Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.

1
Figure 2.3 shows a simple axial problem. The cross section is not uniform.
This gives a good understanding to students how they approach using axial
elements with constant cross sections.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
When using axial element, the element has constant cross section. In order
to solve this problem, either outer or inner cross sectional approach can be
applied. In outer approach using 3 elements, the cross sections used are A1,
A2 and A3 whereas in inner approach A2, A3 and A4.

The information given is only the cross section areas. It is assume the
element is square bar, the sides for A1, A2, A3 and A4 are 0.06m, 0.05m,
0.03m and 0.02m, respectively.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
From the LEFT column, double clicks Analysis <Static 3D>

A dialog appears, click General –> 2D –> Static 2D. The reason to select 2D
(two dimensional) is the beam will be seen from planar view (as a plate) and
the cross section can be denied as the thickness of a plate.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
Select Materials menu from the components & materials. Right clicks Default <0
elements> and choose Assign new material. For material 1, in Geometric tab,
choose Rectangular Bar and enter the a: 0.05m and b: 0.05m.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
• Go to Mechanical tab , Choose Isotropic
– Enter Young’s Modulus: 70GPa and Poisson Ratio: 0.3 > Add Material 2
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
Select Materials menu from the components & materials. Right clicks Default
<0 elements> and choose Assign new material. In Geometric tab, choose
Rectangular Bar and enter the a: 0.03m and b: 0.03m.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
• Go to Mechanical tab , Choose Isotropic
– Enter Young’s Modulus: 70GPa and Poisson Ratio: 0.3 > Add Material 3
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
Select Materials menu from the components & materials. Right clicks Default
<0 elements> and choose Assign new material. In Geometric tab, choose
Rectangular Bar and enter the a: 0.02m and b: 0.02m.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
• Go to Mechanical tab , Choose Isotropic
– Enter Young’s Modulus: 70GPa and Poisson Ratio: 0.3 > close
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
•From the Mesh tools -> create -> Node…
– Enter and Add the coordinate of 4 nodes as below.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1

 To view the node numbers select

 For clarity, the co-ordinate axis has been hidden by un-checking Origin in
the options dialog.
 CREATING AN ELEMENT
 To create the 8 node elements, we could create more nodes in-between
the 4 existing nodes and then join them up to form 8 node elements or we
could create 4 node quadrilateral elements, and use a feature in LISA's pre-
processor to automatically convert the 4 node elements into 8 node
elements. We shall choose the latter alternative. Clicks Mesh tools ->
create -> element.
 On the displayed dialog, select the line 2, choose material 1 and click
node 1 and 2 to define element 1. Then, continue the step for element 2
(material 2) and element 3 (material 3). Click Show Element Numbers
On/Off symbol.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
To see the elements information, click Mesh tools -> node/element list.
Check the information of Element tab the 3 elements created.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
Node 1 is restrained which is not allowed to move. Since this is axial
problem, restraining in x and y translations should be sufficient to define
the fixed condition. Pick the node to be restrained, i.e. node 1, then go to
menu Constraints . Add/Edit and a Node Properties dialog appears (next
page)
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1

Using the mouse, select the lower left corner node (number 1)

Select loads & constraints -> new displacement.

 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1

 Repeat the above steps.

Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
The constraint symbols at node 1 should appear as follows:
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
There are two nodes will be loaded. One is located at node 2 with a load of
250N to the left and another one located at node 4 with a load of 1000N
to the right. Since the x direction is going to the right direction, the
loading at node 2 should be indicated as negative.

Pick node 2 by clicking on it, then Select loads & constraints -> new
force.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
Pick node 4 by clicking on it, then Select loads & constraints ->
new force.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
You should see the green arrows; one going to the left at node 2 and another
one right arrow at node 4.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
If you want to see the element faces to view the real appearance of the difference
cross sections, go to
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1

 To solve the model, select Tools -> Solve

 After the solver has finished, click close icon to see the result to
animation and other viewing results.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
You will see the default Displacement Magnitude contour.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
If you change the viewing result to Displacement in X the result is exactly the same, because the
displacement is in x direction only.
 Chapter 2-Axial Problem: Exercise 2.1
To see the result in table , click the table icon the table dialog box will appear.
Choose the field value that you wanted to appear in the table. Then click
Update. To place the result in Microsoft Excel just click Copy to Clipboard and
paste it inside the Excel Worksheet.