MATTER: anything that occupies space and has mass

ELEMENT: pure chemical substance that cannot be

broken down
- 118 elements

ATOM: smallest unit of an element which retains all of

the properties of the element
- Greek (a=not) (temno=to cut; be divisible)
- 99.94% of the atomic mass is in the nucleus

1 angstrom is one-tenth of a billion of a meter

ATOMIC NUMBER: # of protons

MASS NUMBER: (#protons) + (#neutrons)

Noble gasses are stable. (they don’t form bonds)

Atoms are happy when their outer (valence) shell are

full of electrons.

(Filling the shell closest to the nucleus first)

Shell 1: 2 electrons
Shell 2: 8 electrons
Shell 3: 8 electrons

LEWIS DOT STRUCTURES: by Gilbert Lewis

- Valence electrons are drawn around the sides of
the elemental symbol

ATOMIC BOND:
A. IONIC BOND: taken not shared
- One atom gain, one losses electron, but both
become attracted to each other as a result
Cation: loss electron (+)
Anion: gain electron (-)
- Example: NaCl

B. COVALENT BONDS: atoms sharing electrons

Non-polar Covalent: EQUAL SHARING
Polar Covalent: UNEQUAL SHARING
Fluorine: most electron desiring electron in the periodic
table

C. HYDROGEN BONDS: weak bonds between polar

molecules
- Accounts for most of the amazing properties of
water
- Example: DNA, Water, some kinds of proteins