Progression of

Models of Motor cars

English
 Origins of the car

The steam engine and the early electric engine

Characteristics of cars
INDEX: Division according to the era

- Evolution of cars

Evolution of sports cars

Evolution of luxury cars

Origins of the car
 The automobile was first invented and perfected in Germany
and France in the late 1800s, though Americans quickly
came to dominate the automotive industry in the first half of
the twentieth century. Henry Ford
innovated mass-production techniques that became
standard, and Ford, General Motors and Chrysler emerged as
the “Big Three” auto companies by the 1920s. Manufacturers
funneled their resources to the military during World War II,

Origins Of and afterward automobile production in Europe and

Japan soared to meet growing demand. Once vital to the
expansion of American urban centers, the industry had

The Car: become a shared global enterprise with the rise of Japan as
the leading automaker by 1980.Although the
automobile was to have its greatest social and economic
impact in the United States, it was initially perfected in
Germany and France toward the end of the nineteenth
century by such men as Gottlieb Daimler, Karl Benz,
Nicolaus Otto and Emile Levassor. A steam engine is a heat
engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its
working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by
steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a
cylinder. This pushing force is transformed, by a connecting
rod and flywheel, into rotational force for work.
 The Toyota Corolla is the
best- Selling car of all-
time
1927 Ford Model T

The Original Benz Patent-

Motorwagen, first built in
1885 and awarded the
patent for the concept.
 The steam engine and
the early electric engine
 Steam Engine:
The term "steam engine" is generally applied only to reciprocating engines as
just described, not to the steam turbine. Steam engines are external combustion
engines ,where the working fluid is separated from the combustion products. The
ideal thermodynamic cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle.
A steam ploughing engine by Kemna In general usage, the term steam engine can
refer to either complete steam plants such as railway steam locomotives and
portable engines, or may refer to the piston or turbine machinery alone, as in the
beam engine and stationary steam engine. Although steam-driven devices were
known as early as the aeolipile in the first century AD, with a few other uses
recorded in the 16th and 17th century, Thomas Savery is considered the inventor of
the first commercially-used steam powered device, a steam pump that used steam
pressure operating directly on the water. The first commercially successful engine
that could transmit continuous power to a machine was developed in 1712 by
Thomas Newcomen. James Watt made a critical improvement by removing spent
steam to a separate vessel for condensation, greatly improving the amount of work
obtained per unit of fuel consumed.
 STEAM ENGINE

A Steam Locomotive from East

Germany. This class of Engine was
built in 1942-1950 and operated
until 1988
 An electric motor is an electrical machine
that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors
operate through the interaction between the
motor's magnetic field and electric current in

Early
a wire winding to generate force in the form
of torque applied on the motor's shaft.
Electric motors can be powered by
Electric direct current (DC) sources, such as from
batteries, or rectifiers, or by alternating
current (AC) sources, such as a power grid,
Engine: inverters or electrical generators. An electric
generator is mechanically identical to an
electric motor, but operates with a reversed
flow of power, converting mechanical energy
into electrical energy.
 Electric motors may be classified by
considerations such as power source type,
internal construction, application and type
of motion output. In addition to AC versus
DC types, motors may be brushed or
brushless, may be of various phase (see
single-phase, two-phase, or three-phase),
and may be either air-cooled or
liquid-cooled. General-purpose motors with
standard dimensions and characteristics
provide convenient mechanical power for
industrial use. The largest electric motors
are used for ship propulsion, pipeline
compression and pumped-storage
applications with ratings reaching 100
megawatts. Electric motors are found in Animation showing
industrial fans, blowers and pumps, operation of a brushed DC
machine tools, household appliances, power Electric Motor.
tools and disk drives. Small motors may be
found in electric watches.
Features of cars
 FEATURES
• Leather seats
• Sunroof/moonroof
• Heated seats and steering
• Backup camera
• Navigation system
• Bluetooth
• Dual front airbags
• Remote start
• Blind spot monitoring
• Third-row seating
• Apple CarPlay/Android Auto
 Eras of
Invention
 Veteran Era

• The cars had internal

combustion engines Petrol and
Gasoline were used as fuel
• The cars had a 4-wheeled design
• The cars had partial
invention of modern disc breaks
 Edwardian(Brass)
Era

• The cars in this era had

independent suspension
• The cars had 4-wheel breaks
They had electric ignition
• They had windscreen wipers
They also had the perfection of
assembly line
 Vintage Era
• The engines became more
powerful
• The cars had better looking
body styles
• The cars became reliable, cheap
and efficient
• The bodies of the cars became
large and luxurious
 Pre World War
II Era
The Volkswagen Beetle ruled the market
from 1938 to 2003. It was produced for
more than 60 years with minimal design
and technical changes making it the largest
production across several
countries. Another such nostalgic milestone
is Rolls-Royce Phantom III which is known
for its superior performance and quality. It
was in 1936 that car used a V12 Engine
and unique technological advances that
were not used by many of its peers.
 Others

• Post- world War Era

• Modern Era

(will be discussed it the following)

Evolution of
Automobiles
 Evolution of
Automobiles
It all began with the creation of steam
engine automobile capable of human
transport in 1769, a little later in 1806
cars powered by an internal
combustion engine-running on fuel
came into existence which was an
impetus to modern gasoline or
petrol-fuelled internal combustion
engine, introduced in 1885. The year
1886 is regarded the year of birth of the
modern automobile – with the Benz
Patent-Motorwagen, Carl Benz received
the patent for it on January 29 of the
same year.
1. The Birth Of
Modern Automobile:
In 1886, Karl Benz developed a petrol
powered automobile, with a single
cylinder two stroke engine which was
considered as first practical motorcar
and received a patent for it on January
29, 1886. He began the production of
automobiles in 1888. One of the first
four wheeled petrol-driven automobiles
in Britain was built in Birmingham in
1895 by Frederick William Lanchester,
who also patented the disc brake; and
the first electric starter was installed on
an Arnold, an adaptation of the Benz
Velo, built between 1895 and 1898.
2. Electric
cars:
Electric cars enjoyed popularity
between the late 19th century
and early 20th century, when
electricity was among the
preferred methods for automobile
propulsion, providing a level of
comfort and ease of operation that
could not be achieved by
the gasoline cars of the time, but
this could not last for a longer
time in the market due to some
inherent flaws.
 The division also includes
• Edwardian Era
• Vintage Era
• Pre -world War 2

(were discussedin the previous division. Further…)

6. Post-war Era:
Between the years 1959 and 2000, Mini
was the most famous car enjoying
longevity in the market for about
four decades. It was a
quintessential small car that was
awarded the second place in
international Car of the 20th
Century competition; the car has a
re-styled new version in the 21st
century. In the end of the 20th
century Fiat 124 — an Italian car
that was licence produced in many
other counties including the Soviet
Union was labelled another
milestone owing to its design and
high performance.
7. Modern Era:
In 1970 the present Range Rover – the first
take on the combination of luxury and
four-wheel drive utility, the original SUV
was launched. A new model was brought
in 1994 after almost 20 years which
exemplifies its legacy. Mercedes-Benz
S-Class was launched in 1973 and its
features later become standard
throughout the automobile industry.
Electronic anti-lock braking system,
supplemental restraint airbags, seat belt
pretensioners, and electronic traction
control systems all made their debut on
the S-Class.
 8. 20th
Century: 
In 1966 Toyota Corolla a simple small
Japanese sedan the best-selling car of
all time. It is one of the finest models of
automobiles, the first Corolla generation
was introduced with the 1100 cc K
pushrod engine, after which in the
coming decades it underwent many
redesigns. The present BMW 3 Series
has been on Car and Driver magazine’s
annual Ten Best list 17 times, making it
the longest running entry in the list.
These cars have set high benchmarks in
the industry.
9.  Autopilot
System:
The automobile industry even after
such boggling growth seems to have no
boundaries for its progress. Toyota has
unveiled the next generation of cars
featuring an autopilot system that will
swerve to avoid collisions without
drivers touching the wheel. The
Automated Highway Driving Assist
enables wireless communication to
avoid collisions. This will reach out to
people in a few years.
10. Self-driving
cars:
The Google self-driving car project is
now Waymo. Waymo stands for a new
way forward in mobility. Self-driving
technology is the mission of Waymo,It
ensures that people would find it safe
and easy to move around. Google says
the sophisticated operating system that
guides the cars makes them safer than if
a human driver were behind the wheel.
The vast majority of car accidents are
caused by human error. Self-driving
cars can also travel closer together,
which would cut down on traffic
congestion.
Evolution of sports
cars
 Our timeline begins with the ‘20s when
sports cars were a statement in
elegance. The hood opened up
sideways rather than the front, unlike
most modern cars. Seats were often
stately, leather affairs mostly designed
Evolution of for multiple people to sit together,
rather than the individual seats of

Sports Car today. Engines ranged from four to

eight cylinders, with two or more
valves per cylinder.
Thus, models like the Bentley 3 Litre,
Duesenberg Model J or Rolls-Royce
Phantom Jonckheere Coupe are
timeless pieces of art as much as they
are road cruising machines capable of
speeds over 100kph (70mph).
1921-1931
 The ‘40s saw speedy automobiles, such as
the Aston Martin Atom, Jaguar XK120 and
Healey Silverstone, become more curved
During and with smoother fronts, shapes and lines to
minimise wind drag. These cars’ bodies
after World also sat lower to the road, and they grew
wider to make room for larger, more

War II powerful engines like the Jaguar’s

1970CC twin carburettor heart or the six
cylinder dual overhead camshaft XK6
engine used on the Jaguar XK120.
 Aston Martin.
An important concept car in
the history of Aston Martin, the
‘Atom’, completed in Spring
1940, was ground-breaking in
its design and engineering. Sir
David Brown was said to be
that impressed with his test
drive in the Atom that it aided
his decision to purchase Aston
Martin.
 Following this decade, the ‘50s continued the trend
of smoothing out edges; it also saw the vertical grills
of the past become wider to help cool the more
powerful engines underneath so they could run
further and faster, achieving speeds between 130kph
and 220kph (80-130+mph).
 The ‘60s beckoned the golden age of
American muscle cars, like the Chevrolet
The era of the Corvette C1, the 427 Stingray and Shelby
Cobra – long, powerful cars designed to go
muscle car fast in a straight line. European brands
produced agile roadsters with sleeker
angles than the muscle cars and headlights
that retreated into the car’s framework,
further reducing wind drag to help the
fastest production cars of this decade
reach speeds over 270kph (170+mph) or
more.
 This decade also saw the legendary
motorsport battle between Ferrari and
Ford. When Henry Ford II attempted to

The era of buy Ferrari, and Enzo Ferrari refused (as

he would lose decision making power

the muscle
over Ferrari’s racing team), Ford decided
to try and beat Ferrari at the Le Mans 24
hour race – which had been dominated
car by Ferrari’s racing team for years. After
two years, the Ford GT40 MK II defeated
the Italian stallion in 1966 – a legendary
motorsport rivalry depicted on the silver
screen in 2019.
Another famous call out from this
time period includes the Aston
Martin DB5, which was made more
popular by its appearance in the
third James Bond film, Goldfinger,
in 1964.
 Fast sports cars of the ‘70s, like the De
Tomaso Pantera and BMW 1M, were typified
by large, long, sleek bonnets and short rear
trunks. Their windscreens were also angled
acutely to reduce aerodynamic drag.
However, increasing emissions controls had a
knock-on effect on the average top speed of
some of the fastest cars in this decade,
particularly muscle cars, causing another
downwards turn in our animation.
 Some beastly supercars of the ‘80s,
including the Isdera Imperator 108i,
Ferrari F40, and the Lamborghini

An age of
Countach LP5000 QV, resembled
spaceships as much as road cars. This

sci-fi decade saw rear spoilers become

fashionable not just for their sci-fi
looks but also increased downforce –
providing more grip so cars could
travel faster around corners.
Lamborghini Countach LP5000 QV (1985 - 1988)

• LP5000 QV (1985 -
1988)
• Engine: 5.2L V12
Power: 455 PS
• Top Speed: 295 km/h
Rear ends grew larger on some models, and recessed
side vents (also known as fender vents) became
popular for their style and ability to relieve
pressurised air, which improved stability.
The ‘80s spaceship design continued into the ‘90s,
leading to eye-catching models, like the Lamborghini
Diablo, Dauer 962 Le Mans, Jaguar XJ220, Ferrari F50
and Lotus Elise GT1, with the fastest of these
reaching well over 300pkph (200mph).
 At the turn of the millennium, cars
became wider at the rear and angled
A new slightly downwards; this design helped
them to maintain a neutral or negative
Millennium, a pitch angle – i.e. the car’s nose was
closer to the ground than its rear,
new age of helping reduce any air pressure
build-up. A new century also saw new
supercars contenders enter the race, such as
Koenigsegg, Zenvo and Shelby Super
Cars (SSC).
 Cars like the Bugatti Veyron (the first
Bugatti in almost 20 years since
the EB110), SSC Ultimate Aero, Zenvo ST1,
Koenigsegg Agera R and Hennessey Venom
GT all brought more than 1,000
horsepower to bear on the road. In the
early 2000’s, the fastest supercars
and hypercars were able to reach speeds
just over 400kph (250mph). In the late
2010’s, the fastest hypercars were
recording speeds over 480kph. In 2019 the
Bugatti Chiron was the first to break the
300mph barrier (490kph).
 While recent years have seen a growing number of
supercars embrace hybrid and pure electric
engines, electric cars aren’t actually anything
new. In 1899, Belgian inventor Camille Jenatzy
created the first car to reach 100kph, La Jamais

A shift to Contente (The Never Satisfied). It was a fully

electric one-seater missile (literally shaped like a
missile, with its cylindrical body and conical nose
greener and tail) on four wheels. Today, Jenatzy’s legacy
lives on. Formula E, which began in 2014, was the
power first official fully electric motorsport championship.
Back on the road, new electric and hybrid
supercars, such as the McLaren Speedtail, Aston
Martin Valkyrie, Czinger 21C, Porsche 918 Spyder,
Ferrari LaFerrari, Koenigsegg Gemera and Rimac C2
can match the top speeds of their petrol-powered
rivals.
 What a journey the McLaren has been.
Capable of 0-186mph in less than 13
seconds, this truly ground-breaking car
has seen its development programme
take place all over the world, from Idiada
in Spain to Johnny Bohmer Proving
Grounds at Kennedy Space Center,
Florida, USA
Evolution of Luxury cars
EVOLUTION OF
LUXURY CARS
The first luxury car was the ford
thunderbird. With new automobiles
making their national debuts in
recent weeks, lately on inspirations &
celebrations, we've been discussing
the evolution of luxury cars. A luxury
car is a car that provides increased
levels of comfort, equipment,
amenities, quality, performance &
status relative to regular cars for an
increased price.
 Traditionally, most luxury
cars were large
vehicles, though smaller
sports-oriented models were
always produced.
Compact luxury vehicles
such as hatchbacks &
off road capable sport utility
vehicles are
relatively modern trend.
CHARACTERSTI
CS OF LUXURY
CARS
Luxury cars are made with
more expensive, high
quality parts, including
expensive interior materials.
They give us a powerful V8 or
V12 Engine. Driving pleasure &
occupant comfort are the
key characteristics of a Luxury
Car.
 TYPES OF
LUXURY CARS
Luxurysedans coupe, luxury SUV's, con
vertible, compact luxury, mid-size cars,
full-size luxury cars, crossovers,
executive cars, limousines,
grand-tourer, classic cars, luxury
sports cars, luxury electric cars,
muscle cars, personal luxury
cars, large luxury sedans, luxury
sub-compact SUV's