u|]8 jf tx JofVof :t/Ls[t cª\s
-s_ @) / ;f] eGbf dfly $) eGbf sdnfO{ D u|]8 agfOPsf]df o;nfO{ -k|ltztdf_ jf >]0fL -Grade point_
k'm6fP/ @) / ;f]eGbf dfly #) eGbf sdnfO{ D / #) / ;f]eGbf dfly $) () / ;f]eGbf dfly
! A+ Outstanding $=)
eGbf sdnfO{ D+ u|]8 lgwf{/0f ug]{ . *) / ;f]eGbf dfly () eGbf sd
@ A Excellent #=^
-v_ ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds u|]8 5'§f5'§} lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf]df ;f] x6fO &) / ;f]eGbf dfly *) eGbf sd
# B+ Very good #=@
s]jn ljifout u|]8dfq lbg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] . ^) / ;f]eGbf dfly &) eGbf sd
$ B Good @=*
-u_ z'GonfO{ lbOPsf] N u|]8 x6fO{ z'Gob]lv @) eGbf sdnfO{ E u|]8 lbg] %) / ;f]eGbf dfly ^) eGbf sd
% C+ Satisfactory @=$
Joj:yf ul/Psf] . $) / ;f]eGbf dfly %) eGbf sd
^ C Acceptable @=)
-3_ ;a} ljifosf] cf};t u|]8 KofOG6sf] cfwf/df lgsflng] ;du| u|]8 glbg] & #) / ;f]eGbf dfly $) eGbf sd D+ Partially !=^
Joj:yf ul/Psf] . acceptable
* @) / ;f]eGbf dfly #) eGbf sd D Insufficient !=@

( @) eGbf sd E Very Insufficient )=*

n]6/ u|]l8ª k|0ffnL n]6/ u|]l8ª k|0ffnL

ljBfno lzIffdf cIf/fª\sg k4lt sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw, @)&@ sf] bf];|f] cIf/fª\sgsf] sfof{Gjog ljlw
;+zf]wg -@)&#÷!@÷@&_ u|]8sf] Joj:yf M pTt/k'l:tsfsf] k/LIf0f cª\sdf ul/g]5 / cª\snfO{
/fli6«o kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf d"Nof+sg kl/ifb\sf] ldlt @)&#÷!@÷@& sf] tf]lsPsf] cIf/ u|]8 k|bfg ul/g] .
j}7sn] cIf/f+sg k4lt sfof{Gjog lgb]{lzsf @)&@ sf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg u/L pQL0f{÷cg'QL0f{ gx'g], u|]8 lbOg]
lgDgfg';f/sf Joj:yfx? u/]sf] M
sIff * b]lv !@ ;Dd cIf/f+sg k4lt nfu' ug]{ / o;f] ubf{ o; cl3 sIff
!) sf nflu k|of]u ul/Padf]lhdsf] ( u|]8 g} sfod ug]{ .
sIff * / !@ df z}lIfs ;q @)&$ af6 cIf/f+sg k4lt nfu" ug]{ . sIff !!
df o;} jif{ -z}lIfs ;q @)&#÷)&$_ b]lv g} cIf/f+sg k4lt sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
;f]xL cg';f/ lj=;+= @)&$ ;fndf ;~rflnt sIff !! sf] k/LIffsf] glthf
cIf/f+sg k4lt cg';f/ k|sfzg ul/Psf] .

27
 12/22/2021

n]6/ u|]l8ª k|0ffnL

cIf/fª\sgsf] sfof{GJfog ljlw
u|]8 j[l4 -k"/s_ k/LIff M cfwf/e"t txsf] cGtdf x'g] k/LIff -sIff *_Ù
dfWolds lzIff k/LIff -sIff !)_ / dfWolds lzIff pQL0f{ k/LIff -sIff !! /
!@_ sf ;L jf ;LeGbf sd u|]8 k|fKt u/]sf k/LIffyL{n] cfkm"n] rfx]sf
ljBfyL{sf] /fli6«o pknlJw k/LIf0f
ljifodf dflyNNff] u|]8 k|flKtsf nflu u|]8 j[l4 -k"/s_ k/LIff lbg ;Sg] 5g\ . -National Assessment of Student
a9Ldf b'O{ ljifo;Dd cg'kl:yt /x]sf jf b'O{ ljifo;Dddf u|]8 pNn]v
gePsf k/LIffyL{nfO{ u|]8 j[l4 k/LIffdf ;dfj]z u/fOg]5 . t/ dfWolds Achievement- NASA_
lzIff sIff !) sf] xsdf b'O{ ljifoeGbf a9L ljifodf cg'kl:yt /x]sf jf
u|]8 pNn]v gePsf k/LIffyL{ tyf ljutsf] k/LIffdf cg'QL0f{ k'/fgf
k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ PSh]D6]8 k/LIffdf ;dfj]z u/fOg]5 .

•ljBfyL{sf]/fli6«o:t/df l;sfO pknlAw k/LIf0f ug]{ pknlAw k/LIf0f ul/Psf sIff / jif{
sfo{ z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]Gb|n] ub{5 . ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf -@))(–!%_ sf] ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf -@)!^–@#_ sf]
•ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgf @)^^–)&@ n] u/]sf] Joj:yf cjlwdf cjlwdf
@)^* @)^( @)&) @)&@ @)&# @)&$ @)&% @)&^ -;g\ -;g\
cg'?k z}lIfs u'0f:t/ k/LIf0f s]G› :yfkgf lj=;+= -;g\ -;g\ @)!@_ -;g\ -;g\ @)!%_ -;g\ -;g\ -;g\ -;g\ @)@!_ @)@@_
@)^^ sflt{s !# df ePsf] . @)!!_ @)!# @)!& @)!* @)!(_ @)@)_
_ _
•ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfsf] kfnfdf sIff #, % / * df sIff * sIff # / % sIff sIff # / % sIff sIff sIff sIff * sIff % sIff
/fli6«o:t/df l;sfO pknlAw k/LIf0f ul/Psf], * * % !) df !) df
x'g]
•ljBfno If]q ljsf; of]hgf @)&#–)*) n] sIff %, * / g]kfnL, sIff % df g]kfnL sIff % df g]kfnL, g]kfnL g]kfnL, g]kfnL,
!) df /fli6«o:t/df l;sfO pknlAw k/LIf0f ug]{ ul0ft / g]kfnL, , g]kfnL, ul0ft, / ul0ft, ul0ft,
Joj:yf u/]sf] ., ;fdflh ul0ft / ul0ft ul0ft / lj1fg ul0ft lj1fg lj1fg
s c+u|]hL tyf / c+u|]hL tyf / / /
sIff # df lj1f sIff # df c+u|]hL c+u|]hL c+u|]hL
g]kfnL / g g]kfnL /
ul0ft ul0ft

28
 12/22/2021

NASA - Report NASA - Report

sIff sIff # sIff sIff %
jif{ @)!@ @)!% jif{ @)!@ @)!%
ljifo g]kfnL ul0ft g]kfnL ul0ft ljifo g]kfnL ul0ft c+u|]hL g]kfnL ul0ft c+u|]hL
/fli6«o cf};t 60 53 54 46 48 47
63 60 52 45 61 53 53 48 50 47
/fli6«o cf};t 5fqf
64 60 54 45 59 54 55 46 48 47
5fqf 5fq
63 60 51 45 54 49 66 43 45 38
5fq ;fd'bflos
57 54 46 41 ;+:yfut 78 67 83 61 61 73
;fd'bflos
80 75 67 54
;+:yfut

NASA - Report
gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff *, @)!& -z}=;=@)&#_
sIff ÷jif{ sIff *
÷ljifo  ;g\ @)!& -z}lIfs jif{ @)&#_ df sIff * sf] g]kfnL, ul0ft /
lj1fg ljifosf nflu k/LIf0f ;~rfng ul/Psf] .
;g\ @)!! ;g\ @)!#
 k|Zgsf] sl7gfOsf cfwf/df ^ cf]6f :t/ -Standards_
g]kfnL ul0ft ;fdflhs g]kfnL ul0ft lj1fg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .
/fli6«o 49 43 49 48 35 41
 ljBfyL{sf] cGQ/lglxt Ifdtf -Talent ability_ nfO{ :s]n
cf}ift cÍ -Scale score_ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
5fqf 49 41 49 48 33 39

5fq 48 45 50 48 38 43

29
 12/22/2021

gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff *, @)!& -z}=;=@)&#_
 k|Zgx¿ 5gf]6, glthf k|flKt / ljZn]if0fsf nflu
k/LIf0f;DaGTwL cfw'lgs l;4fGQ Item Response
Theory -IRT_ sf] k|of]u ul//Psf] 5 .
 tYofÍ ljZn]if0fsf nflu SPSS / Conquest ;ˆ6j]o/sf
;fy} tYof+szf:qLo l;4fGtx¿sf] k|of]u u/L gd"gfsf
cfwf/df ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyLsf] ef/ lgsfnL ;Dk"0f{ ljBfyLsf
nflu glthfsf] cg'dfg u/L efl/t cf};t k|:t't ul/Psf]
 cf};t -Mean_ cÍ %)) / :t/Lo ljrng %) lglZrt u/L
To;}sf cfwf/df glthf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff *, @)!& -z}=;=@)&#_
d'Vo glthf
 ul0ft / lj1fgsf] t'ngfdf g]kfnLsf] glthf t'ngfTds
¿kdf /fd|f] /x]sf]
 k|b]z # sf ljBfyLx¿sf] pknlAw ;a} ljifodf pRr /x]sf]
5 eg] g]kfnLdf k|b]z @, ul0ftdf k|b]z ^ / lj1fgdf k|b]z !
sf ljBfyL{sf] pknlAw ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 .
 ul0ft / lj1fgdf 5fqx¿sf] Ifdtf s]xL pRr /x]sf] kfOof]
eg] g]kfnLdf 5fqf 5fqsf] pknlAwaLt vf;} leGgtf b]lvPg
.
 /fli6«o cf};t ;a} ljifosf] %)) lgwf{/0f u/L To;sf] cfwf/df
t'ngf ubf{ k|b]zcg';f/ ljleGg ljifosf] glthf lgDgfg';f/ 5 M

gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff *, @)!&

gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff *, @)!& -z}=;=@)&#_
l;sfO :t/sf cfwf/df x]bf{
k|b]z g]kfnL ul0ft lj1fg
k|b]z ! 492 486 483 ;Ifdtfsf] tx ljBfyL{ k|ltzt
k|b]z @ 478 501 488 g]kfnL ul0ft lj1fg
k|b]z # 518 520 529 tx ! 0.5 2.1 1.8
k|b]z $ 511 514 518 4.7 12.9 15.5
tx @
k|b]z % 501 501 498 26.1 31.3 38.9
k|b]z ^ 492 467 484
tx #
tx $ 58.4 38.8 32.7
k|b]z & 496 480 488
tx % 10.1 14.1 9.9

tx ^ 0.2 0.8 1.2

30
 12/22/2021

gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff % -@)!*_ gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff % -@)!*_

•;g\ @)!* -lj=;+= @)&$_ df sIff % sf] ul0ft / g]kfnL ljifosf]
l;sfO pknlAw k/LIf0f ul/Psf],
•glthf ljZn]if0f ubf{ gd'gfsf] ef/sf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]
cf};t pknlAwnfO{ glthfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf],
•ljBfyL{sf] cGtlg{lxt Ifdtf hgfpg] dfg -theta Ɵ value_ nfO{
/fli6«o cf};t %)) / :t/Lo leGgtf %) /fvL ¿kfGtl/t u/]/ cf};t
pknlAw :t/ lx;fa ul/Psf],
•ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO:t/nfO{ cfwf/e"t eGbf Go"g -tx z"Go_,
cfwf/e"t -tx Ps_, k|jL0ftf -tx b'O{_ / ljlzi6 -tx tLg_ u/L rf/
txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] .
•ul0ft ljifodf 5fq / g]kfnL ljifodf 5fqfsf] l;sfO pknlAw
t'ngfTds ?kdf /fd|f] /x]sf],
•ul0ft ljifodf k|b]z @ sf] ;a}eGbf w]/} -%@!_ / ;a}eGbf sd k|b]z
% sf] -$*^_ /x]sf],
•g]kfnL ljifodf u08sL k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} -%!!_ / ;a}eGbf sd
s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] -$**_ /x]sf],

gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff !) -@)!(_ gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff !) -@)!(_

•ul0ft ljifodf $)! / Tof] eGbf sdnfO{ tx !, %&@ / ;f]eGbf
•lj=;+= @)!( df sIff !) sf] ul0ft, g]kfnL, lj1fg / c+u|]hL ljifosf] l;sfO dflynfO{ tx ^ df /flvPsf] .
pknlAw k/LIf0f ul/Psf]
•sIff !) sf] ;Gbe{df klxnf] k/LIf0f •lj1fg ljifodf $$* / Tof] eGbf sdnfO{ tx !, %%^ / ;f]eGbf
•k/LIf0fdf j}1flgs gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlwaf6 5gf]6 ul/Psf !*)) ljBfnosf dflynfO{ tx ^ df /flvPsf] .
$#,**^ ljBfyL{x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] •g]kfnL ljifodf $$( / Tof] eGbf sdnfO{ tx !, %%% / ;f]eGbf
•k/LIf0fdf k|To]s ljifosf kfFrcf]6f ;]6 k|Zgkqx¿ k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
dflynfO{ tx ^ df /flvPsf] .
•Item Response Theory (IRT) sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . h;af6 ljleGg
tx, sIff, jif{sf ljBfyL{x¿sf] glthf t'ngf ;Dej x'G5 . •c+u|]hL ljifodf $#@ / Tof] eGbf sdnfO{ tx !, %#* / ;f]eGbf
•ljBfyL{x¿sf] IfdtfnfO{ %)) cf};t dfgL cf};teGbf Go"g / cf};teGbf pRr dflynfO{ tx ^ df /flvPsf] .
x'g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] t'ngf ul/Psf] 5 .
•ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|jL0ftfnfO{ ljleGg ^ txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 h'g
cfwf/e"teGbf Go"g, cfwf/e"t, k|jL0f !, k|jL0f @, k|jL0f # / ljlzi6 tx 5g\ .

31
 12/22/2021

gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff !) -@)!(_ gf;f l/kf]6{ M sIff !) -@)!(_

glthf
•sIff !) df cWoog/t 5fq5fqfx¿larsf] l;sfOdf 7"nf] c;dfgtf g}
k/LIf0fsf] d'Vo glthf xf] .
•ul0ft / lj1fg ljifodf 5fqx¿sf] l;sfO pknlAw 5fqfx¿sf] t'ngfdf
sdhf]/ b]lvG5 eg] cª\u|]hL / g]kfnL ljifosf] l;sfO pknlAwdf vf; cGt/
b]lvFb}g .
•3/df g]kfnL efiff k|of]u ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] t'ngfdf cGo efiff k|of]u ug]{
afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO pknlAw sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvof] .
•lj1fg, cª\u|]hL / ul0ft ljifodf ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljBfyL{sf] t'ngfdf
;+:yfut ljBfnosf] l;sfO pknlAw w]/} pRr blvof] eg] g]kfnL ljifodf
klg ;+:yfut ljBfnosf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO pknlAw cGo ljifosf]
t'ngfdf sd t/ ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] t'ngfdf pRr g} b]lvof] .
glthf
•3/df afa'cfdf pRr lzIff k|fKt u/]sf aRrfx¿sf]
;a} ljifosf] l;sfO pknlAw pRr /x]sf] kfOof] .
•k/LIf0faf6 k|fKt tYofÍnfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf ljZn]if0f
ubf{ Ps rf}yfO ljBfyL{n] eg] rf/ 306f 3/df cWoog
ug]{ u/]sf] kfOof] .
•k/LIf0f ul/Psf rf/j6} ljifodf jfudlt, u08sL /
n'lDagL sf afnaflnsfx¿sf] l;sfO pknlAw k|b]z !,
@, s0ff{nL / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf pRr b]lvof] .

gd"gf k|Zgx? gd"gf k|Zgx?

#=lglZrt lgodsf cfwf/df ;+VofTds cleJolQm ug'{
!= ljBfyL{sf] l;sfOsf] cj:yf kQfnufpg] k|lqmofdf =============== xf] .
;a}eGbf klxnf b]xfosfdWo] s'g sfo{ ul/G5 < -s_ dfkg -v_ k/LIf0f
-s_ d"Nof+sg -v_ cf+sng -u_ d"Nof+sg -3_ cf+sng
-u_ k/LIf0f -3_ dfkg $= b]xfosf s'g egfO{ 7Ls 5 <
@= JolQmdf cGtlg{lxt ljlzi6 u'0fx?nfO{ Jojxf/sf] -s_ dfkg k/LIf0fsf] ljlzi6 ;fwg xf] .
¿kdf cjnf]sg of]Uo t'NofpFgsf nflu /xg] -v_ cf+sng dfkgsf]] cfwf/e"t k|lqmof xf] .
pQ]hgfx?sf] ;d"x ==============xf] < -u_ l;sfOsf] kl/df0ffTds kIfnfO{ u'0ffTds kIfdf
-s_ dfkg -v_ k/LIf0f -u_ d"Nof+sg -3_ abNg] k|lqmof dfkg xf] .
cf+sng -3_ dfkg d"Nofª\sgsf] cfwf/e"t ;fwg tyf k|lqmof xf] .

32
 12/22/2021

gd"gf k|Zgx? gd"gf k|Zgx?

%=b]xfosf dWo] s'g d"Nof+sgn] l;sfO k|ultsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ &=k"jf{u|xsf] k|efj ;a}eGbf sd x'g] k/LIff b]xfodWo] s'g xf] <
;xof]u ub{5 < -s_ df}lvs k/LIff -v_ ljifout k/LIff
-u_ j:t'ut k/LIff -3_ k|of]ufTds k/LIff
-s_ lgdf{0ffTds -v_ :yfg lgwf{/0f
-u_ lg0f{ofTds -3_ lgbfgfTds *=5gf}6 u/]/ k9\g] afgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg s'g k|Zgdf x'G5 <
^=dgf]j}1flgs ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{ s'g d"Nof+sgsf] tl/sf -s_ ;+lIfKt pQ/fTds k|Zg
k|of]u ul/G5 < -v_ ljifout k|Zg
-u_ jx'j}slNks k|Zg
-s_ lg0f{ofTds -v_ :yfg lgwf{/0f -3_ hf]8f ldnfpg] k|Zg
-u_ lgdf{0ffTds -3_ lgbfgfTds

gd"gf k|Zgx?
pQ/
(=ljBfno If]q ;'wf/ of]hgfn] lg/Gt/ d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLnfO{ slt !=u
sIff;Dd nfu" ug]{ gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] < @=v
-s_ sIff ^ ;Dd -v_ sIff & ;Dd #=s
$=3
-u_ sIff * ;Dd -3_ sIff % ;Dd
%= s
!)=sIff !–# sf] PsLs[t kf7\oqmd @)&^ n] pknlAw k/LIf0fnfO{ ^= 3
cIf/f+sg;Fu t'ngf ubf{ ^) b]lv &% k|fKtf+snfO{ s;/L JofVof &= u
ul/Psf] 5 < *= v
-s_ dWod -v_ ;fdfGo (= v
-u_ pRr -3_ /fd|f] !)=3

33
 12/22/2021

Thank
You

34