CK^ERKO ^FODKMVCVKO

IW^K

K. DFLFOIWI

IW^K ktku iolf`si skcurko pfroklksko k`ut kdkckm iolf`si ykoh tfrutkak afohfoki stru`tur
skcurko pfroklksko di ktks ckrioh,tftkpi `fbkoyk`ko,pfoyk`it ioi afohfoki bkhiko

skcurko ktks dko bkwkm sfgkrk siauctko ktku bfrurutko (Ofcseo,fdisi 2>;6).

Iolf`si skcurko pfroklksko kdkckm suktu `fkdkko diakok skcurko pfroklksko

(miduoh, pmkrioh dko ckrioh) afohkckai iolckaksi ykoh afoyfbkb`ko tfrjkdioyk
ebstru`si jkcko oklksdko k`ko afoyfbkb`ko rftrk`si diodioh dkdk pkdk skkt
afck`u`ko pfroklksko (^iogus Gktzfc& Iko Rebfrts0 2>;7).
IW^K kdkckm pfoyk`it ykoh afoyfrkoh skckm sktu bkhiko dko ktku cfbim dkri skcurko

oklks aucki dkri miduoh (skcurko ktks) miohhk kcvfeci (skcurko bkwkm) tfraksu` jkriohko

kdof`skoyk, sfpfrti sious, reohhk tfciohk tfohkm dko pcfurk. IW^K uauaoyk bfrckohsuoh
sfckak ;4 mkri. Ykoh tfraksu` dkcka iolf`si skcurko oklks bkhiko ktks kdkckm bktu`

picf` biksk, sk`it tfciohk, rkdkoh tfohhere`ko, iolcufozk, breogmitis, dko juhk
siousitis. Wfdkoh`ko iolf`si ykoh afoyfrkoh bkhiko bkwkm skcurko oklks sfpfrti
pkru itu skckm sktuoyk kdkckm ^ofuaeoik (XME).
Wfbkhiko bfskr dkri iolf`si skcurko pfrokpksko mkoyk bfrsilkt riohko sfpfrti bktu`
picf` dko tidk` afafrcu`ko pfohebktko dfohko kotibieti`. Iolf`si pfrokpksko jkrkoh
afaic`i giri krfk kokteai` tfrsfodiiri. Iolfsi sfrioh afoyfbkr dkri sktu stru`tur `f stru`tur
ckioyk `krfok silkt afouckr dkri afabrko au`esk ykoh afckpisi sfcurum skcurko.

K`ibktoyk,iolf`si skcurko pfrokpksko k`ko afcibkt`ko bfbfrkpk krfk tidk` mkoyk

sktu stru`tur, afs`ipuo flf` pkdk sktu iodividu dkpkt afodeaioksi pfoyk`it ckio.

B. FTIECEHI

Ftiecehi IW^K tfrdiri dkri cfbim dkri 7>> jfois bk`tfri, virus dko rigmftsik. Bk`tfri
pfoyfbkb IW^K kotkrk ckio kdkckm dkri hfous Wtrfptegeggus,, Wtkpmycegeggus,
^ofuaegeggus, Mkfaepmycus, Berdftfcck dko Geriofbkgtfriua. \irus pfoyfbkb
IW^K kotkrk ckio kdkckm hececeoohkhko Ai`sevirus, Kdfoevirus, Gereokvirus,
^igerokvirus, Aigepcksak, Mfrpfsvirus dko ckio-ckio.

Ftiecehi ^ofuaeoik pkdk Bkcitk su`kr uotu` ditftkp`ko `krfok dkmk` bikskoyk su`kr
dipfrecfm. ^foftkpko ftiecehi ^ofuaeoik di Iodeofsik aksim didkskr`ko pkdk mksic
 pfofcitiko di cukr Iodeofsik. Afourut pubci`ksi XME, pfofcitiko dibfrbkhki ofhkrk afouoju``ko

bkmwk di ofhkrk bfr`fabkoh strfptegeggus pofuaeoik dko mkfaepmycus iolcufozk

afrupk`ko bk`tfri ykoh sfckcu ditfau`ko pkdk duk pfr tihk dkri mksic isecksi, yk`oi 87,9%

kspirkt pkru dko <9,;% mksic isecksi dkri spfsiafo dkrkm. Wfdkoh`ko di ofhkrk akju,

dfwksk ioi ^ofuaeoik pkdk kok` uauaoyk disfbkb`ko ecfm virus.

Vsik bkyi ktku ofeoktus, pkdk kok` ykoh afodkpkt`ko kir susu ibu koh`k `fjkdiko
pkdk usik dibkwkm 7 bucko rfodkm `krfok afodkpkt`ko iauoitks dkri kir susu ibu.

V`urko dkri cfbkr pfokapkoh dkri skcurko pfroklksko turut bfrpfohkrum didkcka
dfrkjkt `fpkrkmko pfoyk`it. @krfok dfohko cebkoh ykoh sfak`io sfapit ak`k dfohko
kdkoyk fdfaktesk ak`k k`ko tfrtutup sfgkrk `fsfcurumko dkri jkcko oklks.

G. @CKWILI@KWI
^rehrka ^fabfrkotksko IW^K (^2 IW^K) afoh`cksili`ksi IW^K sfbkhki bfri`ut:
; ^ofuaeoioik bfrkrkt : ditktkodki sfgkrk `ciois ecfm kdkoyk tkriri`k`ko diododioioh dkdk

`fdkcka (gmfst iodrkwioh).

2. ^ofuaeoik : ditkodki sfgkrk `ciois ecfm kdkoyk okpks gfpkt.

7. Bu`ko pofuaeoik : ditkodki sfgkrk `ciois ecfm bktu` picf`, bisk disfrtki
dfaka,, tkopk tkri`ko diodioh dkdk `fdkcka, tkopk okpks gfpkt.
Rioelkriohitis, lkriohitis dko teosicitis tfrheceoh bu`ko pofuaeoik.
Bfrdkskr`ko mksic pfafri`skko dkpkt dibukt suktu `cksili`ksi pfoyk`it IW^K. @cksili`ksi ioi

dibfdk`ko uotu` heceohko uaur dibkwkm 2 bucko dko uotu` heceohko uaur 2 bucko skapki

6 tkmuo. Votu` heceohko uaur `urkoh 2 bucko kdk 2 `cksili`ksi pfoyk`it ykitu : ^ofuaeoik

bfrkt : diisecksi dkri gkgioh tkokm ecfm Ruiz dko `ukt diodioh pkdk bkhiko

bkwkm ktku okpks gfpkt. Bktks okpks gfpkt uotu` heceohko uaur `urkoh 2 bucko ykitu <>
`kci pfr afoit ktku cfbim dko Bu`ko pofuaeoik : bktu` picf` biksk, bick tidk` ditfau`ko

tkodk tkri`ko `ukt diodioh dkdk bkhiko bkwkm ktku okpks gfpkt. Votu` heceohko
uaur 2 bucko skapki 6 tkmuo kdk 7 `cksili`ksi pfoyk`it ykitu :
; ^ofuaeoik bfrkt: bick disfrtki okpkpks sfsk` ykitu kdkoyk tkri`ko diododioioh dkdk

bkhiko bkwkm `fdkcka pkdk wk`tu kok` afokri` okpks (pkdk skkt dipfri`sk kok`

mkrus dkcka `fkdkko tfokoh tcdk` afokohis ktku afreotk).

2. ^ofuaeoik: bick disfrtki okpks gfpkt. Bktks okpks gfpkt ikckm uotu` usik 2 -;2 bucko

kdkckm 6> `kci pfr afoit ktku cfbim dko uotu` usik ; -4 tkmuo kdkckm 4> `kci

pfr afoit ktku cfbim.

 7. Bu`ko pofuaeoik: bktu` picf` biksk, bick tidk` ditfau`ko tkri`ko diodioh dkdk
bkhiko bkwkm dko tidk` kdk okpks gfpkt (Rksakcikm, 2>;4).

D. ^KTELIWIECEHI
Iolf`si Wkcurko ^froklksko K`ut (IW^K) disfbkb`ko ecfm virus ktku `uako heceohko

K strfpfptetegegegus, stkpipicecegegegus, mkfaepmymycucus iolclcufufozozkfkf, gckaydik

trkgmeaktis,s, aygepcksak, dko pofuae`e`us ykoh afoyfrkoh dko afohiolckaksi skcurko pfroklksko

(miduoh, pmkrioh, ckrioh) dko afaici`i akoilfstksi `ciois sfpfrti dfaka, afoiohisaus,
koerfxik, veaitioh, dikrf, kbdeaiokc pkio, suabktko pkdk jkcko oklks, bktu`, dko
sukrk oklks wmffzioh, strider, grkg`cfss, dko tidk` tfrdkpktoyk sukrk pfroklksko.
^frjkckoko `ciois pfoyk`it IW^K diaucki dfohko bfriotfrk`sioyk virus dfohko

tubum.Aksu`oyk virus sfbkhki kotihfo `f skcurko pfroklksko afoyfbkb`ko sicik ykoh tfrdkpkt

pkdk pfrau`kko skcurko oklks bfrhfrk` `f ktks afodereoh virus `f krkm lkrioh ktku dfohko

suktu tkoh`kpko rflcf`s spksaus ecfm ckrioh.Ji`k rflcf`s tfrsfbut hkhkc ak`k

virus afrusk` ckpisko fpitfc dko ckpisko au`esk skcurko pfroklksko (@fodioh dko
Gmfroig`, 2>;2).

Iritksi virus pkdk `fduk ckpisko tfrsfbut afoyfbkb`ko tiabucoyk bktu` `frioh
(Jfcillf, ;984).@frusk`ko stu`tur ckpisko diodioh skcurko pfroklksko afoyfbkb`ko
`foki`ko k`tiilitks `fcfojkr au`us ykoh bkoyk` tfrdkpkt pkdk diodioh skcurko oklks,
sfmiohhk tfrjkdi pfohfcukrko gkirko au`esk ykoh afcfbimi oerkakc.Rkohskohko
gkirko ykoh bfrcfbimko tfrsfbut afoiabuc`ko hfjkck bktu` (@fodioh kod Gmfroig`,
2>;2).Wfmiohhk pkdk tkmkp kwkc hfjkck IW^K ykoh pkcioh afoeojec kdkckm bktu`.
Iolf`si sf`uodfr bk`tfri ioi afoyfbkb`ko sf`rfsi au`us bfrtkabkm bkoyk` dko dkpkt

afoyuabkt skcurko oklks sfmiohhk tiabuc sfsk` oklks dko juhk afoyfbkb`ko bktu` ykoh
predu`til.Iovksi bk`tfri ioi dipfraudkm dfohko kdkoyk lk`er-lk`ter sfpfrti `fdiohioko

dko akcoutrisi.Wuktu ckperko pfoffcittiko afoyfbut`ko bkmwk dfohko kdkoyk

suktu sfrkohko iolf`si virus pkdk skcurko oklks dkpkt afoiabuc`ko hkohhuko hizi
k`ut pkdk bkyi dko kok` (Tyrfcc, 2>;4).

\irus ykoh afoyfrkoh skcurko oklks ktks dkpkt afoyfbkr `f tfapkt-tfapkt ykoh ckio
dkcka tubum, sfmiohhk dkpkt afoyfbkb`ko `fjkoh, dfaka, dko juhk bisk afoyfbkr `f
skcurko oklks bkwkm (Tyrfcc, 2>;4). Dkapk` iolf`si sf`uodfr bk`tfripuo bisk afoyfrkoh
skcurko oklks bkwkm, sfmiohhk bk`tfri-bk`tfri ykoh bikskoyk mkoyk ditfau`ko dkcka

skcurko pfroklksko ktks, sfsudkm tfrjkdioyk iolf`si virus, dkpkt afohiolf`si pkru-
pkru sfmiohhk afoyfbkb`ko pofuaeoik bk`tfri (Wmkoo, 2>;7).
 ^fokokohohkoko pfoyoyk`it skcucurkrko pfroklksko pkdk kok` mkrurus

dipfpfrmrmktkti`ko kspf` iauoecehis skcurko oklks tfrutkak dkcka mkc bkmwk sistfa iauo di

skcurko oklks ykoh sfbkhiko bfskr tfrdiri dkri au`esk, tidk` skak dfohko sistfa iauo sistfai`

pkdk uauaoyk. Wistfa iauo skcurko oklks ykoh tfrdiri dkri leci`fc dko jkriohko cialeid ykoh

tfrsfbkr, afrupk`ko giri `mks systfa iauo au`esk. Giri `mks bfri`utoyk kdkckm bkmwk

IhK afafhkoh pfrkoko pkdk skcurko oklks ktks sfdkoh`ko IhH pkdk skcurko oklks
bkwkm.Di`ftkmui puck bkmwk sf`rfteri IhK (sIhK) skohkt bfrpfrko dkcka
afapfrtkmko`ko iotfhritks au`esk skcurko oklks (Wirfhkr, 2>;4).
F. ^KTMXKY

Auct lk` er
(Bk` fri, \irus, ai`repcksak, dcc)

Rfspeo pkdk ^frkdkohko pkdk skcurko pfrokpksko Io kaksi skcurko

(lkrioh/ckrioh dko eosic)
diodioh breo`us breo`us
Breo`us @uako afcfpks`ko ^foioh`k ko

afoyfapi fode e`sio predu`si sf`rf

Breo`espksaf Afrkohskoh ubum afohfcukr`ko Ebs ru`si jkcko

zk pirehfo ecfm cfu`esi oklks

@f dk`flf` lko peck oklks

Wumu ubum @f dk`flf` lko

^fr`fabkohko pfoyk`i afoioh`k bfrsimko jkcko oklks

Mipfrtfrai @fsuci ko/sk`i afohuoykm dko

^frubkmko s k us `fsfmk ko
afofcko
@epioh ioflf`tl Afrkohskoh pfohfcukrko zk

afdik er, brkdisioio, sfretoio, Akcks ak`ko/

koerf`sik
mis kaio, pres khckodio
Kosiftks
Oyfri dipfrsfpsi`ko @f dk`sfiabkohko

outrisi `urkoh dkri

`fbutumko tubum
Oyfri k`ut
L. AKOILFWTKWI @CIOIW
^foyoyk`it IW^K kdkckm pfoyoyk`it ykoh skohkhkt afouckr, mkc ioi tiabuc `krfrfok

afouruooyk sistfa `f`fbkcko ktku dkyk tkmko tubum, aiskcoyk `krfok `fcfckmko ktku strfs.

^kdk stkdiua kwkc, hfjkckoyk bfrupk rksk pkoks, `frioh dko hktkc dkcka miduoh, ykoh

`faudiko dii`uti bfrsio tfrus afofrus, miduoh tfrsuabkt dfohko iohus fogfr sfrtk

dfaka dko oyfri `fpkck. ^frau`kko au`esk miduoh tkapk` afrkm dko afabfoh`k`.
Iolf`si cfbim ckojut afabukt sf`rft afojkdi `fotkc dko suabktko di miduoh
bfrtkabkm.. Bick tidk` tfrdkpkt `eapci`ksi, hfjkckoyk k`ko bfr`urkoh sfsudkm 7-6
mkri. @eapci`ksi ykoh auoh`io tfrjkdi kdkckm siousitis, lkriohitis, iolf`si tfciohk
tfohkm, iolf`si skcurko tubk fustkgmii, miohhk breo`mitis dko pofuaeoik (rkdkoh
pkru). Kdkpuo tkodk dko hfjkck IW^K ykoh sffrioh ditfaui kdkckm :

;. Dfaka, pkdk ofeoktus auoh`io jkrkoh tfrjkdi tftkpi hfjkck dfaka auoguc ji`k kok`
sudkm afogkkpki usik < bucko skapki dfohko 7 tkmuo. Wfrioh`kci dfaka
auoguc sfbkhki tkodk pfrtkak tfrjkdioyk iolf`si. Wumu tubum bisk afogkpki
> >
79,6 G-4>,6 G.
2. Afoioiohisaus, kdkckm tkododk afoiohfkc tkopk kdkoyk iolf`si pkdk
afoiohohfofos, bikskoyk tfrjkdi sfckak pfriedi` bkyi afohkckai pkoks,
hfjkckoyk kdkckm oyfri `fpkck, `k`u dko oyfri pkdk puohhuoh sfrtk `udu`,
tfrdkpktoyk tkodk `froih dko brudzios`i.

7. Koerfxik, biksk tfrjkdi pkdk sfauk bkyi ykoh afohkckai sk`it. Bkyi k`ko
afojkdi suskm aioua dko bm`ko tidk` aku aioua.

4. \eaiitiohoh, bikskoyk auoguc dkcka pfriedf sfskkt tftkpi juhk bisk sfckak
bkyi tfrsfbut afohkckai sk`it.

6. Dikrkrf (aicd trkokosisifofot dikrkrf)f), sfriohoh`kci tfrjrjkdkdi afohohiririohi

iolflf`s`si skcucurkrko pfroklksko k`ibkt iolf`si virus.

< Kbdeaiokokc pkioio, oyfrfri pkdk kbdeafo auoh`i`io disfsfbkbkb`ko `krfok

kdkokoyk cyapmkdfoitis afsfotfrig.

8. Wuabktko pkdk jkckcko oklks/ Okskc, pkdk skcurko oklklks ykoh sfapit
k`ko cfbibim audkm tfrsuabkt ecfm `krfok bkoyk`oyk sf`rft.

= Bktu`, afrupk`ko tkodk uaua dkri tfjkdioyk iolf`si skcurko pfroklksko, auoh`io
tkodk ioi afrupk`ko tkodk k`ut dkri tfrjkdioyk iolf`si skcurko pfroklksko.

9. Wukrk oklks, biksk tfrdkpkt wmffzioh, strider, grkg`cfss, dko tidk`

tfrdkpktoyk sukrk pfroklksko (Xmkcfy kod Xeoh0 2>;2).

H. @EA^CI@KWI
^foyk`it ioi sfbfokroyk afrupk`ko sfcl ciaitfd disfksf, ykoh sfabum sfodiri 6-< mkri
ji`k tidk` tfrjkdi iovksi `uako ckiooyk.
;. Wiouousisititis pkrkokskskc
@eapci`ksi ioi mkoyk tfrjkdi pkdk kok` bfskr `krfok pkdk bkyi dko kok` `fgic

sious pkrkokskc bfcua tuabum.Hfjkck uaua tkapk` cfbim bfskr, oyfri `fpkck
bfrtkabkm, rksk oyfri dko oyfri tf`ko bikskoyk didkfrkm sious lreotkcis dko
ak`s`sicickrkris.Dikikhohoesis ditftfhkk``ko dfohko pfafri`s`skkkko lete reotothfhfo dko

trkosicuaioksi pkdk kok` bfskr. ^resfs siousitis sfrioh afojkdi `reoi` dfohko hfjkck

akckisf, gfpkt cfckm dko su`kr bfr`eosfotrksi (pkdk kok` bfskr). @kdkoh-`kdkoh disfrtki

suabktko miduoh, oyfri `fpkck mickoh tiabuc, bfrsio ykoh tfrus afofrus disfrtki sfgrft

purucfo dkpkt uoicktfrkc ktkupuo bicktfrkc.Bick didkpkt`ko pfroklksko aucut ykoh

afoftkp dko rkohskoh lkrioh ykoh afoftkp tkopk sfbkb ykoh jfcks pfrcu ykoh dipi`ir`ko

tfrjkdioyk `eapci`ksi siousitis.Wiousitis pkrkokskc ioi dkpkt diebkti

dfohko afabfri`ko kotibieti`.

2. ^fouoututupkpko tubk fustmkgkgmimii
Tubk fustmkgmii ykoh buotu afabfri hfjkck tuci dko iolf`si dkpkt afofabus ckohsuoh

`fdkfrkm tfciohk tfohkm dko afoyfbkb`ko etitis afdik k`ut (EAK).Hfjkck EAK pkdk kok`

`fgic dko bkyi dkpkt disfrtki sumu bkdko ykoh tiohhi (mipfrpirf`sik) `kdkoh afoyfbkb`ko

`fjkoh dfaka. Kok` skohkt hfciskm, tfrcimkt oyfri bick `fpkck diheykoh`ko ktku afafhkoh

tfciohkoyk ykoh oyfri (pkdk bkyi juhk dkpkt di`ftkmui dfohko afof`ko tfciohkoyk dko

bikskoyk bkyi k`ko afokohis `frks). @krfok bkyi ykoh afodfritk bktu` picf` sfrioh

afodfritk iolf`si pkdk tfciohk tfohkm sfmiohhk

afoyfbkb`ko tfrjkdioyk EAK dko sfrioh afoyfbkb`ko `fjkoh dfaka, ak`k bkyi pfrcu
di`eosuc `fbkhiko TMT.Bikskoyk bkyi dick`u`ko pkrsfotfsis ji`k sftfckm 4=-82

jka dibfri`ko kotibieti`k `fkdkko tidk` afabki`.^krksfotfsis (pfousu`ko sfckput

tfciohk) diak`sud`ko afogfhkm afabrko tiapkoi pfgkm sfodiri dko tfrjkdi etitis
afdik pfrlerktk (EA^).
7. ^foyoyfbfbkrko iolf`f`si

^fojkckrko iolf`si sf`uodfr dkri okselkrioh `fkrkm bkwkm sfpfrti

ckryohitis, trk`fitis, breo`iis dko breo`epofuaeoik.Wfckio itu dkpkt puck tfrjkdi
`eapci`ksi jkum, aiskcoyk tfrjkdi afoiohitis purucfotk.
M. ^FAFRI@WKKO ^FOVOJKOH
Kdkpuo pfafri`skko pfouojkoh ykoh dkpkt dick`u`ko bfrupk :

;. ^fafri`skko `uctur/ bik`ko `uako (swkb)0 mksic ykoh didkpkt`ko kdkckm

bik`ko `uako (+) sfsuki dfohko jfois `uako.
2. ^fafri`skko mituoh dkrkm (dflfrfotikc geuot)0 ckju fodkp dkrkm afoioh`kt disfrtki

dffoohko kddkkooyyk cffuu``eesisitteesisis dkko biissk juuhhk

diisfsfrrttkki dffoohhkko kdkkooyyk tmreabesitepfoik.
7. ^fafri`skko lete tmerk`s ji`k dipfrcu`ko (Bfooy, 2>;;).

I. ^FOKTKCK@WKOKKO
k. ^fogfhkmko
^fogfhkmko dkpkt dick`u`ko dfohko:
;) Afojkhk `fkdkko hizi khkr tftkp bki`.
2) Iaaauouoisisksksi.

7) Afojkhk `fbfrsimko pfrerkohko dko cioh`uohko.

4) Afogfhkm kok` bfrmubuohko dfohko pfodfritk
IW^K. ^riosip pfrkwktko IW^K kotkrk ckio:
;) Afoih`kt`ko istirkmkt aioiakc = jka pfrmkri
2) Afoioh`kt`ko ak`koko bfrhiizi
7) Bick dfaka bfri `eaprfs dko bkoyk` aioua

4) Bick miduoh tfrsuabkt `krfok picf` bfrsim`ko cubkoh miduoh dfohko

skpu tkohko ykoh bfrsim
6) Bick bkdko sfsferkoh dfaka huok`ko pk`kiko ykoh gu`up tipis tidk` tfrckcu

`ftkt.
<) Bick tfrsfrkoh pkdk kok` tftkp bfri`ko ak`koko dko KWI bick kok` tfrsfbut
aksim afoftf`
b. ^fohebktko kotkrk ckio:

Afohktksi pkoks (dfaka) dfohko afabfri`ko pkrksftkaec ktku dfohko `eaprfs,

bkyi dibkwkm 2 bucko dfohko dfaka mkrus sfhfrk diruju`. ^krksftkaec
dibfri`ko 4 `kci tikp < jka uotu` wk`tu 2 mkri. Gkrk pfabfrikooyk, tkbcft dibkhi
sfsukuki dfohko desisoyk, `faudiko dihfhfrurus dko diaioua`ko. Afabfri`ko
`eaprfs, dfohko afohhuok`ko `kio bfrsim, gfcup`ko pkdk kir (tidk` pfrcu kir fs).

Afohohktksi bktutu` dikokojujur`ko afabfri ebkt bktutu` ykoh kako ykititu rkauko
trkdisieokc ykitu jfru` oipis ± sfode` tfm digkapur dfohko `fgkp ktku akdu ±
sfode` tfm , dibfri`ko tihk `kci sfmkri.
 @EOWF^ KWVMKO @F^FRKXKTKO WFGKRK TFERITIW IW^K

;. ^foh`kjiko

^foh`kjjiko afrupk`ko tkmkp kwkc dkri presfs `fpfrkwktko dko afrupk`ko suktu
presfs ykoh sistfaktis dkcka pfohuapucko dktk dkri bfrbkhki suabfr dktk uotu`

afohfvkcuksi dko afohidfotili`ksi stktus `fsfmktko `cifo. ^foh`kjiko dick`u`ko dfohko gkrk
bfrurutko, pfrkwkt mkrus afohftkmui dktk k`tukc kpk ykoh dipfrecfm, lk`ter rfsi`e

ykoh pfotioh, `fkdkko ykoh petfosikc afohkogka pksifo dko ckio-ckio (Ourskcka, 2>>;). Tujuko

pfoh`kjiko kdkckm uotu` afohuapuc`ko ioleraksi dko afabukt dktk dkskr pksifo. ^foh`kjiko

dick`u`ko skkt pksifo aksu` iostkosi pfckykoko `fsfmktko. Dktk ykoh dipfpfrerecfcfm skohkt

bfrhrhuouok uotutu` afofototu`ko tkmkmkp sfckckojojututoyoyk dkckcka presesfs

`fpfrkwktko. ^fohuapucko dktk pksifo dkpkt dick`u`ko dfohko gkrk :

K. Kokaofofsis/wkwkogkrk.
B.. Ebbssffrrvvkkssi..

G. ^fafri`s`skkkko lisisi`.
D. ^fafri`skko pfouojkoh/dikhoesti`.

@cksili`ksi dko Kokcisk Dktk

K. @cksili`ksi dktk kdkckm k`tivitks pfohfceape`ko dktk-dktk `cifo ktku `fkdkko

tfrtfotu diakok `cifo afohkckai pfrakskckmko `fsfmktko ktku `fpfrkwktko

bfrdkskr`ko `ritfrik pfrakskckmkoyk. @cksili`ksi ioi di`fceape`ko dkcka dktk
subyf`til dko dktk ebyf`til.
B. Kokcisk Dktk kdkckm afohkkit`ko dktk dko afohmubuoh`ko dfohko `eosfp tferi

dko priosip ykoh rfcfvko uotu` afabukt `fsiapucko dkcka afotu`ko akskckm
`fsfmktko dko `fpfrkwktko.

G. Kokcisk dktk dibukt dkcka bfotu` tkbfc ykoh tfrdiri dkri `ecea : Dktk, ^foyfbkb,,
dko Akskckm. @ecea dktk bfrisi 0 dktk subyf`f`til, dktk ebyfyf`til dko lk`ter
rfsi`e.@ecea pfoyfbkb bfrisi : ; (sktu) `ktk/`kciakt ykoh afojkdi pfoyfbkb
utkak dkri akskckm. @ecea akskckm bfrisi : pfroyktkko akskckm `fpfrkwktko.
Dktk ykoh pfrcu di`kji pkdk pksifo IW^K dkpkt bfrupk :

K. Idfotili`ksi `cifo ykoh afciputi: okak, uaur, jfois `fckaio, pfodidi`ko, khkak,
su`u bkohsk, kckakt, tkohhkc ARW dko dikhoesf afdis.
 B. Riwkykt pfoyk`it afciputi : `fcumko utkak, bikskoyk `cifo dktkoh dfohko `fcumko

bktu` picf` sfrtk pkoks, `fsfmktko sf`krkoh, `fsfmktko ykho ckcu, riwkykt

`fsfmktko `fcukrhk, riwkykt outrisi, fciaioksi, pfrseokc myhifof.

G. ^fafri`skko lisi` bfrle`us pkdk systfa pfogkrokko afciputi : `fkdkko uaua

(pfokapicko, `fskdkrko, tiohhi bkdko, BB dko TT\), `ucit, `fpkck dko cfmfr,

aucut, kbdeafo.
D. K`tivitks dko isrirkmkt

Hfjkck : `fcfakmko, `fcfckmko, gkpf ktku cfckm, ioseaoik, tidk` bisk tidur
pkdk akcka mkri, `krfok bkdko dfaka.

Hfjkck : Tf`stur lfsfs bfrvkriksi dkri bfotu` cuok`, bku, ktku bfrkir
Tkodk : `kdkoh ‗ `kdkoh tfrjkdi pfoioh`ktko bisioh usus.
L. Ak`k`kokoko ktku gkikirkrko
Hfjkck : `cifo afohkckai koerf`sik dko auotkm, tfrjkdi pfouruoko BB.

Tkodk : `fcfakmko, turher `ucit `cifo bisk buru`, afabrkof au`esk pugkt.
2. Dikhoesk @fpfrkwktko

Dikhoesk `fpfrkwktko afrupk`ko `fputusko `cioi` tfotkoh rfspeo iodividu, `fcukrhk

dko aksykrk`kt tfotkoh akskckm `fsfmktko ktku presfs `fmidupko ykoh k`tukc ktku
petfosikc, sfbkhki dkskr sfcf`si iotfrvfosi `fpfrkwktko uotu` afogkpki tujuko ksumko
`fpfrkwktko sfsuki dfohko `fwfokohko pfrkwkt (OKODK Iotfrokktieokc, 2>;2).
Bfrdkskr`ko OKODK Iotfroktieokc (2>;2), dikhoesk `fpfrkwktko tfrbkhi ktks :

K. Dikhoesk `fpfrkwktko k`tukc, Wuktu dikhoesis k`tukc afohhkabkr`ko rfspeo

akousik tfrmkdkp `eodisi `fsfmktko/presfs `fmidupko ykoh bfokr oyktk pkdk

iodividu, `fceape`, ktku `eauoitks.

B. Dikhoesk @fpfrkwktko ^reaesi @fsfmktko : ^foiickiko `ciois tfotkoh
aetivksi dko `fiohioko iodividu, `fcukrhk, `fceape` ktku `eauoitks uotu`
afoioh`kt`ko `fsfmjktfrkko dko afwujud`ko petfosi `fsfmktko akousik.
G. Dikhkhoesk @fpfpfrkwktko Risi`e : @frfrfototkokokoko, tfrurutkak sfbkbkhkhki

k`ibkt dkri pkpkrko tfrmkdkp lk`ter-lk`ter ykoh afoioh`kt`ko pfcukoh `fgfck`kko ktku

`fmickohko.
D. Dikhkhoesk @fpfrkwktko Wyododrerea : pfoioickiko `ciois afajfcksks`k`ko `fceape`

`musus dikhoesk `fpfrkwktko ykoh tfrjkdi bfrskak dko pkcioh tfpkt dimkdkpi

sfgkrk bfrskak-skak dko afckcui iotfrvfosi ykoh sfrupk.

Ckoh`km-ckoh`km afofotu`ko dikhoesk `fpfrkwktko :
 K. Iotfrprftksi dktk, pfrkwkt bfrtuhks afabukt iotfrprftksi ktks dktk ykoh sudkm
di`fceape``ko dkcka bfotu` akskckm `fpfrkwktko ktku akskckm `eckberktil.
Votu` afoucis`ko dikhoesk `fpfrkwktko Herdeo afohurki`ko `eapeofo ykoh
mkrus kdk sfbkhki bfri`ut :
;) Dikhoesk k`tukc : `eapeofo tfrdiri dkri tihk bkhiko, ykitu :

k) ^rebcfa/akskckm 1 ^
b) Ftiecehi/pfoyfbkb 1 F
g) Wiho kod syaptea/tkodk dko hfjkck 1 W
2) Dikhoesk rfsi`e, petfosikc/pessibcf : ^+F

B. ^frfruausko dikhkhoesk `fpfpfrkwktkoko, sftftfckckm pfrkwkt

afofohhfceape`ko,, afohidfotili`ksi dko afavkcidksi dktk-dktk ykoh
sihoili`ko ak`k tuhks pfrkwkt pkdk tkmkp ioi kdkckm afruaus`ko suktu
dikhoesk `fpfrkwktko (Ourskcka, 2>>;).
AfourutOurkril, Kaio Mudk dko @usuak Mkrdmi (2>;6)akskckm `fpfrkwktko

ykoh ckzia tiabuc pkdk pksifo ispk:

;) @ftitidkdk`flf`tilkokobfbfrsrsimko jkcko oklks, bfrmrmububuouohkhko
dfohohko pfoioiohoh`ktko juackm sf`rft.
2) Mipfrtfrai bfrmubuohko dfohko pfoioh`ktko sumu tubum (presfs pfoyk`it).

7) Oyfri k`ut bfrmubuohko dfohko iolckaksi pkdk afabrko au`esk lkrioh

dko teosic.

4) @ftidk`flf`tilko peck okpks bfrmubuohko dfohko ebstru`si

breo`espksaf,, rfspeo pkdk diodioh breo`us.
6) @ftidk`sfiabkohko outrisi `urkoh dkri `fbutumko tubum bfrmubuohko dfohko

pfouruoko iotk`f iokdf`ukt, pfouruoko oklsu ak`ko, oyfri afofcko.

<) Kosiiftks bfrmubuohko dfohko pfr`fabkohko pfoyk`it dko pfrubkmko
stktus `fsfmktko.
7. Iotfrvfosi @fpfrkwktko
^frfogkgkokko kdkckm presfs `fhihiktko afotkc ykoh afabfri pfdeako ktku pfohkrkmko

sfgkrk tfrtucis `fpkdk pfrkwkt ktku kohhetk tia `fsfmktko ckiooyk tfotkoh iotfrvfosi/tiodk`ko

`fpfrkwktko ykoh k`ko dick`u`ko `fpkdk pksifo. Rfogkok `fpfrkwktko afrupk`ko rfogkok

tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko tfrtucis ykoh afohhkabkr`ko akskskckckm `fsfsfmkmktktko pksisifofo,

mksisic ykoh k`ko dimkmkrkrkp`p`koko, tiododk`k`ko-tiodk`k`ko

`fpfrkwktko dko `fakjuko pksifo sfgkrk spfsili`.

 Iotfrvfosi `fpfrkwktko afrupk`ko bkhiko dkri lksf pfoherhkoisksiko dkcka
presfs `fpfrkwktko sfbkhki pfdeako uotu` afohkrkm`ko tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko
dkcka uskmk afabkotu, afriohko`ko, afafgkm`ko akskckm ktku uotu` afafoumi
`fbutumko `cifo (Ourskcka, 2>;;).
Rfogkok `fpfrkwktko afrupk`ko sfrkoh`ki `fhiktko ktku iotfrvfosi uotu`

afogkpki tujuko pfck`skokko ksumko `fpfrkwktko. Iotfrvfosi `fpfrkwktko kdkckm

prfs`ripsi uotu` pfrick`u spfsili` ykoh dimkrkp`ko ecfm pksifo dko ktku tiodk`ko ykoh

mkrus dick`u`ko ecfm pfrkwkt. (Xeoh,D,C, 2>;4 ).

Tujuko ykoh dirfogkok`ko mkrus spfsili` dko tidk` afoiabuc`ko krti hkodk,
tujuko `fpfrkwktko mkrus dkpkt diu`ur, `mususoyk tfotkoh pfrick`u `cifo, dkpkt
diu`ur, didfohkr, dirkbk, dirksk`ko, digiua. Tujuko `fpfrkwktko mkrus dkpkt
digkpki sfrtk dipfrtkohhuoh jkwkb`ko sfgkrk icaikm dko mkrus afapuoyki
wk`tu ykoh jfcks. ^fdeako pfoucisko gritfrik mksic bfrdkskr`ko –WAKRT-

W : Wpfsili`, tujuko mkrus spfsili` dko tidk` afoiabuc`ko krti hkodk

A : Afksurfbcf, tujuko `fpfrkwktko mkrus dkpkt diu`ur, `musuoyk tfotkoh

prick`u `cifo, dkpkt dicimkt, didfohkr, dirkbk, dko dirksk`ko

K : Kgmifvkbcf, tujuko mkrus dkpkt digkpki

R : Rfkseokbcf, tujuko mkrus dkpkt dipfrtkohhuoh

jkwkb`ko T : Tiaf, mkrus afaici`i bktks wk`tu ykoh sfsuki

k. @fhiiktko dkcka tkmkp pfrfogkokko, afciputi :

;) Afofotu`ko prierritks akskckm `fpfrkwktko.

2) Afoftkp`ko tujuko dko `ritfrik mksic.
7) Afruaus`ko rfogkok tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko.

4) Afoftkp`ko rksieokc rfogkok tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko.

b. Tipf rfogkok tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko, afciputi :

;) Ebsfrvksi `fpfrkwktko, dikwkci `ktk `frjk: `kji, aeoiter, pkotku, ebsfrvksi,,

pfri`sk, u`ur, gktkt, kakti.

2) Tfrkpi `fpfrkwktko, dikwkci `ktk `frjk: ck`u`ko, bfri`ko, ktur, bkotu,

ubkm,, pfrtkmko`o, cktim.

7) ^fododididi`ko `fsfsfmkmktko, dikwkci `ktk `frjk: kjkrkr`ko,

kojujur`r`koko, jfckcks`ko,, skrko`ko, ioleraksi`ko.
4) @eckbeberkrkssi/pfabfriko ebktkt/p/pfofohkhkturko outrtrisi, dikwkci `ktk `frjk: rujuju`,

iostrusi`ko, ckper`ko, dfcfhksi`ko, bfri`ko, ckojut`ko, pkskoh.

G. IOTFR\FOWI
O DIIKKHHOOEEWWK OEEG OIIG
E

;. @ffttiiddkk``ffllff``ttiillkko
Wftfckm dick`u`ko tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko ;. @kji tkodk-tkodk vitkc dko kus`uctksi buoyi okpks.
bfrsimko jkcko oklks, sfckak 7x24 jka jkcko okpks afojkdi 2. Bfrii`ko pksifo uotu` pesisi ykoh oykako dfohko
bfrmubuohko dfohko flf`til. pesisi sfai lewcfr.
pfoioh`ktko juackm @ritfrik mksic : 7. ^frtkmko`ko cioh`uohko ykoh oykako.
sf`rft. ;. Afoyyktkk`ko/ afouuoju``ko mickkohooyk 4. Tioh`ktkt`k`ko aksu`k`ko gkirirkoko, dfohko afababfrfri kir
dispofk. mkohkt.
2. Afapapfrfrtktkmkmko`ko jkckcko oklks pktftfo 6. Dereoh ktku bkotu cktiimko okpks dkcka ktku bktu`
dfohko buoyi oklks bfrsim. flf`til.
7. Afohfcukr`ko sf`rft tkopk `fsucitko. <. @eckberksi dkcka pfabfriko ebkt dko muaidili`ksi,
Afouoju``ko pfrick`u uotu` afapfrbki`i/ sfpfrti ofbucizfr.
afapfrtkmko`ko bfrsimko jkcko oklks
2. Mipfrtfrai Wftfckm dick`u`ko tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko ;. @kjiji/p/pkokotktku TT\.
bfrmubuohko dfohko sfckak 7x24 jka sumu tubum `fabkci 2. Bfrii`ko `eapprfs mkohkt.
pfoioh`ktko sumu tubum oerakc. 7. Kojujur`ko `cififo uotutu` afapfrfrbkbkoyk` aioua kir
(presfs pfoyk`it). @ritfrik mksic : putim.
Tkodk-tkodk vitkc (TT\) dkcka bktks 4. @eckberksi dkcka pfabfriko tfrkpi ebkt.
oerakc0
;. TD : ;2>/=> aaMh.
2. O : => x/afot.
7. RR : 2> x/afooit..
W : 78,>>G
7 Oyyffrri k``uut Wftfckm dick`u`ko tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko ;. Tkkooyykk``kko pkksisiffo tffoottkkooh oyfrrii, Tffoottu`u`kko
bfrmubuohko dfohko sfckak 7x24 jka oyfri mickoh ktku `krk`tfrsiti` oyfri.
iolckaksi pkdk bfr`urkoh. 2. @kji pfroyktkko vfrbkc dko oeo vfrbkc oyfri pksifo.
afabrko au`esk @ritfrik mksic : 7. Fvkcuksi `fflf`tilko pfabfriko ebkt.
lkrioh dko teosic ;. Tkapk` ricf`s dko tidur/istrkmkt dfohko 4. Bfrii`ko tioddk`ko `foykakoko, ubkm pesisi, pijkktko
bki`. puohhuoh dcc.
2. Afckper`ko oyfri mickoh/tfr`eotrec. 6. Bfrii`ko cioh`uohko tffokoh.

Bfrpktisipksi dkcka k`tivitks ykoh <. @eckberksi: Bfri`ko kokchfsi` rutio s/d iodi`ksi.
diiohio`ko
4 @ffttiiddkk``ffllff``ttiillkko pecck Wftfckm dick`u`ko tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko ;. @kji lrf``ufosi `fdkckako pfrokpksko dko f`spkoosi
okpks bfrmubuohko sfckak 7x24 jka peck okpks `fabkci dkdk.
dfohko ebstru`si flf`til. 2. Kus``ucttksi buoyi okpks.
breo`espksaf, rfspeo @ritfrik mksic : 7. Tiohhi`ko `fpkck dko bfotu` afohubkm pesisi.
pkdk diodioh breo`us. ;. ^eck okpks flf`til. 4. @eckkberksi pfabfriko e`sihhfo
2. Buoyi okpks oerakc `fabkci.
Bktu` bfr`urkoh
6 @ffttiiddkk``ssffiiaabbkkoohhkko Wftfckm dick`u`ko tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko ;. @kji `fbikskko dift. Fvkcuksi bfrkt bkdko dko u`urko
outrisi `urkoh dkri sfckak 7x24 jkapksifo k`ko afouoju`ko tubum.
`fbutumko tubum pfrbki`ko outrisi. 2. Ku`uuctksi bisioh usus.
bfrmubuohko dfohko @ritfrik mksic: 7. Bfriri`k`ko ak`k`kokoko dkckcka juackm `fgigic dko dkckcka
pfouruoko iotk`f ;. Tidk` tkapk` aukc auotkm,, wk`tu ykoh sfrioh dko tfrktur.
iokdf`ukt, pfouruoko 2. ^foioh`ktko pfohfgkpko dko afofcko. 4. Kojur`ko pfrkwktko erkc, dko gkrk afohhfcuukr``ko
oklsu ak`ko, oyfri Oklsu ak`ko afoioh`kt. sf`rft.
afofcko.
< Koossiiffttkks bffrrmmuububuoohhkko Wftfckm dick`u`ko tiodk`ko `fpfrkwktko ;. Fvkccuksi tiohh`kt pfakmkako pksiifo//erkoh tfrddf`kt
dfohko pfr`fabkohko sfckak 7x24 jka kosiftks mickoh ktku tfotkoh dikhoesk.
pfoyk`it dko pfrubkmko bfr`urkoh 2. K`ui rksk tk`ut, akskckckm pksisifofo, dko derereoh
stktus `fsfmktko. @ritfrik mksic : afohf`sprfsi`ko pfrkskko.
;. Tkapk` ricf`s 7. Cibbkt`ko pksiifo//erkoh tfrddf`kt dkcka pfrffogkkokko
2. @cifo dkpkt bfristrkmkt. `fpfrkwktko.
Dkpkt bf`frjk skak dkcka prehrka tfrkpi.
 DKLTKR ^VWTK@K

Bkrbkrk Fohrka., 2>;4, Rfogkok Ksumko @fpfrkwktko Afdi`kc Bfdkm.\ec. ;, ^fofrbit

FHG, Jk`krtk.

Gerwio F., 2>;7, ^ktelisiecehi, Gftk`ko I, FHG, Jk`krtk

Deohefs, F. Akrcyo, d``. 2>;4. Rfogkok Ksumko @fpfrkwktko, ^fdeako Votu`

^frkwktko dko ^fode`uafotksiko ^frkwktko ^ksifo. Jk`krtk : FHG

Mkddi Our. 2>;>;7. ^foyk`it Ispk. mttp://dihicib.uoiaus.kg.id/licfs/dis`;/;24/jtptuoiaus-

hdc-ourmkdih2k-<;<4-2-bkbii.pdl

OKODK Iotfroksieokc. 2>;2. Dikhoesis @fpfrkwktko. Kcim Bkmksk: Akdf Wuakrwkti dko
Oi`f Budmi Wubf`ti . Jk`krtk: FHG

Ourkril, Mudk Kaio dko @usuak Mkrdmi. 2>;6. Ksumko @fpfrkwktko Bfrdkskr`ko

Dikhoesk Afdis dko OKODK OIG-OEG. Jehjk`krtk : Afdikgtieo

Ourskcka. 2>;4. ^resfs dko De`uafotksi @fpfrkwktko. Jk`krtk: FHG

Ouzucuc,2>;7. Ksumko @fpfrkwktko Ispk .mttp://ouzucuc-l`p>9.wfb.uokir.kg.id/krti`fcUdftkic-

766;;-@fp%2>Rfspirksi-Ks`fp%2>IW^K.mtac