Human Anatomy & Physiology HAP 20114

Important Short Questions & Answers

Q.1 Define Anatomy & Physiology.

Ans-Anatomy -It is the study of structure of the body & its individual
parts & their relation to one another.
Physiology - It is the study of the functions of various parts and how they
are integrated to produce a coordinated action of the whole body.
Q.2 Define cell. Enlist its components.
-A cell is a smallest functional unit of an organism. It is the basic unit of
all body tissues.
The components are, Mitochondria, lysosomes, Nucleus, Microfilaments &
Microtubules, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Centriole,
Ribosomes.
Q.3 Define term cytology
-Cytology- Study of structure and function of cell.
Q.4 Define Tissue Name fundamental tissues of the body.
-Groups of cells which have the same physical characteristics and perform
similar functions are termed as tissues.
The four main types of tissues are
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue.
Q.5 Classify primary tissues in detail. S 14 W 17
-Tissues are classified into four major types:-
1) Epithelial tissue/Epithelium
2) Muscular tissue
3) Nervous tissue
4) Connective tissue
Epithelial tissues can be classified in two type:-
1)Simple epithelium-i) Squamous/pavement epithelium ii) Cuboidal
epithelium, iii) Columnar epithelium, iv) Ciliated columnar epithelium
2) Compound epithelium:-i) Stratified epithelium and ii) Transitional
epithelium.
There are three types of muscular tissues: 1. Skeletal Muscle/ voluntary/
striated muscle 2. Smooth muscle/ involuntary/ nonstriated 3.Cardiac
Muscle
Types of connective tissue. 1) Areolar tissue 2) White Fibrous tissue
3)Yellow Elastic tissue 4) Adipose tissue 5) Cartilage 6) Bone 7) Blood
8)Lymph
Q.6 Define skeleton.
Ans: Definition: Skeleton is the bony framework of the body.
Q.7 Name the 1st & 2nd vertebrae of vertebral column.
Ans: The first vertebra is Atlas & second vertebra is Axis.
Q.8 Name the bones of lower limb.
Ans: 1- Femur, 1- tibia, 1- fibula, 1- patella, 7- tarsal bones, 5- metatarsal
bone and14 –phalanges
Q.9 Name the bones of upper limb.
Ans: The bones of upper limb are:
Humerus 1, Radius 1, Ulna 1, Carpals 8, Metacarpals 5, Phalanges 14
Q.10 Classify joints with example of each class.
Ans: A joint is a site at which any two or more bones articulate or come
together.
JOINTS
FIBROUS JOINTS,
CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS,
SYNOVIAL JOINTS.
Synovial joints: Classified into 6 types1.Ball and Socket joint e.g. Shoulder
joint, Hip joint
2. Hinge joint e.g. Elbow joint, Knee joint, Ankle joint, interphalangeal
joints.
3.Gliding joint e.g. Joint between carpals, joint between tarsals, joints bet.
Spinal vertebrae.
4.Pivot joint e.g. Joint between atlas and axis, Radioulnar joints
5. Condyloid joint e.g temporomandibular, metacarpophalangeal and
metatarsophalangeal joints.
6. Saddle joint e.g. Joint between trapezium & first metacarpal bone.
Q.11 Define Suture.
Ans: Suture-The bones of the skull are united together by immovable
joints called sutures.
Q.12 Name different vertebrae of vertebral column. ( 0.5 Each) S17
Ans: Vertebral column consists of twenty four separate, movable, irregular
bones called vertebrae which are divided into three groups –
Cervical vertebrae - seven
Thoracic vertebrae - twelve
Lumbar vertebrae – five
The following are formed by fusion of vertebrae.
Sacrum –fusion of five vertebrae
Coccyx-fusion of four vertebrae
Q. 13.Give the composition of blood
Ans-Composition of blood:-It is composed of liquid matrix plasma (55%) &
different cells suspended in it (45%).
Plasma: - Composition:- Water-90-92%, plasma proteins, inorganic salts,
nutrients, waste material, hormones & gases.
Blood Cells: - Red blood cells / Erythrocytes, white
blood cells / leucocytes and Platelets or Thrombocytes.
Q.14.Enlist different types of blood cells with their normal values.
Ans-Blood cells are classified into 3 types:
1. Red Blood Cells 2.White Blood Cells 3. Platelets
(Erythrocytes) (Leukocytes) (Thrombocytes)
GRANULOCYTES AGRANULOCYTES
1.Neutrophils 1. Monocytes
2.Eosinophils 2. Lymphocytes
3.Basophils
Normal RBC count: Male-4.5-6.5million/mm3
Female-4.5-5million/mm3.
Normal WBC count: 4000-10,000/mm3
Normal Platelet count : 1.5 – 4.0 lacs/mm3
Q.15 Define plasma and serum
Ans-Plasma: It is the liquid matrix of liquid connective tissue blood.
OR
Blood is composed of clear straw coloured watery fluid called plasma, in
which several different types of blood cells are suspended.
Serum: Serum is plasma without blood clotting factors.
Q.16. Name the different types of blood groups & universal donor and
universal recipient
Ans - The blood groups are classified as A,B,AB,& O.
blood group O is called universal donor.
blood group AB is called as universal recipient
Q.17.Define Polycythemia
Ans-A condition in which there is an abnormally increase in RBC in blood.
Q.18. Define erythropoiesis.
Ans-It is the process of formation of red blood cells from stem cells. It takes
about 7 days.
Q19. Give the components of lymphatic system.
Ans-Lymph, lymph capillaries, lymph vessels, lymph trunks, lymph nodes,
lymph
organs- spleen & thymus gland, lymphoid tissue (MALT) e.g. tonsils.
Q20. Define lymph.
Ans-Lymph is a fluid connective tissue. All the body tissues are bathed in
tissue fluid, some tissue fluid diffuses through the lymph capillaries
forming lymph.
Q.21 What are lymph nodes.
Ans-A lymph node or lymph gland is an oval or bean-shaped organ of the
lymphatic system, that lie often in groups along the length of lymph vessels.
Q.22 What is spleen?
Ans:- The spleen is slightly oval in shape with hilum on lower medial
border. It is the largest lymphoid tissue in body.
Q.23 Name the valves of the heart .
Ans- Right atrio-ventricular valve or Tricuspid valve,
Left atrio-ventricular valve or bicuspid or mitral valve,
Aortic Semilunar valve and
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Q.24 Describe in brief the cardiac cycle.(3M)
Ans-Cardiac cycle: The events which occur in the heart during the
circulation of blood during each heart beat is called cardiac cycle OR
The series of events during one heart beat is known as cardiac cycle.
Events in cardiac cycle:
(i) Atrial systole (0.1 sec)
(ii) Ventricular systole (0.3 sec)
(iii) Complete cardiac diastole (0.4 sec) Total 0.8 sec
Q.25.What is cardiac output? Write its normal value. (3M)
Ans- Cardiac Output- It is the amount of blood ejected per ventricle per
minute. It is also termed as minute volume. It takes in account the rate and
force of cardiac contraction.
Cardiac Output= Stroke volume X Heart Rate
=70 ml X 72
= 5040 ml / minute.
Stroke volume:- It is the amount of blood ejected from heart by each
contraction of ventricles.
Stroke volume = 70 ml.
Heart rate: No. of Forceful contraction and relaxation of heart per minute
is called as heart rate.
Normal Heart Rate:- 70-72 beats per minute
Q.26.Define blood pressure. Types of Blood pressures?
Ans- Blood pressure: It is the force or lateral pressure which the blood
exerts on the wall of blood vessels.
Types of Blood pressures are:
1) Systolic blood pressure - The maximum pressure produced in the
arteries during systole is called systolic blood pressure.
Normal value in adults is 100 – 120 mm Hg.
2) Diastolic Blood pressure – The minimum pressure produced in the
arteries during diastole is called diastolic blood pressure.
Normal value in adults is 60-80mm Hg
Q.27 Define Artery, Vein, Hypertension, Hypotension, Pulse rate,
Bradycardia & Tachycardia.
Ans- Artery-Carries the blood away from the heart.
Vein- Carries the blood towards the heart.
Hypertension-Increase the blood pressure than normal.
Hypotension- Decrease the blood pressure than normal.
Pulse rate-Frequency of pulse per minute.
Bradycardia-Decrease the heart rate than normal.
Tachycardia-Increase the heart rate than normal.
Q.28.Name different organs of respiratory system.
Ans-Nose, pharynx, Larynx, trachea, Bronchi (Two), bronchioles, alveoli, two
lungs covered with pleura. Muscles of respiration- intercostal muscles &
diaphragm.
Q.29.Define the term Dyspnoea.
Ans-Ventilation of the lungs becomes severely impaired, causing
breathlessness known as Dyspnoea. PO2 quantity get reduces in blood and
PCO2 increases in blood.
or
Difficulty or shortness of breathing is known as dyspnoea.
Q.30.Name the cartilages of larynx?
Ans- It is made up of following cartilages:
1-thyroid cartilage.
1-cricoid cartilage.(ring shaped)
1-epiglottis.-elastic cartilage
2-arytenoid cartilages(ladle shaped)
2-cuneiform cartilages (wedge shaped)&
2- corniculate cartilages (horn shaped)
Q.31 Define & give normal values of
Ans- (i) Vital Capacity- This is the maximum volume of air which can be
moved into & out of the lungs during forceful breathing.
Normal value 3-5 liters.
(ii) Tidal Volume- This is the volume of air passing into & out of lungs
during each cycle of quiet (normal) breathing.
Normal value-500ml
(iii) Residual Volume- This is the volume of air remaining in the lungs
after forceful expiration.
Normal Value: male- 1.2 liters, female 1.1 liters
(iv) Inspiratory Reserve volume:It is the amount of air that can be
breathed in & above the tidal volume, by the deepest possible inspiration.
Normal value: 1800-2000 ml.
(V) Expiratory Reserve Volume:This is the largest volume of air which can
be expelled from the lungs during maximal expiration.
Normal value-1200-1500ml.
Q.32.Define Respiration.
Ans-The term respiration means exchange of gases between body cells &
the environment. The normal human has 12-15 breath per min.
Q.33.Explain the terms odema, Nephritis ,Renal calculi & GFR.
Ans-Odema : Oedema is fluid retention. Oedema means abnormal
accumulation of tissue fluid leading to swelling.
Nephritis :( glomerulonephritis) is an inflammatory conditions of the
glomerulus .The immune complexes formed by an antigen antibody
complexes lodges on the glomeruli & cause inflammation of the glomeruli.
Renal calculi- It means kidney stones. These are small hard deposits of
minerals and salts in kidneys, ureters or urinary bladder.
GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate): The volume of filtrate formed by both
kidneys each minute is called the glomerular filtration rate.
Normal value 125ml/min
Q.34. What are abnormal constituents of urine? Write composition of
normal urine.
Ans: Abnormal constituents of the urine are blood, protein, sugar, ketone &
bilirubin.
Urine is clear & amber colour due to urobilin.
Composition of normal urine: water- 96% urea 2%Uric acid Creatinine
Ammonia Sodium Potassium 2% Chloride ,Phosphate, Sulphate Oxalate.
Q.35 Define: (i) Digestion: The conversion of complex food into simple
form by mechanical & chemical breakdown, so that it is easily absorbed in
the blood is described as digestion.
(ii) Absorption: The process by which the digested food passes through the
walls of some organs of alimentary canal.
iii) Mastication: It is the process by which food is chewed and mixed with
saliva to form a soft mass or bolus which is swallowed. OR Mastication
means chewing process takes place in mouth cavity.
iv) Chyme: The thick semisolid mass of partially digested food that is
passed from the stomach to the duodenum.
Q.36 Mention the parts of alimentary tract.
Ans-Parts of alimentary tract:
Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum,
ileum.
Large intestine: Caecum, Ascending, tranverse, descending, sigmoid colon ,
rectum and anal canal.
Q.37 Mention parts of central nervous system. (2 marks)
Ans: Brain – Cerebrum, Midbrain, Pons varoli, medulla oblongata,
cerebellum and Spinal cord.
Q.38 Name the ventricles of brain
Ans: Within the brain four irregular shaped cavities called ventricles are
present containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
They are as follows 1. The Right & Left lateral ventricles 2. The third
ventricle 3. The fourth ventricle
Q.39 Give the names of four cranial nerves.
Ans: I- Olfactory II- Optic III - Oculomotor IV- Trochlear V- Trigeminal VI-
Abducent VII - Facial VIII- Vestibulocochlear IX- Glossopharyngeal X -Vagus
XI- Accessory XII- Hypoglossal
Q.40 Define the terms Meninges & Meningitis
Ans: (i) Meninges: The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three
membranes, called as meninges. The meninges are outer dura mater, the
middle arachnoid mater, the inner pia-mater.
(ii)Meningitis: It is inflammation of the meninges, protective coverings of
brain and spinal cord
Q.41 What is muscle tone?
Ans: Muscle tone is a sustained partial muscle contraction that allows
maintenance of posture of the body.
Q.42 What is NMJ?
Ans: Neuromuscular junction: The Neuromuscular junction is the
connection between a large myelinated nerve and skeletal muscle
fibre.
OR
It is the physiological contact between somatic nerve ending & skeletal
muscle fibre.
Q.43 Define hormone.
Ans- Hormone is Chemical messenger secreted by endocrine gland into
bloodstream, carried away at a distant where it influences cellular activity.
Q.44 Enlist the hormones secreted by anterior and posterior pituitary
gland.
Ans- Pituitary Gland has two lobes: Anterior lobe and Posterior lobe
Hormones secreted by Anterior lobe: 1. Growth hormone 2. Thyrotrophic
hormone/Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 3. Adrenocorticotrophic
hormone (ACTH) 4. Gonadotrophic hormones • Follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) • Luteinising hormone (LH)/ ICSH in males 5. Lactogenic
hormone (Prolactin)
Hormone secreted by Posterior lobe: 1. Oxytocin 2. Antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) /Vasopressin
Q.45 Define following
Ans-i) Reproduction - Reproduction can be defined as the process by
which genetic material is passed from one generation and thus
maintains the continuation of the species.
OR
Reproduction: A process by which a living organism produces an individual
of the same kind. OR
Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms
– "offspring" – are produced from their "parents".
ii)Menopause: Cessation of menstruation in a woman’s life at about 45
years of age.
Explanation – Change in concentration of sex hormones. Ovary becomes
unresponsive to FSH and LH. Ovulation and menstrual cycle becomes
irregular and stops. Symptoms like flushing, sweating, shrinkage of breasts,
atrophy of sex organs and mood swings are observed.
(iii) Infertility: inability of the animal to reproduce.
(iv) puberty -Puberty- Puberty is defined as age at which the internal
reproductive organs reach maturity. This occurs between the age of 10
& 14.
Q.46 What is menstrual cycle?
Ans-Menstrual Cycle -Series of events occurring regularly in females every
26-30 days, during reproductive years.
Q.47 State organs of female reproductive system.
Ans: Organs of female reproductive system are:
1) Accessory/Secondary sexual organs- Breasts.
2) External genital organs – Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora,
Clitoris, Hymen, vestibular gland and perineum.
3) Internal genital organs – Vagina, uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes.
Q.48 Name the different parts of male reproductive system.
Ans-2 Testes, 2 Epididymis, Scrotum, 2 deferent ducts (vas deferens),
urethra, 2 spermatic cords, 2 seminal vesicles, 2 ejaculatory ducts, 1
prostate gland.
Q.49 Name the three auditory ossicles.
Ans-Auditory ossicles are three very small bones present in tympanic
cavity of the ear. They are named according to their shape, namely-
i)Malleus (hammer) ii) Incus (anvil) iii) Stapes (stirrup).
Q.50 Define the terms :
i) Glaucoma:- Glaucoma is increased intra ocular pressure due to
impaired drainage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of
eye.
ii) Night blindness:- Night blindness is a condition of the eyes in which
vision is normal in daylight but abnormally poor at night or in a dim
light due to deficiency of vitamin A.
iii) Myopia: - Also termed as near-sightedness. Near vision is normal but
far vision is blurred, because the far image is focused/formed in
front of the retina as eye ball length is too long
iv) Mydriasis: - Means dilation of pupil. Size of the pupil is controlled by
two muscles of iris- radial muscle and circular muscle. Contraction of
 radial muscles increases aperture size i.e. pupil size causing
Mydriasis.
Q.51 Define
i) Presbyopia: As a process of aging, the lens loses its elasticity; the
distant objects are seen clear but close objects are blurred.
ii) Cataract: This is opacity of lens which may be age related or
congenital bilateral or unilateral.
iii) Hypermetropia: Also known as farsightedness. Far vision is
normal but close vision is blurred, because the near image is focused
behind the retina as eye ball length is too short or due to flattened
lens.
Q.52 Enlist sense organs
Eye-Vision
Ear-Hearing
Nose-Smell
Tongue-Taste
Skin- Touch

Thank you………….
Regards,
Mr.Abhijeet A Kachare
Lecturer,

KCT’S Krishna College of Pharmacy, Karad

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