Section 4.3: Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals, pg.

273 CALCULUS BC
Section 4.4: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, pg. 282 (day 1)

Definition The Definite Integral as a Limit of Riemann Sums

Let f be a function defined on a closed interval [a, b]. For any partition P of [a, b], let
the numbers ck be chosen arbitrarily in the subinterval [ xk −1 , xk ].

If there exists a number I such that

n
lim ∑ f (ck ) △xk = I
P →0
k =1

no matter how P and the ck ’s are chosen, then f is integrable on [a, b] and I is the
definite integral of f over [a, b].

The Existence of Definite Integrals

All continuous functions are integrable. That is, if a function f is

continuous on an interval [a, b], then its definite integral over [a, b] exists.

NOTATION

Upper limit of integration

b The function is the integrand.

Integral Sign
∫ f ( x)dx
a
x is the variable
of integration

Lower limit of integration

Integral of f from a to b
When you find the
value of the integral,
you have evaluated
the integral
The variable of integration is called a dummy variable, because the value of the
integral does not change, independently of what variable we choose to work out our
problem.
b b b

∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t )dt =∫ f (u )du

a a a

∫
• When f ( x ) ≤ 0 then A = − f ( x ) dx.
a
• For any integrable function,

∫ f ( x)dx = (area above the x-axis) – (area below the x-axis)

a

SIGNED AREA

The integral of a constant

If f(x) = c, where c is a constant, on the interval [a, b], then

b b

∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ cdx = c(b − a).

a a

Definition Area Under a Curve (as a Definite Integral)

If y = f ( x ) is nonnegative and integrable over a closed interval [a, b], then the area
under the curve y = f ( x ) from a to b is the integral of f from a to b,
b
A = ∫ f ( x)dx.
a
(We use integrals to calculate areas and we use areas to calculate integrals)
INTEGRALS IN THE CALCULATOR

We may use the program NINT in your calculator to calculate (or compute) an
b
approximation of ∫ f ( x)dx . When we write
a

∫ f ( x)dx = NINT (f(x), x, a, b)

a

we do so with the understanding that the right-hand side of the equation is an

approximation of the left-hand side.

RULES FOR DEFINITE INTEGRALS

a b
1. Order of Integration: ∫ f ( x)dx = −∫ f ( x)dx
b a
a
2. Zeros: ∫ f ( x)dx = 0
a
b b
3. Constant Multiple: ∫ kf ( x)dx = k ∫ f ( x)dx
a a
any number k

b b b
4. Sum and Difference: ∫ ( f ( x) ± g ( x) ) dx = ∫ f ( x)dx ± ∫ g ( x)dx
a a a
b c c
5. Additivity: ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx
a b a
6. Max-Min Inequality: If max f and min f are the maximum and minimum of f
on
[a, b], then

b
min f • (b − a ) ≤ ∫ f ( x)dx ≤ max f • (b − a )
a
b b
7. Domination: f ( x) ≥ g ( x) on [a, b] ⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx ≥ ∫ g ( x)dx
a a
b
f ( x) ≥ 0 on [a, b] ⇒ ∫ f ( x)dx ≥ 0
a
Definition Average (Mean) Value

If f is integrable on [a, b], its average (mean) value on [a, b] is

b
1
b − a ∫a
av( f ) = f ( x)dx

Theorem The Mean Value Theorem for Definite Integrals

If f is continuous on [a, b], then at some point c in [a, b],

b
1
b − a ∫a
f (c) = av( f ) = f ( x)dx

CONECCTING DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS

(We finally get to use the antiderivative)
x
d
dx ∫a
f (t )dt = f ( x)

This means that the integral is an antiderivative of f, a fact we can exploit in the
following way.

If F is an antiderivative of f, then
x

∫ f (t )dt = F (t ) + C
a
The fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1 This equation
If f is continuous on [a, b], then the function says that every
x
continuous
F ( x) = ∫ f (t )dt function is the
a
derivative of
has a derivative at every point x in [a, b], and
some other
x function, and
dF d
= ∫ f (t )dt = f ( x). that every
dx dx a continuous
function has an
antiderivative.
The fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2 The process of
integration and
If f is continuous at every point of [a, b], and F is any
antiderivative of f on [a, b], then
differentiation
b are inverse of
∫ f ( x)dx = F (b) − F (a)
a
each other.

This part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is

also called the Integral Evaluation Theorem.

This equation says that any indefinite

integral of any continuous function
can be calculated without taking
limits, as long as the antiderivative
can be found.