ECD

Project Report
CEP

BAHRIA UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF EE

BEE SPRING 2022 SEMESTER
Name NaimaAdnan
Enrollment no 01-133202-091
Section BEE-4C
Submitted To Sir. Faheem Haroon

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bahira University, Islamabad Campus

PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM

PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Let’s assume that you work for a company that develops manufacturers and
markets public address and voice paging systems for use in service garages,
supermarkets, departmental stores, and the like. You are responsible for the most
basic product in this line, which is a simple preamplifier with a microphone input
followed by a power amplifier and a speaker. You will apply the basic knowledge
gained in the lab to complete your project.

OBJECTIVE:
The main objective or the purpose of a preamp is to amplify low level signals to
line level, i.e., the “standard” operating level of your recording gear. Microphone
signals are usually way below the nominal operating level, so a lot of gain is
required, usually around 30-60 dB, sometimes even more.

TOOLS/SOFTWARE:
 Proteus software (any version).

 PCB (for hardware implementation).

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
DEFINATION:
 A public address system (PA system) is an electronic system that
includes a microphone, amplifier, speakers, and related equipment.

ABSTRACT:
Pre-Amp

The main purpose of a preamp is to raise the volume of a mic-level signal

and to do this cleanly. You want to boost the signal without raising the noise
floor This system increases the apparent volume of vocals, musical
instruments, other sound sources, or recorded sounds or music. The sound
enhancement system can be used in public places where announcers,
performers, etc. and need to hear in a remote or large area. Typical
applications include sports fields, public transport and facilities, live or
recorded music venues and events. A PA system may include multiple
microphones or other sources, a mixer to combine and change multiple
sources, and multiple amplifiers and speakers for higher volume or wider
distribution.

As we know through analysis, microphone signals are usually way below the
nominal operating level, so a
 lot of gain is required, usually around 30-60 dB, sometimes even more.
Therefore, we need a preamp to preamplifier the low gain signal to the
optimum level. It can be seen above that we have made a multi-stage

amplifier [2-Stage Amplification] for that purpose.

Power Amplifier

The power amplifier is used to amplify low-power audio signals to a level that can
be suitable for driving the loudspeakers. Thus, the audio power amplifier becomes
a kind of essential part in the electronics that could make sounds. In this thesis, a
good performance audio power amplifier with tonality control is designed. It
consists of three parts: pre-amplifier unit, the tonality control unit, and the power
amplifier unit. In the pre-amplifier unit, a TL071CP operational amplifier is
applied, to amplify the low signal to be suitable for the tonality control unit. For
the tonality control unit, a filter is used to achieve bass and treble control, resulting
in different frequency response The results of simulation in Multisim show a good
output waveform and different frequency response with the tonality control. Also,
the pure sound can be heard by ear clearly. The good simulation result offers the
encouragement to build the circuit on the board and do the measurement.
Meanwhile, sound can be heard by ear clearly with the tonality control. Judging
from the results, the PAS power amplifier is designed successfully.

CLASS A AMPLIFIER
In the circuit we have used Class A amplifier. A Class A power amplifier is one in
which the output current flows for the entire cycle of the AC input supply. It is the
most commonly used type of power amplifier configuration is the Class A
Amplifier. The Class A amplifier is the simplest form of power amplifier that uses
a single switching transistor in the standard common emitter circuit configuration
as seen previously to produce an inverted output.

Following are some benefits of using Class A amplifier;

 The current flows for complete input cycle

 It can amplify small signals
 The output is same as input
 No distortion is present

Following are some limitations of using Class A amplifier;

 Low power output

 Low collector efficiency

Efficiency:
The maximum theoretical efficiency that a class A amp can achieve is 50%
efficiency with inductive output coupling or just 25% with capacitive
coupling.
The important factors that need to be considered while designing an audio
amplifier is gain, noise, frequency response and distortion.

“Higher the gain higher will be the distortion and noise.”

PROTEUS DIAGRAM:
CALCULATIONS:
GAIN
As,

Av=Vout/Vin

The gain results;

Av=3.75/ (40*10^-3)
Gain of first stage is

Av=93.75

The gain results;

Av=4/ (40*10^-3)

Gain of final stage is

Av=100

The frequency is set to 1Khz;

F=1/2*pi*R*C

R=6.8*1000*1000/1000+6.8*1000

R=0.87Kohm

C=10uf

F=1khz(approx)

BASIC COMPONENTS:
 Vero board

 Resistors

 3.5mm Audio Jack’s or Aux

 Capacitors

 Transistors NPN

 Power Supply

 wires
WORKING:The working of the amplifier is not on a single stage. This
amplification of the audio signals is carried out in various stages. Based on the
criteria of the hall, infrastructure, and the impedance value the amplification of
the signals takes place. The power generated at the output of these amplifiers
depends upon its utility.The input signal is applied with the help of any mike and
as it reaches the transistor the movements of majority and the minority carriers
takes place. If the transistor is of n-p-n-type, in that case, the connections of the
supply are provided in such a way that the width of the depletion region should
be less which indicates that the transistor should be in fully conducting mode.The
amplifiers can be designed with multiple transistors in it. Based on these
movements of the carriers the signal reaches to its destination. This process signal
reaching to the destination with the replica of the input signal but boosted in
terms of strength is known as amplification.

EXPLAINATION:
An amplifier (often loosely called an "amp") is an electromagnetic or electronic
component that boosts an electric current.

 A transistor-based amplifier takes the signal (the input) and boosts it

many times before feeding it into a tiny loudspeaker placed inside our
ear canal, so we hear a much-magnified version of the original sounds
(the output).

TYPES:
 Audio Power Amplifiers
 RF Power Amplifiers
 DC Power Amplifiers
APPLICATIONS:

1. In the sound systems, these amplifiers are most widely used.

2. In various instruments that relate to music, these amplifiers are installed.

3. In the radio signals broadcasting these amplifiers are used.

4. The signal transmission for long-distance communication is the most

amplifiers that are utilized.

5. For the wireless transmission of the signals, audio amplification is required.

6. Consumer Electronics:
 Audio power amplifiers are used in almost all
consumer electronic devices ranging from microwave ovens, headphone
drivers, televisions, mobile phones and Home theatre systems to theatrical
and concert reinforcement systems.

7. Industrial: 
Switching type power amplifiers are used for controlling most of
the industrial actuator systems like servos and DC motors.

8. Wireless Communication:
 High power amplifiers are important in transmission
of cellular or FM broadcasting signals to users. Higher power levels made
 possible because of power amplifiers increases data transfer rates and
usability. They are also used in satellite communication equipment.

Conclusion:
A preamplifier (preamp) is a device that converts a weak electrical signal
into a noise-tolerant audible output signal PMA use voltage to increase the
power of sound signals, but they do it differently and have distinct functions.
While preamps are generally used to boost the level of microphone
recordings without significantly increasing its noise floor, power amps are
used to boost sounds that are already audible, like electric guitars and
speakers. In doing so, they can add a noticeable amount of noise to such
sounds. This design is the most basic public address system that your
company plans to produce and market and is intended for limited application
in small businesses for paging employees or making announcements

_________________________END_____________________________