NATURAL

CALAMITIES
NATURAL DISASTERS
A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting
from natural earth processes. Examples include floods,
tsunamis, hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tornadoes, and other geologic processes. A natural
disaster can cause loss of life or property in its wake. The
severity of which depends on the resilience, or ability to
recover, of the affected population and also on the
infrastructure available.

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Examples:-

➢ Avalanche ➢ Storm
➢ Blizzard ➢ Landslide
➢ Earthquake ➢ Lightening
➢ Forest fire ➢ Limnic eruption
➢ Storm
➢ Floods
➢ Tsunami
➢ Freezing rain ➢ Volcanic eruptions
➢ Heatwave

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 Avalanche
An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is a
phenomenon that occurs when an adhesive slab
of ice lying on a weak layer of ice fractures and
slides down a steep slope. After initiation,
avalanches typically intensify rapidly and
increase in mass and volume as they penetrate
more snow. If the avalanche moves fast enough,
some of the snow can mix with the air to form a
powder avalanche, which is a type of
gravitational flow.

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 Precautions
➢ Afforestation in avalanche prone areas

➢ Avalanche Trapping by Control Measures

➢ Disposal of avalanche potential snow pack by artificial trigger.

➢ Predicting the occurrence of avalanches through stability analysis

and issuing warnings about impending avalanches.

➢ Guiding residents about emergency evacuation

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 Blizzard
A blizzard is a severe blizzard
characterized by strong winds of at least
56 km/h (35 mph) and lasting long
periods—usually three hours or more. A
ground blizzard is a weather condition
where snow is not falling, but loose snow is
left on the ground and blown away by
strong winds. Blizzards can be of enormous
size and usually extend for hundreds or
even thousands of kilometers.
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 Precautions
➢ Check the forecast and see the weather.

➢ Do not travel unless necessary.

➢ Wear clothes that can keep you warm.

➢ Stock emergency supplies.

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 Earthquake
Earthquakes are caused by a sudden
slip on a fault. Tectonic plates
always move slowly, but friction
causes them to stick to their edges.
When shore tension overcomes
friction, an earthquake occurs that
releases energy in waves that travel
through the Earth's crust and cause
the vibrations we feel.
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 Precautions
➢ Secure your belongings.

➢ Latch on cabinet doors and file cabinets.

➢ Fasten your water heater and other appliances.

➢ Store hazardous materials in a strong place.

➢ Keep a fire extinguisher.

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 Forest Fires
A wildfire, bush fire, wild land fire or rural fire
is an unplanned, unwanted, uncontrolled fire in
an area of combustible vegetation that begins
in rural areas and urban areas. A forest fire
occurs when all the essential elements of a fire
triforce come together in a sensitive area: an
ignition source is exposed to combustible
material such as vegetation, which is subjected
to sufficient heat and oxygen from the ambient
air. There is sufficient supply.

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 Precautions
➢ Report unattended fire

➢ Extinguish fire pits and campfires when done

➢ Do not throw burning cigars out of moving cars

➢ Use caution when using flammable liquids

➢ Pay attention to local ordinances for burning garbage

➢ Use firecrackers only in clean places where there are no woods nearby

➢ Ensure proper response to inevitable wildfires

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 Floods
A flood is an overflow of water that
usually submerges dry land. Floods can
occur as the overflow of water from water
bodies, such as a river, lake or in which
water oversteps or breaks up streams,
resulting in some of that water escaping
from its normal limits, or it rains. May be
due to accumulation of water. Land
saturated in a regional flood.
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 Precautions
➢ Height of past and current floods and overview of undated areas

➢ Statistical, hydrological and hydraulic model analysis

➢ Mapping submerged areas and flood heights for future scenarios

➢ Long term land use planning and regulation

➢ Short-term surveillance, warning and response operations

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 Freezing Rain
Freezing rain is the name given to rain that is retained
at temperatures below freezing by ambient air masses
that cause freezing in contact with surfaces. Unlike a
mixture of rain and snow or ice pellets, freezing rain is
composed entirely of liquid droplets. Raindrops become
supercooled when passing through a sub-freezing layer
of air hundreds of meters above the ground, and then
freeze upon impact with any surface, including the
ground, trees, electric wires, aircraft and automobiles.
The resulting ice, called glaze ice, can accumulate to a
thickness of several centimeters and cover all exposed
surfaces.
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 Precautions
➢ Turn your refrigerator and freezer to their coldest setting.

➢ Listen to the radio or TV for weather advice and warnings.

➢ Fill your car's gas tank.

➢ Prepare an emergency supply kit with basic supplies including food, water, a
flashlight, battery-powered radio, and spare batteries.

➢ Never touch power lines.

➢ Avoid driving.

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 Heatwave
A heat wave, or heatwave, is a period of extremely
hot weather, which can be accompanied by high
humidity, especially in countries with maritime
climates. While definitions vary, a heat wave is
usually measured relative to the normal weather
in an area and relative to the season's normal
temperature. Temperatures that people in warm
climates consider to be normal can be called a
heat wave in a cold region if they are outside the
normal climate pattern for that region.
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 Hurricane
A hurricane is a tropical cyclone
that occurs in the Atlantic
Ocean and northeastern Pacific
Ocean in the South Pacific or
Indian Ocean. Comparable
storms are called "tropical
cyclones" or "severe cyclonic
storms".
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 Precautions
Hurricane preparedness includes the actions and planning
taken before a tropical cyclone strikes to reduce damage
and injury caused by the storm. Knowledge of the effects of
tropical cyclones on a field assistance plan for future
prospects. Preparation can include preparations made by
individuals as well as centralized efforts by governments or
other organizations. Tracking storms during the tropical
cyclone season helps individuals know current threats.

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 Landslides
The term landslide or, less frequently, landslide, refers to
several forms of large-scale wasting that can involve a wide
range of ground movements, such as rockfall, deep-seated
slope failure, mudflow and debris flow. Landslides occur in a
variety of environments, from mountain ranges to coastal
cliffs or even underwater, characterized by steep or gentle
slope gradients, in which case they are called submarine
landslides. Gravity is the primary driving force for landslides
to occur, but there are other factors affecting slope stability
that produce specific conditions that make the slope prone to
failure. In many cases, a landslide is triggered by a specific
event, although it is not always recognizable.

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 Precautions
➢ Stay away from the slide area.

➢ Listen to local radio or television stations for the latest emergency

information.

➢ Keep an eye out for flooding, which can happen after a landslide or
debris flow.

➢ Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide, without
entering the slide area directly.
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 Lightning Strikes
A lightning strike or lightning bolt is an electrical discharge
between the atmosphere and the ground. Most cumulonimbus
clouds originate in the cloud and end in the ground, which is
called cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning. A less common type of
strike, ground-to-cloud (GC) lightning, is upward propagating
lightning that starts from a tall ground object and reaches the
clouds. Most are intracloud (IC) lightning and cloud-to-cloud
(CC), where the discharge occurs only high in the atmosphere.
Lightning strikes the average commercial aircraft at least once
a year, but modern engineering and design means it's rarely a
problem. Lightning discharges are usually miles in length, but
some types of horizontal discharges can exceed tens of miles in
length. The entire flash lasts only a fraction of a second.
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 Precautions
➢ Avoid water during a

➢ Gale Storm. Electricity can travel through plumbing.

➢ Avoid all types of electronic devices. Lightning can travel through

electrical systems and radio and television reception systems.

➢ Avoid corded phones.

➢ Avoid concrete floors and walls.

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 Limnic Eruptions
A limnic eruption, also known as a lake reversal, is a
rare type of natural disaster in which dissolved
carbon dioxide (CO2) suddenly rises from deep lake
waters, causing suffocation to wildlife, livestock and
humans. Able gas becomes cloudy. A lymnic eruption
can also cause a tsunami as rising CO2 displaces
water. Scientists believe that earthquakes, volcanic
activity and other explosive events can serve as
triggers for lymnic eruptions. Lakes in which this
type of activity occurs are called moderately active
lakes or eruptive lakes.
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 Tornado
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact
with the Earth's surface and the base of a cumulonimbus cloud
or, in rare cases, a cumulus cloud. Thunderstorms are often
referred to as twisters, tornadoes, or cyclones, although the
term cyclone is also used in meteorology to name a weather
system with a low pressure area at the center, around which an
observer observes the Earth. looking at the surface. Winds blow
counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in
the southern. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, and
they often appear as a condensate funnel that originates from
the base of a cumulonimbus cloud, with a cloud of debris swirling
and sitting beneath it.

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 Tsunami
A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused
by the displacement of a large volume of water, usually
in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions and other underwater eruptions (including
eruptions, landslides, glaciers, meteor impacts and other
disturbances) above or below water all have the
potential to generate tsunamis. Unlike normal ocean
waves, which are generated by wind or tides, which are
produced by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the
Sun, tsunamis are generated by the displacement of
water by a large event.

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 Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic eruptions occur when lava
and gas erupt from a volcano. The
most common consequence of this is
population movement as large
numbers of people are often forced to
flee lava flows. Volcanic eruptions
often cause temporary food shortages
and volcanic ash landslides called
lahars.
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