Irjmetstemplate Finial With Abstract

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and
Science
( Peer-Reviewed, Open Access, Fully Refereed International Journal )
Volume:04/Issue:05/May-2022 Impact Factor- 6.752 www.irjmets.com
AN EXPLICATION OF UNDERWATER CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF BRIDGE

USING MINIATURE MODEL.
Neelima.B.Kore1, Sanika R.Patil2, Sakshi C.Mohite3 ,Jayesh D.Patil4,Nilakshi S.Dalvi5
Nilesh P.Pawar6
* Diploma Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar,

India2,3,4,5,6 Diploma Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology,
Rajaramnagar, India
ABSTRACT
Under water construction is the most difficult part of the construction like bridges , dams it also increases the
qurosity level toward that how to construct the foundation of those infrastructure .The Construction of the coffer
dam is also one of the difficult part of the bridge construction it also increases the qurosity to how demonstrate
it .However by model anyone can easily understand the construction process of the bridge ,how the well
foundation is actually constructed .Here me mention all the data related to the bridge as their component part
,foundation and their types .In our Academic year there is no special subject allotted to underwater construction
hence to highlight the underwater construction processes we mention the all information regarding to well
foundation for the bridge with help of 2D and 3D drawings . Foe the realistic view of the model we consume the
real material and construct the model and tries to show all the minor and major things related to bridge
component part and well foundation .
I. INTRODUCTION
Civil Engineering it is the branch of engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of
structure of public works as they are related to land and water. It is known as mother branch of engineering.
Construction industry is one of the most important industry from.Under water construction is an essential part
of civil engineering which construct the structures like bridges, dam, water tunnels and any other structure
where the foundation part of these structure undergoes the water which is a very challenging job to do. Also, this
type of structure includes high risk of damages due to water and other environmental effects. But due to various
methods and technologies human made it possible to dream and construct underwater structures. While learning
our academics we have introductory part of foundation, bridge and dams but the curiosity of learning details of
underwater construction bring us to the conclusion of its study withminiature model. Our project and so our
project model is willing to provide detail of bridge construction and so things required for underwater
construction. This will also help and encouragestudents for more curious study of underwater construction.
II. METHODOLOGY
To Study of underwater construction Process ,bridge component part and preparation of model .
Objective :-
1. To study underwater construction process
2. To demonstrate coffer dam, different components parts of bridge and its foundation usingminiature
model
3. To help students to learn component parts of bridge and other detailing required for
underwater construction
Scope:-
1. This project will help student get the knowledge of component parts of the bridge andother detailing
required for underwater construction.
2. Project Model will motivate students for model learning and making.
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III. DATA COLLECTION ON BRIDGE

A bridge is a structure built for a physical barrier without a path down. It is intended to provide a way to cross a
barrier, which is usually something that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to cross. Road, or railway .A
Bridge is a structure for carrying road traffic or other moving loads over a deep valleyor obstruction such
as a river, channel, road, or railway.
Substructure :-
Bridge substructure is the part of the bridge that supports the entire structure on a given surrounding soil.
Substructure: The substructure is the part of the bridge that supports the entire structure on a given surrounding
soil.
1.Abutment :- It is a structure that is mainly used for bridges and dams as a span of the bridge or at the end of
thebridge as a substructure and the structure above it is resting. The single span bridge has two abutments
supporting it vertically and sideways. It also plays the role of retaining the walls to resist the movement of the
side of the earth fill in the approach of the bridge. Abutment can also be defined by the supporting structure on
one side of the arch or the stone construction used to resist lateral forces.
2.Piers –Provides central support in spans. Bridge piers mainly support the bridge superstructure element and
transfer the load to the foundation. The pier must be strong to handle horizontally as well as laterally. used is
presented in this section. Table and model should be in prescribed format.
3.Wing walls - It is one of the structures that holds the earth in place. They are located next to the abutments and
act as retaining walls. The wing wall reserves for soil, road, and ramparts, which may be at right angles to the
abutment or at different angles.
2. Superstructure :-
The components of the bridge over the bearing are known as the superstructure. The main part of the bridge is
its upper structure. The superstructure bears heavy loads while crossing the bridge. This includes deck slabs,
girders, trusses, etc. Specific elements vary depending on the type of bridge and the material, such as concrete
or steel.
1.Beam and grider :-Both have the same function of supporting the roadway and preventing bends. The girder is
also a type of beam support. Girders are used where the load is high beam support instead. The beams have a
rectangular cross-section, while the girders are I-shaped web for cross-section and stabilization with two load-
bearing flanges.
2.Bearing:-A bearing is provided between the bridge girder and the pier cap. The main function of the bearing is
to reduce the free movement or vibration of the upper superstructure and the impact stress to reach the bridge
foundation.
3.Arch and Cables- Specify both arc and cable used. Arches are used for construction of arch bridges and cables
are used for suspension, cable-stayed bridges etc. An arch bridge is a bridge with a curved arch at each end. Arch
bridges operate by transferring the weight of the bridge and its load in part to the horizontal thrust restrained
by abutments on both sides. Ways (long bridges) can be made from a series of arches, although other more
economical structures are commonly used today.
4.Parapet wall -A parapet is a safety element of any bridge that prevents a vehicle from falling where there is a
drop. It is also useful for blocking views, preventing debris from going down and acting as a sound barrier. The
roof surface may be just part of an exterior wall running along the edge line, or may be a continuation of a vertical
feature under the roof, such as a firewall or party wall, parapets originally used to protect buildings from military
attack. , But today they are mainly used as guard rails, to hide roofing equipment, to reduce the wind load on the
roof, and to prevent the spread

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3.Under water construction :-

Underwater construction is an essential part of civil engineering that consists of bridges, dams, water tunnels
and any other structure where the foundation of this structure goes under water which is a very challenging
task to do. Also, this type of structure carries a high risk of damage due to water and other environmental
influences. But various methods and technologies have made it possible for humans to dream and create
underwater structures. Underwater construction is a method of how to place concrete underwater. During the
construction of bridges, dams or any structure where the foundation is likely to be underwater, underwater
construction is chosen. Many difficulties arise during construction in water, especially where the depth is
significant. During underwater construction, the main objective is to create a dry and water-free environment
for work so that the stability of the structure is balanced.
Under water construction techniques :-
1. Wet construction 2. Dry construction
4.Cofferdam :-
cofferdam, a watertight enclosure from which water is pumped to open the bed of water body to allow the
construction of piers or other hydraulic works. Cofferdams are made by driving sheetpiling, usually steel in
modern works, in beds to create a watertight fence. Vertical piles are held in place by horizontal framing
members built of heavy wood, steel or a mixture of the two.
The sides of the cofferdam should be strong and well-built to
withstand the impact of a heavy dredging bucket; When water
is pumped in from the cofferdam, it must be able to withstand
the horizontal forces in the body surrounding the water.
Cofferdam at least goes back to Roman engineers, who built
many of these attachments to find their stone-arch bridges and
naval pillars.
There are several types of cofferdam. Cofferdam is defined as
a temporary obstruction in or around a body of water that allows the process of removing, diverting, or retaining
water in a confined area. The main purpose of any cofferdam type is to hold excessive or inconvenient water and
create a dry work environment. This allows the project to proceed with less resistance and as much safety as
possible.
5.Bridge foundation :- The bridge foundation is the foundation of the bridge that transmits loads from
piers, abutments and wings to the support level. It should be deep enough so as not to affect the acidity of the
river.
Types of foundation:-
1.Spread Foundation – Spread foundation is also called open foundation. The foundation of a normal height
bridge based on strong and dry ground is reasonable to help with the construction. This type of foundation is
suitable where there is minimal rubbing and the rough ground starts from 1.5m - 3m below the water level.
2.Raft Foundation - These types of bridge foundation are generally utilized where there passable bearing limit
of thesoil is less and the watercourse bed contains delicate clay and silt. It favors foundations where hard soil
isn’t found inside sensible profundity of 1.5m – 2.5m, beneath the watercourse.
3.Pile Foundation Bridge – Pile foundations are a type of bridge foundation that is used in situations where
the soil is extremely fragile and the hard layer is not accessible with the proper intensity. It is also used to remove
river erosion and to lift a huge concentrated load by the foundation.
4.Well Foundation Bridge –Bridge well foundation is a type of bridge foundation that is used when there is
sandy soil on the bed, hard soil 3-4 meters below the water flow level. Cotton with fragile soils is most suitable
for soils, depending on sandy soils and heavy erosion due to the rapid flow of the river.
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5.Caisson Bridge Foundation –The Caisson Foundation is a type of bridge foundation that is used in areas with
a hard layer near the river bed and there is a huge amount of water that is not economically strong.Remove strong
sinking wells for well feet.
6.Grillage Foundation –A foundation consisting of teams of one, two or more layers (usually steel) One layer of
concrete has a grillage foundation to spread the load over a wide area. It is used at the bottom of columns. This
type of foundation is commonly used for columns of heavy structures and for scatolda. This type of bridge
foundation is suitable for heavy and split feet of ghats where D (CI) ions should be avoided. Grillage foundation
is most suitable if the soil condition is bad.
7.Inverted Arc Foundation -This type of bridge foundation is suitable when the intensity of finding the
foundation is low. Inverted foundations are most suitable where soil holding limits are low. Especially when the
subsoil has some fragile pockets and the possibility of inconsistent settlement.
IV. WELL FOUNDATION AND CASSION

A well foundation is a type of deep foundation that is usually provided below the water level of the bridge. Caches
or wells are used for bridge foundations and other structures. The word 'cation' comes from the French word
caisse which means box or chest. Cation is therefore a structure, a circular or rectangular box, which is sunk from
the surface of the earth or water to some desired depth..
Types of cassion :-
Box cassion:It is open at the top and closed at the bottom and is made of timber,
reinforced concrete or steel.This type of cassion is used where bearing stratum is
available at shallow depth
Open cassion (wells):-Open cassion is a box opened both at top and bottom. It is
made up to either timber, concrete or steel. The open cassion is called well. Well
foundation is the most common type of deep foundationused for bridges in India.
Pneumatic cassions:It has its lower end designed as a working chamber in which
compressed air is forced toprevent theentry of water and thus excavation can be
done in dry conditions.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS-WELL FOUNDATION
1. Survey – Setting out - Set out means establishing points and lines to define the actual location and level of
the structural elements for the construction work so that the construction of the well foundation construction
can proceed in their context. The purpose of the survey is to determine the status of existing features by
making measurements for the well foundation process..
• Accurate layout of the center line of the bridge with the help of total station and marking the
location of the ghat.
• Reference survey points will be established away from the area of blowup or away from potential
colonial area as a result of well sinking.
• Such reference points will be permanently connected with the bank's baseline
• the distance should be checked by accurate tape and accurate distomat
2. Cutting Edge Fabrication

• Cutting edge shall be fabricated in the yard as per approved design and drawing.
• Cutting edge shall be fabricated in some segments depending upon circumference andease of
handling and transporting.
• It has to be cold-bent after joining the two angles back to back, heating not permitted.
• It should be properly anchored with the well curb concrete.
• In case blasting is anticipated, part of the inner face of well curb is armored with steelplate.

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3. Placement and Assembling of Cutting Edge:

• Well foundation procedure involves Checking of the center point of the foundation wellas per
design coordinates before placing with the help of total station.
• Provide four permanent reference pillars along and across the bridge center line.
• The area will be levelled and compacted before placing of cutting edge.
• The cutting edge will be placed over the wooden sleeper, maintaining the spacing of2.00m c/c.
• The segments will be joined by splicing plate as per the approved drawing.
• In case of massive cutting edges, it is preferable to place it on rollers.
• Final checking for construction of well foundation includes alignment, level, splicingjoints, etc.
4. Well Curb Construction:It is the wedge-shaped reinforced concrete ring beam shaped structural
element located at thelower part of steining. well curb is Provided to facilitate sinking of well effectively
Inner Formwork:
• First of all, internal formwork shall be erected and joined to form the proper shape as perdrawing.
• Providing and fixing of horizontal and diagonal supports.
• Shuttering should be cleaned, and standard form releasing agent(shuttering oil) applied.
• Seal the shutter joints using foam sheets to make leakproof.
Reinforcement Fixing:
• Rebars are cut and bend at the reinforcement yard.

• Check rebars for corrosion, pitting etc.
• Provide an adequate number of circular cover blocks(75mm).
• Vertical reinforcement bars are to be properly anchored with cutting edge with the helpof
welding or nut-bolts as per approved design and drawing.
Outer Formwork:
• The entire floor area should be properly cleaned before fixing outer formwork.
• Formwork shall be fixed as per approved drawing.
• Shuttering shall be cleaned, and standard form releasing agent applied.
• Seal the shutter joints using foam sheets to make leakproof.
• Fix coil anchors at appropriate locations for the erection of shutter for next lift.
• Outer formwork is supported by encompassing the circumference by wire rope tightenedwith the
turnbuckle.
• The inner and outer shutter should be connected by lateral bracing
5. Well Curb Concreting:

Concrete shall be placed in a single and continuous pour by crane bucket or pump as per availability,
ensuring proper compaction.
6. Deshuttering and Gauge Marking:

• Inner formwork can be removed after 72 hrs.
• Outer formwork may be removed after setting of concrete.
• Gauge marking shall be done along both axis at the four outer face location of the foundation well
with paint by using a template.
7. Grounding of Well Curb:
• Grounding of well curb is the process for transferring the load from Wooden sleeper to the ground
truly concentrically and vertically without tilt or shift. Successfully groundingis crucial for further
activities of construction of well foundation.

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• Grounding may start after removal of inner formwork.
• Gunny bags filled with sand shall be placed in between wooden sleepers along the periphery at the
bottom of cutting edge.
• Diagonally opposite sleepers shall be removed by scooping earth from beneath.
• The load of curb transferred from wooden sleepers to sand-filled gunny bags and finally to the
ground by cutting the diagonally opposite gunny bags by knife
• The initial sinking of curb is significant and shall be done manually as far as possible, keeping curb
top approximately one meter above the ground level.
8. Steining
• After grounding of well curb and its initial sinking, the well is built up by constructingsteining in
stages/lifts and subsequent sinking of the same.
• The height of steining is 2.0m for 1st lift and thereafter 2.0 to 2.5m, and number of liftsshould be
minimum to avoid construction joint.
• The chances of tilting increase if the well is made top-heavy by raising the steining toohigh in the
first stance.
• The steining shall be built in one straight line from bottom to top such that if the well istitled, the
next lift of steining will be aligned in the direction of the tilt.
• Straightness check shall be with the aid of an approved length of straight edges
• Plumb bob or spirit level shall never be used for alignment
Before the erection of shutter for next lift damaged portions if any, of steining top of theprevious lift shall be
properly repaired.
9. Well Sinking
• The sinking of well is done by two methods open sinking of wells (Most commonly usedmethod in
India) and Pneumatic sinking (Used rarely when open sinking does not help due to hard strata)
• The sinking operation involves lowering of well by dredging in the dredge hole.
• Plate grab is used in soft strata like sandy silt, soft clay, sandy clay, dense sand etc.
• In hard/stiff clay strata heavy-duty chisel used, followed by dredging by tyne grab.
• Levels and alignment (tilt and shift) of well shall be checked regularly at every 0.5m of sinking.
• Sinking operation shall preferably be non-stop under skilled supervision.
• Dredged materials shall not be heaved on one side of well to avoid tilt and shift. tion of Well
Foundation - Well SinkingThe above cycle of well steining and sinking shall be repeated up to the last
lift of the well until well reaches to the founding level.
10. Seating of Foundation Well:-
• The well shall be uniformly seated on the founding strata.
• It shall be ensured that the soil strata encountered at the founding level and up to a depthof one and
a half times the foundation well diameter, is uniform and identical to that adopted in the design.
• In case the well is in hard steeply slopes rocky strata, pneumatic methods of sinking maybe adopted
to seat the well evenly.
• Suitable sump (preferably D/6) shall be provided.
• In sandy strata, light blasting may be done for consolidating the soil, and loose materialsshall be
dredged out thereafter.
• The final level of Cutting edge and sump shall be jointly recorded.
11. Bottom Plug:-
• Bottom plug concreting will be done by “Tremie Method” or Skip box method.
• The top-level of bottom plug shall be kept minimum 300 mm above the top of the wellcurb.
• Concrete shall be poured without interruption up to the required level as per drawing.
• The concrete mix used in the bottom plug shall have a minimum cement content of 330 kg per cum
with a slump of about 150 mm or specified in the design.
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• The soundness of the bottom plug should be checked by dewatering the well after sevendays to a
level 5.0m below the surrounding water level and checking the rise of water, which should not be
greater than 10 cm per hr.
12. Sand filling:
• Sand filling may be started after completion of the soundness check.

• Backfilling material should be clean and free from earth, clay clods, roots, boulders, shingles, etc
V. DRAWINGS FOR THE MODELING

2D Drawing of model :-

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3D Drawing of model :-
TOP VIEW OF MODEL PIER AND SLAB SECTION
SECTION OF WELL FOUNDATION ELEVATION OF MODEL
VI. CONSTRUCTING THE MODEL
Material required for the model :-

1. Supporter ( Aliminium Sheet )
2. Foam Board
3. Concrete
4. Cycle Fox ( Reinforcement )
5. Soil , Murum
6. Aryclic Sheet ( Coffer Dam Support )
7. Popsticles sticks
8. Industrial Gum
9. Water
10. Paint
Procedure for model –
1. We started our model with collection of materials such as foam board , acrylic sheet , concrete material
etc.
2. Then we fixed the measurements and prepared sketch of it on AutoCad.
3. Next according to dimensions we started preparing molds for the components parts like foundation
,pillar road , parapet wall
4. After the model completed for pier , they are filled with concrete with the reinforcement .
5. Then the molds for the well foundation is prepaid .
6. Then the mold for showing the section of well foundation is completed .
7. Both molds are filled with the concrete , and kept for curing for 2 days .
8. Reinforcement for the road construction is bind
9. Mold for the road if prepare .
10. Road is constructed with concrete and kept for curing .
11. For Presenting the realistic view of model we decided to show the actul vision of the river and crossing
bridge .
12. Hence we prepare the box like structure with the help of aluiminium sheets and we attach the acrylic
sheet to front side of the box , foe the clear vision of the well foundation section .
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13. Fill the material Mseal for filling the gaps for the water proofing .
14. Chalanging part of the model making to show the coffer dam , we use the acrylic sheet for he coffer dam
and stick the popsticles sticks to the sheet for real view and cover total coffer dam with plastic sheet for
avoiding leakages problem , and then we are successful to present the cellular coffer dam .
15. Fill the bottom layer with murum .
16. Place the well foundation and pier on their place and kept for curing
17. Attach the road to the Piers .
Preparing Model :- ``

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VII. CONCLUSION
After study of the underwater bridge construction, we get to know that there are many type of structure we
needed before the bridge construction such as cofferdam, cassion and well foundation. Cofferdam are
temporary structure and uses in case where the plane area of foundationin very large, depth of water is less
and the soil is soft. We also study the various component partsof bridge and detail study of the temporary
structures. Further we will prepare a miniature modelof underwater construction of bridge.
VIII. REFERENCES
1. IJTE special issue for ICRISET 2017
2. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334
3. .International Journal of Scientific Research and Review Volume 7, Issue 5, 2018 ISSN NO:2279-543X
4. International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges forDevelopment”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
5. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Construction Engineering Volume 2013, ArticleID 874180
6. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Concrete Technology, Tabriz, Iran,
7 November 2009
7. .© 2021, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal
8. ARADHANA (1BI16CV020)
9. Wiwatanapataphee et al. Advances in Difference Equations (2019) 2019:225
10. 16th feb 2018,www.conferenceworld.in ISBN:978- 93-87793-00-2

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e-ISSN: 2582-

AN EXPLICATION OF UNDERWATER CONSTRUCTION PROCESS OF BRIDGE

* Diploma Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajarambapu Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar,

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

III. DATA COLLECTION ON BRIDGE

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

3.Under water construction :-

1. Wet construction 2. Dry construction

IV. WELL FOUNDATION AND CASSION

2. Cutting Edge Fabrication

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

3. Placement and Assembling of Cutting Edge:

• Rebars are cut and bend at the reinforcement yard.

5. Well Curb Concreting:

6. Deshuttering and Gauge Marking:

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

• Sand filling may be started after completion of the soundness check.

V. DRAWINGS FOR THE MODELING

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

TOP VIEW OF MODEL PIER AND SLAB SECTION

SECTION OF WELL FOUNDATION ELEVATION OF MODEL

VI. CONSTRUCTING THE MODEL

Material required for the model :-

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science

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