LESSON 1

1. True 6. False
2. True 7. True
3. True 8. False
4. True 9. False
5. True 10. False

1. Constitution
 a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other
organization is acknowledged to be governed.

2. Hare-Hawes Act
 Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, (1933), the first law setting a specific date for Philippine
independence from the United States.

3. Tyding Mcduffie – Act

 AN ACT To provide for the complete independence of the Philippine Islands, to provide for
the adoption of a constitution and a form of government for the Philippine Islands, and for
other purposes.

4. Constitution of Biak-na-Bato
 The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato provided for the creation of a Supreme Council to serve as
the supreme organ of the republican government. He also described some basic human
rights such as freedom of religion, freedom of the press and the right to education.

5. Malolos Constitution
 The constitution specifically provided for safeguards against abuses, and enumerated the
national and individual rights not only of the Filipinos and of the aliens. The legislative
powers were exercised by the Assembly of Representatives composed of delegates elected
according to law.
Base on the lesson, what is the best Constitution for the Filipino People in today’s time?

 Attempts to amend the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines is nothing new.
Previous administrations have pushed for opening up the constitution in reference to
varying political reasons, but have not been successful. This time around, however, the
reason of opening up the constitution for review is centered on a campaign promise by
President Rodrigo Duterte to adopt federalism. He believes this change in the form of
government is the only hope to achieve lasting peace and development in the conflict-
afflicted area of Muslim Mindanao, and to basically de-centralise powers from the capital
of Manila.

Do you think that by opposing the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act, known as granting Filipino’s independence
was a good decision for the Filipinos at the time? Why or Why not?

 Yes.

Opposing the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act which is known as granting Filipino’s independence was a
good decision for the Filipinos at that time because in this act allowed to take indefinite
possession of U.S. military bases in the islands which was not acceptable for the people of
Philippines. So the people of Philippines started struggles for their independence from the
foreign powers and this time is the right time for gaining independence so Filipino political leader
Manuel Quezon led a campaign against the bill that leads to independence.

What is your opinion of the Treaty of Paris? Did the Filipino benefitted with the Treaty?

 Yes,

Under it, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba and also ceded Puerto
Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a
compensation of $20 million from the United States to Spain.
 If I would to choose I will rather be go on to the Biak-na-Bato Constitution. Because this is
the time where The separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their
formation into an independent state with its own government called the Philippine
Republic has been the end sought by the Revolution in the existing war, begun on the 24th
of August, 1896; and , therefore, in its name and by the power delegated by the Filipino
people, interpreting faithfully their desires and ambitions, we the representatives of the
Revolution, in a meeting at Biac-na-bato, November 1, 1897, unanimously adopted the
following articles for the constitution of the State. With almost all of Cavite in the hands of
the Spaniards, [ Governor General ] Primo de Rivera issued another decree extending the
benefit of his pardon beyond May 17, 1897. His purpose was to win over the Filipinos to his
policy of attraction. A few took advantage of the governor's decree, while the rest
continued their resistance against the enemy. The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on
December 15, 1897, created a truce between Spanish colonial Governor-General
Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo to end the
Philippine Revolution. Aguinaldo and his fellow revolutionaries were given amnesty and
monetary indemnity by the Spanish Government, in return for which the revolutionary
government would go into exile in Hong Kong. Aguinaldo had decided to use the money
to purchase advance firearms and ammunition later on return to the archipelago. The
pact was signed in San Miguel, Bulacan, in the house of Pablo Tecson, a Philippine
revolutionary captain who served as brigadier general in the 'Brigada Del Pilar' of
General Gregorio del Pilar during the Revolution.
  THE 1987 CONSTITUTION CREATED AN OVERLY POWERFUL PRESIDENCY THAT WEAKENED
DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS

Such consideration can be attributed to the political system in the country (Presidential) as the
president is head of both the state and government. This is evident in Articles VI, VII, VII that
contains the provision for each branches of government. Article VII specifically the Executive
Brach provides the powers and functions of the president. Section 1, specifically states that
executive power shall be vested to the president, succeeding Sections such as 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
enhances the powers of the president through his appointing and removal from office power,
control and supervision to various executive departments, bureaus and offices, the president is
also the highest ranking official of the country and may suspend the writ of habeas corpus and
may give pardon. An amendment is a change to the Constitution. The first ten amendments to
the Constitution became known as the Bill of Rights. These first amendments were designed to
protect individual rights and liberties, like the right to free speech and the right to trial by jury.

LESSON 2

1. True 6. True
2. True 7. False
3. True 8. False
4. True 9. True
5. True 10. True

1. NARIC- Established the price of rice and corn thereby help the poor tenants as well as
consumers. 
2. NLSA- Replaced the National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) with the Land
Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which took over the responsibilities of
 the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production
Administration.
3. LASEDECO- which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment
Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.
4. ACCFA- the government agency which lends money to and supervises the operation of the
Farmers' Cooperative Marketing Associations (FACOMA), is more suited to the tenants'
needs.
5. NARRA - to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel
returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
6. CARP - The CARP covered all public and private agricultural lands regardless of the crops
planted. It also included public domain lands that were suitable for agriculture. It sought to
redistribute land not only to farmers and farm workers but also to other landless poor.
7. CARL- is the most comprehensive agrarian reform law because it covers all private and
public lands and other lands suitable for agriculture regardless of tenurial agreement and
crops produced. 
8. DAR-  leads the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)
through land tenure improvement, agrarian justice, and coordinated delivery of essential
support services to client-beneficiaries.
9. CARPER- is the amendatory law that extends again the deadline of distributing agricultural
lands to farmers for five years. It also amends other provisions stated in CARP.
10. DENR -  is responsible for the conservation, management, development and proper use of
the country's environment and natural resources as well as the licensing and regulation of
the use of all natural resources as may be provided by existing laws (DAR-DENR-LRA-NCIP
Joint Administrative Order (JAO) No.

1. How will you differentiate the landownership in the Philippines with the Spanish government vs.
the American government?
 I read in a Philippine history book that the Americans were surprised that some 90% of land
in the Philippines had no owners in 1900. So the colonnial government gave titles to them
and planned to sell them to American settlers and land developers. It did not spark any
interest in the U.S. However, it sparked interest among rich Filipinos, giving birth to today’s
land reform problem. Ironically, these rich Filipinos were the ilustrados or Spanish Days
Middle Class. Slaves of today are the tyrrants of tomorrow. Today’s land ownership
situation is an American institution.
2. What could be the other Agrarian Reform you can suggest to the government for the
improvement of the farming industry?

 Agrarian reform in the Philippines is a difficult task. In spite of its strategic importance, it is
viewed with great scepticism. It is expected to resolve, in a matter of 20 years, the
centuriesold problem of landlessness that has spawned social unrest and uprisings. It is
also expected to address two important national goals: food security and poverty
alleviation. However, it has received far less public support than expected, and it swims
against a sea of odds - opposition from landlords, criticism by civil society, suspicion by the
private sector, cynicism by legislators, a lack of financial and material resources, and
general public apathy.

Every administration has declared agrarian reform a centrepiece programme for growth and
development, yet it has received only scanty resources from government. The fund for land
acquisition and distribution (LAD) has always been inadequate, yet LAD is a major component by
which the success of agrarian reform is measured. Most of the funding for the support services
component of the programme comes from Overseas Development Assistance (ODA).

3. Why agrarian reform is important for the Filipino Farmers?

 Agrarian Reform has contributed to improvement of the socio- economic conditions of

landless farmers and political development of the Philippines in terms of engaging the
landless in the process of policy making and distribution of large private landholdings to the
landless. It is important to our farmers to relieve the unemployment pressure and to
increase agricultural production and productivity, although it could not prevent a massive
exodus of rural population from the mountains and the most marginal areas.


LESSON 3

1. False 6. True
2. True 7. True
3. True 8. False
4. False 9. False
5. True 10. True

1. CEDULA- A cedula is a document issued to Filipinos upon payment of a residence tax. At

present, the cedula is one of the basic requirements for most government transactions.
2. PRINCIPALES-  a person who has controlling authority or is in a leading position
3. BUHIS- a tribute duty, revenue, tax
4. ALCALDES-  the administrative and judicial head of a town or village in Spain or in areas under
Spanish control or influence. 
5. CAIDAS- the fall
6. FALLAS- The traditional festivities have been usually analysed in social sciences as a mode of
generating sociability and social cohesion, not only in traditional societies but also in modern
ones. 
7. PALAY- refers to rice that has not been husked. The provinces of Iloilo, Negros Occidental, and
Capiz were the leading areas that produced palay in the country.
8. URBANA- Urbana was founded in 1833 and is the county seat of Champaign County. The City is
governed by the Mayor and City Council with the assistance of various departments, agencies
and commissions.
9. INDUSTRIA- Industrial policy emphasizes cooperation between government, banks, private
enterprise, and employees to strengthen the national economy.
10. CAVANES- was defined in the 19th century by the government of the Spanish East Indies as
being equivalent to 75 litres. Though officially the Philippines became entirely metric in 1860,
this value was still in use well into the 20th century.

1. How does Taxation under the Spanish different from the Taxation under the American?
 Taxation in the United States in 1776 was incredibly different than what it is today. There
were no income taxes, no corporate taxes, and no payroll taxes. Instead, the American
Colonies (and to a larger extent, the British Crown) were primarily funded by tariffs and
excise taxes.
 The Spanish system for direct taxation of individuals is mainly comprised of two personal
income taxes: Spanish personal income tax (PIT), for individuals who are resident in Spain
for tax purposes, and Spanish non-residents' income tax (NRIT), for individuals who are not
resident in Spain for tax purposes who obtain.
2. Describe in your own words the difference between Taxation during the Commonwealth Period
vs. the Fiscal Policy.
 In commonwealth period Income tax rates were increased in 1936, adding a surtax rate on
individual net incomes in excess of 10,000 pesos. Income tax rates of corporations were
also increased. On the period of fiscal policy, Funds in the form of direct and indirect taxes,
capital gains from investment, etc, help the government function. Taxes affect the
consumer's income and changes in consumption lead to changes in real gross domestic
product (GDP).

3. Enumerate the benefits the Filipino experienced under the Spanish and American leadership.
 Some of the positive effects were: universities were opened early. In 1820 only the
Philippines have improved in civilization, wealth, and Populousness. The establish of
schools, many schools were built. They taught them how to read, write, and speak in
English.