Ste 10 Final Research Paper

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Caraga Region
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SURIGAO DEL SUR
TAGBINA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Tagbina, Surigao del Sur
Effect of Sheep (Ovis aries) Manure on the Growth of

Pechay (Brassica rapa)
A Research
submitted to the
Tagbina National High School Research Office
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
in Research IV
Arabelle S. Callano
Justin Grace S. Laum
Gwyneth Andrea T. Bagaipo
April Jay C. Agnis
Grade 10 STE
May 2022
Effect of Sheep (Ovis aries) Manure on the Growth of Pechay (Brassica rapa)
Caraga Region
Arabelle S. Callano, Justin Grace S. Laum, Gwyneth Andrea T. Bagaipo

April Jay C. Agnis
Tagbina National High School
Abstract
This study assessed the effect of sheep (Ovis aries) manure on pechay (Brassica rapa) in
terms of the width of the leaf, length of the leaf, number of the leaves, leaf color, and mass of the
plant. Collected sheep (Ovis aries) manure was sun-dried for 24 hours. A mixture of half a kilo
soil and half cup (64 g) of sheep (Ovis aries) manure served as the growing medium. Seven-day
old pechay (Brassica rapa) were transferred to designated pots. Ten (10) pechay (Brassica rapa)
plants received sheep (Ovis aries) manure fertilizer as the experimental group while the other 10
pechay (Brassica rapa) plants were left untreated and were only exposed to tap water to serve as
the control group. The plants were observed for 20 days. Within the observation time, the width
of the leaf and length of the leaf were recorded every 5 days. The number of leaves, leaf color,
and mass of the plant was recorded on the last day of the experiment. The results revealed that
sheep (Ovis aries) manure treated pechay (Brassica rapa) had the biggest leaves, has longer
leaves, has higher number of leaves, has greener leaf color, and has greater mass. Results also
revealed that sheep (Ovis aries) manure treated pechay (Brassica rapa) has bigger leaves (x̄ =
16.902, SD= 9.607) (t(8) =0.545, p= 0.601 α= 0.05), has longer leaves [(x̄= 24.666, SD= 15.808)
(t(8) = 0.654, p= 0.531 α= 0.05)], has higher number of leaves [(x̄= 5.100, SD= 0.876) (t(18)=
0.980, p= 0.340 α= 0.05)], has greener leaf color [(x̄= 7.330, SD= 0.846) (t(18)= -6.303, p=
<.001 α= 0.05)], and has greater mass [(x̄= 3.112, SD= 0.945) (t(18) = 2.517, p= 0.022 α=
0.05)]. Independent sample t-test revealed that there is a significant difference in leaf color
(t(18)= -6.303, p= <.001 α= 0.05) and mass of the plant (t(18) = 2.517, p= 0.022 α= 0.05).
Generally, sheep (Ovis aries) manure treated pechay (Brassica rapa) grew better than the
untreated ones. The study reports the potential of sheep (Ovis aries) manure as a fertilizer for
pechay (Brassica rapa) plant.
Keywords: Pechay (Brassica rapa), Plant Growth, Sheep (Ovis aries) Manure
Caraga Region
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures
Introduction
 Background of the Study 1-3
 Objectives of the Study 3-4
 Research Problem 4-5
 Statement of the Null Hypothesis 5
 Conceptual Framework 6-7
 Scope and Delimitation of the Study 7-8
 Definition of Terms 8-9
 Significance of the Study 9-12
Methodology
 Research Design 13-15
 Procedure 16-19
Results and Discussion 20-25
Conclusion and Recommendations

 Conclusions 26
 Recommendations 27
References 28
Appendices
 Pictorial 29-34
 Raw data 35-45
 Project Data Book
Acknowledgment 46
LIST OF TABLES
Caraga Region
Table Title Page

1 Width of the leaf (mm) – Research Design 13
2 Length of the leaf (mm) – Research Design 13
3 Number of leaves – Research Design 14
4 Leaf color – Research Design 14
5 Mass of the plant (grams) – Research Design 15
6 Leaf color – Results and Discussions 23
7 Growth Parameter – Results and Discussions 25
8 Width of the leaf (with treatment) – Raw Data 35
9 Width of the leaf (without treatment) – Raw Data 35
10 Length of the leaf (without treatment) – Raw Data 36
11 Length of the leaf (without treatment) – Raw Data 36
12 Number of leaves – Raw Data 37
13 Leaf color – Raw Data 37
14 Mass of the plant – Raw Data 37
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1 Schematic Diagram of the study – Conceptual Framework 6
2 Width of the Leaf – Results and Discussions 20
3 Length of the leaf – Results and Discussions 21
4 Number of leaves – Results and Discussions 22
5 Mass of the plant – Results and Discussions 24
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INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Animal manures have economic value as plant nutrient sources and as amendments
for soils whose physical properties can be improved by adding organic matter. Their value
as fertilizer per metric ton applied is generally inverse to their water and carbon contents.
Plant nutrient concentrations in animal manures are highly variable, thereby introducing
uncertainty into meeting plant nutrient needs for crop production. (Wilkinson, S. R. 01
January 1979)
Excess fertilizer application results in the emission of dangerous greenhouse gases
into the environment and the eutrophication of our rivers, since plants and animals are
unable to utilize the nitrogen gas in the air. Even though chemical fertilizers are widely used
and are environmentally friendly when purchased at marketplaces, there is still an increasing
need to learn new ways to grow natural and acquirable plants and not harmful to the plants
and humans. The organic matter of the soil which can be replenished and maintained by the
application of Animal manure has been considered by Roddy and Reddi, (1992), as the life
of soil as well as storehouse of plant nutrients.
Organic farming in agriculture preserves the ecosystem. It does not involve use of
harmful chemicals and fertilizers rather symbiotic life forms are cultured, ensuring weed and
pest control and optimal soil biological activity, which maintain fertility. (Bocchi and Tano,
1994). On the other hand, Chemical fertilizers affect soil microorganisms. Chemical
fertilizers promote plant disease. Chemical fertilizers' acidity also hurts soil pH and causes it
to become acidic, affecting the kinds of microorganisms that may dwell there. Prolonged
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usage of chemical fertilizers increases pests and destroys beneficial bacteria in the soil. Fast-
release chemical fertilizers provide a higher nitrogen concentration than slow-release
organic fertilizers. When chemical fertilizers are utilized for an extended period, the soil
suffers because trace nutrients are not supplied to the soil.
People who raise livestock and poultry have used manure as a fertilizer, soil
amendment, energy source, and even construction material throughout history. Animal
manure may boost farmers' profits by offering a lower-cost alternative supply of soil
nutrients, and it typically improves soil biophysical features. (Roddy and Reddi 1992).
Plants utilize phosphorus to help develop new roots as well as produce seeds, fruit,
and flowers. Plants also utilize it to help them fight sickness. Potassium aids plant growth by
promoting the formation of robust stems and the maintenance of rapid growth.
Like other animal manures, sheep (Ovis aries) manure is a natural slow-release
fertilizer, and it is rich in phosphorus and potassium, both of which are necessary for plant
development. The nutrients in sheep (Ovis aries) manure fertilizer are sufficient to feed a
garden. Slow-release fertilizers are also beneficial for the environment. It plays a vital role
in the soil fertility and productivity and act as a reservoir of plant nutrients especially
nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and micronutrients and as well prevents leaching of
nutrients. Therefore, slow-release fertilizers are used less often than quick-release fertilizers
since they release nutrients gradually. Sheep (Ovis aries) manure are very good sources of
organic matters and play a vital role in soil fertility improvement as well as supplying
primary, secondary and micronutrients for crop production. Roddy and Reddi (1992).
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The main objectives of this research are to fulfill the increasing need for a new
strategy to satisfy the demands of plants for them to flourish healthily and in good condition
as well as to produce organic fertilizer utilizing animal dung, sheep (Ovis aries) manure,
that is natural and acquirable. Pechay (Brassica rapa) was utilized as a test plant since it
germinates in 7 days. Once sheep (Ovis aries) manure has been demonstrated to be
effective, it may be used to fertilize plants.
1.2 Objectives of the Study

The study aims to determine the effect of Sheep (Ovis aries) manure on the Growth
of pechay (Brassica rapa).
Specifically, it aims to:
1. Determine the growth characteristics of the sheep (Ovis aries) manure-treated and
untreated pechay (Brassica rapa) in terms of its:
a. Width of the leaf;
b. Length of the leaf;
c. Number of leaves;
d. Leaf color; and
e. Mass of the plant.
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2. Determine if there is a significant difference in the growth characteristics of the sheep
(Ovis aries) manure-treated and untreated pechay (Brassica rapa) in terms of its:
d. Leaf color; and
e. Mass of the plant.
1.3 Research Problem

The study aims to determine the effect of sheep (Ovis aries) manure on the growth of
pechay (Brassica rapa).
Specifically, it aims to answer the following research questions:
1. What are the growth characteristics of the sheep (Ovis aries) manure-treated and
untreated pechay (Brassica rapa) in terms of its
d. Leaf color; and
e. Mass of the plant?
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2. Is there a significant difference in the growth characteristics of the sheep (Ovis aries)
manure-treated and untreated pechay (Brassica rapa) in terms of its
d. Leaf color; and
e. Mass of the plant?
1.4 Statement of Null Hypothesis

There is no significant difference in the growth characteristics of the sheep (Ovis aries)
manure-treated and untreated pechay (Brassica rapa) in terms of width of the leaf, length of the
leaf, number of leaves, leaf color, and mass of the plant.
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1.5 Conceptual Framework
Preparation of sheep (Ovis

aries) manure fertilizer
Sheep manure as Untreated Sample

Independent fertilizer (treated
Variable sample)
Pechay
Experimental
Subject (Brassica rapa)
Width of the leaf

Length of the leaf
Dependent
Number of leaves
Variable
Leaf color
Mass of the plant
Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the study

The preceding conceptual framework provides an overview of the research study.
The processes that have been carried out are depicted visually. The techniques and
important procedures to be followed are described, with an emphasis on the three phases of
gathering sheep (Ovis aries) manure, planting, and growth phase of pechay (Brassica rapa).
The experimentation is shown. There are two setups: the plants with sheep (Ovis aries)
manure is the experimental setup, while the untreated plants is the control group. The
treatment (sheep (Ovis aries) manure) was administered to the experimental subject, pechay
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(Brassica rapa). The results are based on the dependent variables: width of the leaf, length
of the leaf, number of leaves, leaf color, and mass of the plant.
1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The main focus of this study, “Effect of Sheep (Ovis aries) Manure on the Growth of
pechay (Brassica rapa)” is to observe the growth of the pechay (Brassica rapa) plant with
the care of sheep (Ovis aries) manure fertilizer if it brings an effect on the growth of the
plant, with everything remained constant.
There were 20 replicates, the 1st 10 replicates acted as the experimental group while
the other 10 replicates were left untreated as the control group. The width of the plant and
length of the plant was measured every 5 days at 5:30 pm. Day 1 of measuring was done on
April 26, day 5 was done on May 1, day 10 was done on May 6, day 15 was done on May
11, and the last day which is day 20 was done on may 16. By the end of the experiment at
day 20 on may 16, the mass of the plants was measured by grams, the color of leaves was
identified using 10-point Likert scale and the total of leaves in every pechay (Brassica rapa)
plant was counted, at 5:30 pm. All of the measured data can be seen on results and
discussions.
The seeds of pechay (Brassica rapa) (Brand: Ramgo seeds) were bought within the
Municipality of Tagbina, Surigao del Sur on April 16, while the sheep (Ovis aries) manure
was collected also from Callano farm in the Municipality of Tagbina, Surigao del Sur on
April 22. It was then taken and exposed under the heat of the sun for 12 hours each day (2
days) for sun-drying, a total of twenty-four (24) hours in 2 days, on April 24 and 25. The 7-
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day germination of pechay (Brassica rapa) seeds was then started on April 19 – April 25.
The experiment was done at Arabelle S. Callano’s house.
1.7 Definition of Terms

Effect- The effect of one thing on another is the change that the first thing
causes in the second thing. Specifically, the effect of sheep (Ovis aries) manure
on the growth of pechay (Brassica rapa).
Growth characteristics- a distinguishing quality or attribute in the process or

act of growing, especially in organisms following assimilation of food.
Pechay- scientifically known as Brassica rapa is a popular vegetable in the

Philippines.
Width of the leaf- corresponds to the longest extension of any two points on
the blade edge perpendicular to the leaf length axis, that is the axes connecting
leaf apex and base.
Length of the leaf- measure from the tip of the entire leaf down to the base of
the lowest leaflets where they meet the leaf stem for the leaf length.
Number of leaves- a total number of leaves in a plant.
Leaf color- the appearance of the leaf that it has as a result of the way in which
it reflects light.
Mass of the plant- the mass or total quantity of living organisms of a plant
after harvesting.
Economic value- The value that person places on an economic good based on
the benefit that they derive from the good
Eutrophication - Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of

water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of
plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.
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Soil amendment- Any material added to a soil to improve its physical

properties.
1.8 Significance of the Study
In order to satisfy the growing need for food, agricultural land is required to
achieve maximum efficiency and highest quality product. It is known that the nutrition
of the plant is the one of the most important factors to control agricultural productivity
and quality. Rates of nutrients in the soil affects the quality of yield. In the permanent
agricultural land, the soil will be very poor in nutrients, as a result, inefficient. Therefore,
producers, fertilize the soil, combat pests, irrigation and process of agricultural activities
to make more efficient to soil. Fertilization among these activities remains a priority at
all times. Recent studies, however, excessive use of fertilizers is the need for additional
land outside the public and environmental health of the reported adverse effects.
Excessive fertilization and mindless, but there was soil salinity, heavy metal
accumulation, water eutrophication and accumulation of nitrate, to consider in terms of
air pollution in the air of gases containing nitrogen and sulfur, giving and can lead to
problems such as the greenhouse effect. (Slavic, 2012)
According to the researches and studies the effects of chemical fertilizers on the soil
is not immediately obvious because soils have strong buffering power due to their
components. Over the time, it states that emerged from the pollution, deterioration of soil
fertility, soil degradation reactions occurring in the soil leads to deterioration of the
balance of the current element. In addition, toxic substances accumulate within the
vegetables and causing negative effects in humans and animals are fed. (Slavic, 2012)
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To lessen the negative environmental impact of chemical fertilizers, replacing
chemical fertilizers with more organic fertilizers for farmers is a good choice. However,
most of the farmers would like to use chemical fertilizers instead of organic fertilizers in
developing countries, mainly because they fear that they may lose income if they use
organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. From this point, policy makers need to
find strategies to incentivize farmers to use organic fertilizers instead of chemical
fertilizers. (Wang, Y., Zhu,Y., Zhang, S., & Wang, Y. (2018).
Organic fertilization is the most important way to develop and raising the
agricultural production value and reduce the environmental pollution resulting from the
excessive use of mineral fertilizers. Organic fertilizers contain a wide range of organic
compounds dissolved in water, such as sugars, proteins, amino acids, organic acids, and
phytohormone-like compounds, and all these compounds contribute directly or indirectly
to plant growth and development, organic matter supplies macro and micronutrients to
plants and improves soil chemical and physical properties. Incorporation of organic
matter increase nutrient availability and provide food for soil microorganisms. Organic
matter acts as a soil conditioner and considers nutrients reservoir. (Mohammed et al.,
2021)
Organic material is used to prevent or improve the negative stresses effects in plants
and yield decreasing. It is material to decrease soil salinity Increase the organic matter,
improve the soil structure and increase water and air permeability by root developing in
soil. It is one the best used fertilizers (Anonymous, 2010; Hassan pan ah and Azimi.,
2012)
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Since contaminated soils with heavy metals are often characterized by a low content of
organic matter, low levels of nutrients (nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus) and other
physical anomalies , the addition of various amendments such as organic materials
or inorganic fertilizer is required for plant growth. The utilization of amendments is an
effective approach to increase pH, stabilize metals, form water stable aggregates,
augment microbial life, and supply organic matter and nutrients that are critical to
establish new vegetation. The addition of amendments such as fly ash, pig manure,
sewage sludge, is effective in lowering the metal toxicity of soil and provides a slow
release of nutrient sources such as N, P, K to support plant growth (Elouear, Z.,
Bouhamed, F., Boujelben, N., & Bouzid, J. (2016).
Since Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are effective in lowering the metal
toxicity of soil, an organic fertilizer that is rich in N, P, K elements is the sheep (Ovis
aries) manure (Ansah et al., 2019)
In this study, the experimental subject used is pechay (Brassica rapa), It is a crop
species of economic importance. It is cultivated worldwide as oil and vegetable crops. It
belongs to the genus Brassica, tribe Brassiceae of the family Brassicaceae. The
genus Brassica includes many important crops. application of Brassica rapa, as well as
its investigation progresses in disease resistances, quality improvements focusing on
glucosinolate contents and creatings of new materials.
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This study aspires to provide baseline data on the development of the growth of
pechay (Brassica rapa) that is treated with sheep (Ovis aries) manure fertilizer. The use
of producing organic fertilizer utilizing animal manure is advantageous on the part of the
common people who are the benefactors of this research. This study contributes to the
achievements of 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UNSDG)
particularly goal 2 which is about zero hunger and goal 3 which is about good health and
well-being. Specifically in Goal 2 is to ensure sustainable food production systems and
implementing resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production,
aid in the preservation of ecosystems, strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate
change, extreme weather, drought, flooding, and other disasters, and gradually improve
land and soil quality. Also, in Goal 3 is to substantially reduce the number of deaths and
illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
by providing natural and acquirable fertilizers using sheep (Ovis aries) manure.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Research Design

A Control Group-Experimental Group Randomized Design was employed in
order to see the influence of independent factors on dependent variables and to help us draw
a plausible conclusion about the connection. Black soil mixed with sheep (Ovis aries)
manure and black soil without treatment were used in planting pechay (Brassica rapa) as
shown in the tables below.
Table 1. Width of the leaf (mm)
Treatment Width of the leaf of Pechay (Brassica rapa)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6 v7 v8 v9 v10
(Ovis
aries)
manure
No v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6 v7 v8 v9 v10
treatment
Table 2. Length of the leaf (mm)
Treatment Length of the leaf of Pechay (Brassica rapa)

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8 w9 w10
(Ovis
aries)
manure
No w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8 w9 w10
treatment
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Table 3. Number of leaves
Treatment Number of leaves of Pechay (Brassica rapa)

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10
(Ovis
aries)
manure
No x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10
treatment
Table 4. Leaf color
Treatment Leaf color of Pechay (Brassica rapa)

1-2: very yellowish/very pale 3-4: yellowish/pale 5-6: light green
7-8: green 9-10: very green
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8 y9 y10
(Ovis
aries)
manure
No y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6 y7 y8 y9 y10
treatment
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Table 5. Mass of the plant (grams)
Treatment Mass of the Pechay (Brassica rapa)

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z8 z9 z10
(Ovis aries)
manure
No treatment z1 z2 z3 z4 z5 z6 z7 z8 z9 z10
Legend:
Replicates:
R1= replicate 1 v= Width of the leaf
R2= replicate 2 w= Length of the leaf
R3= replicate 3 x= Number of leaves
R4= replicate 4 y= Leaf color
R5= replicate 5
z= Mass of the plant
R6= replicate 6
Experimental Subject:
R7= replicate 7 Pechay (Brassica rapa)
R8= replicate 8
R9= replicate 9
R10= replicate 10
Pechay (Brassica rapa) was used as experimental subject in this study. One group
was be treated with sheep (Ovis aries) manure, while the other was left untreated. The group
without sheep (Ovis aries) manure serves as the control group in this experiment. On the
other hand, the dependent variables: width of the leaf, length of the leaf, number of leaves,
leaf color, and mass of the plant were closely monitored and recorded every 5 days
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2.2 Procedure
A. Collection of sheep (Ovis aries) manure
The pechay (Brassica rapa) and the sheep (Ovis aries) manure was prepared. The
pechay (Brassica rapa) seeds (Brand: Ramgo seeds) was purchased within the
Municipality of Tagbina, then the sheep (Ovis aries) manure and soil were collected
directly from the Callano farm in Matin-ao, Poblacion, Tagbina Surigao del sur to use as
a fertilizer.
B. Germination
For the plant to grow, it needs to be germinated. This also helps breakdown the
seed’s natural defense and grow towards the sun above ground. 1 seed were planted on
each of the 20 holes on the seedling tray it was then watered just enough to dampen the
soil.
C. Decontamination of Sheep (Ovis aries) Manure

There are insects or pests that resides in manures that feeds on plants, and this
may slow the process of the experiment. Thus, decontamination is a must. 640 grams of
sheep (Ovis aries) manure was taken and exposed under the heat of the sun for 12 hours
each day (2 days) for sun-drying, a total of twenty-four (24) hours in 2 days. With this,
the pests were removed on its own due to the extreme heat.
D. Application of Sheep (Ovis aries) Manure
After the sheep (Ovis aries) manure was decontaminated, half the pot of soil was
mixed with 1/2 cup (64 g) of sheep dung each pot. Then, it was applied to 10 pechay
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(Brassica rapa) plants that belong to the experimental setup, while the other 10 pechay
(Brassica rapa) plants were left untreated - (a total of 20 pechay plants). All the other
factors was kept constant for the two set-ups, such as exposure to the same amount of
sunlight, same location, type of plant, same container, and amount of soil and water.
E. Data Collection
During the 3 weeks after the treatment, the width of the leaf, length of the leaf,
number of leaves, leaf color, and mass of the pechay (Brassica rapa) plant was
recorded at each designated day and time. Every setup was measured using millimeters
and was recorded at every 5:30 in the afternoon. Photos of the setup were also taken
every five (5) days for the documentation.
E.1. Width of the Leaf
Using a ruler (mm), the width of the leaf was recorded every 5 days
at 5:30 pm.
E.2. Length of the Leaf
The same as the width of the leaf, the length of the leaf was also
recorded every 5 days at 5:30 pm using a ruler (mm).
E.3. Number of Leaves
This was done by counting the number of leaves that grows in
pechay (Brassica rapa) and was recorded at the end of the experiment, at day
20.
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E.4. Leaf Color
Blind survey was conducted by three people unrelated to the
researchers to evaluate the color of the leaves. The leaf color was determined
using 10-point Likert scale: 1-2: very yellowish/very pale 3-4: yellowish/pale
5-6: light green 7-8: green 9-10: very green at the end of the experiment,
at day 20.
E.5. Mass of the Plant
The mass of the pechay (Brassica rapa) was recorded using a
Digital Mini Pocket Scale Device by grams, on the last day of the
experiment.
F. Decontamination and Disposal
Compost pits were used to dump the excess sheep (Ovis aries) manures and soil, as
well as to break down biodegradable garbage. The non-biodegradable wastes were
separated and disposed of properly in the Material Rehabilitation Center. The pots were
cleaned and re-used. Then afterwards, the whole area that were used for conducting the
experiment was thoroughly cleaned.
G. Data Analysis
The information gathered from both setups was saved in the Project Data Book. The
results were coded in Microsoft Excel for it to be sorted. To answer research question
number 1, Descriptive statistics was used particularly the mean (x̄) and standard deviation
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(SD). To answer research question number 2, an independent sample t-test was
performed using JASP software to assess if there is a significant difference in the growth
parameters (width of the leaf, length of the leaf, number of leaves, leaf color, and mass of
the plant) on the treated and untreated pechay (Brassica rapa). Prior to using independent
sample t-test assumptions were checked particularly assumptions of normality using
Shapiro-wilk test.
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the experiment are presented, analyzed, and statistically evaluated. Graphical
data displays are used.
Width of the leaf of Pechay (Brassica rapa)
35
31.63
30
28.005
25
20.38
Width of the plant
20
14.928
15
(mm)
10.252 15.37
10 7.31 12.64
7.89
5
5.82
0
Day 1 Day 5 Day 10 Day 15 Day 20
Number of days
Treated Untreated
Figure 2. Width of the Leaf

The figure 2 above reveals that between the treated and untreated set ups, the plant
treated with sheep (Ovis aries) manure has bigger leaf width (x̄ = 16.902, SD= 9.607) on
pechay (Brassica rapa) in contrast to the plant with no treatment (x̄= 13.745, SD= 8.690).
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Length of the leaf of Pechay (Brassica rapa)

60
47.875
50
Length of the leaf
40 40.04
32.075
30
22.23
(mm)
20
11.8 21.1
9.35 15.58
10
10.74
7.67
0
Day 1 Day 5 Day 10 Day 15 Day 20
Number of days
Treated Untreated
Figure 3. Length of the leaf
treated with sheep (Ovis aries) manure has longer leaf length (x̄= 24.666, SD= 15.808)
on pechay (Brassica rapa) in contrast to the plant with no treatment (x̄= 18.638, SD=
13.227).
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Number of leaves of Pechay (Brassica rapa)

5.1
5.1
4.9
Number of
4.8 4.7
leaves
4.7
4.6
4.5
Set up
Treated Untreated
Treatment Number of leaves of Pechay (Brassica rapa)

Average
number of Standard
leaves of the Deviation
plant (SD)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep 5 4 5 6 5 6 4 4 6 6 5.1 0.876
(Ovis aries)
manure
No 4 6 5 5 4 4 6 5 5 3 4.7 0.949
treatment
Figure 4. Number of leaves

treated with sheep (Ovis aries) manure has higher number of leaves (x̄= 5.100, SD= 0.876) on
22
Caraga Region
Leaf color of Pechay (Brassica rapa)
Use the following scale to determine the greenness of the leaves on the 20th day of observation:
1-2: very yellowish/very pale 3-4: yellowish/pale 5-6: light green 7-8: green 9-10: very green
Set up Average Standard Description

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10 greenness Deviation
of leaves
Pechay 8.3 6.6 8.3 8.3 7.3 7.6 7.6 7 6 6.3 7.330 0.846 green
(Brassica
rapa) plant
with sheep
(Ovis aries)
manure
treatment
Pechay 3.6 3 3.6 5.6 3.3 5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5 4.590 1.084 yellowish/pale
(Brassica
rapa) plant
without sheep
(Ovis aries)
manure
treatment
Table 6. Leaf color
The Table 6 above reveals that between the treated and untreated set ups, the plant treated
with sheep (Ovis aries) manure has greener leaf color (x̄= 7.330, SD= 0.846) on pechay
(Brassica rapa) in contrast to the plant with no treatment (x̄= 4.590, SD= 1.084).
Mass of the Pechay (Brassica rapa)
3.116 23
3.5
2.5
Mass of the
2
plant (g)
1.5
1 Republic of the Philippines
0.5 Department of Education
0 Caraga Region
Set up HIGH SCHOOL
TAGBINA NATIONAL
Treated Untreated
Treatment Mass of the plant of Pechay (Brassica rapa)

Average Standard
mass of Deviation
the plant (SD)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep 3.61 3.6 2.3 4.2 2.4 4.6 2.0 1.7 3.2 3.30 3.112 0.945
(Ovis 1 5 1 2 1 9 2 0
aries)
manure
No 1.73 1.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.3 0.7 2.3 2.77 2.205 0.637
treatment 7 6 8 5 5 3 5 6
Figure 5. Mass of the plant

The Figure 5 above reveals that between the treated and untreated set ups, the
plant treated with sheep (Ovis aries) manure has greater mass (x̄= 3.112, SD= 0.945) on
Table 7. Growth Parameter
24
Caraga Region
Growth Setup Mean SD p-value Remarks

Parameter
Width of the Treated 16.902 9.607 0.601 Not
leaf significantly
different
Untreated 13.745 8.690 0.601 Not
significantly
different
Length of the Treated 24.666 15.808 0.531 Not
leaf significantly
different
Untreated 18.638 13.227 0.531 Not
significantly
different
Number of Treated 5.100 0.876 0.340 Not
leaves significantly
different
Untreated 4.700 0.949 0.340 Not
significantly
different
Leaf Color Treated 7.330 0.846 <.001 Significantly
different
Untreated 4.590 1.084 <.001 Significantly
different
Mass of the Treated 3.116 0.939 0.021 Significantly
Plant different
Untreated 2.205 0.637 0.021 Significantly
different
The Table 7 above reveals that between the treated and untreated set ups, the plant
treated with sheep (Ovis aries) manure is significantly different in mass [(x̄= 3.116, SD=
0.939) (t(18))= 2.538, p= 0.021 α= 0.05)] and leaf color [(x̄= 7.330, SD= 0.846) (t(18)= -
6.303, p= <.001 α= 0.05)] of the plant while the width of the leaf [(x̄ = 16.902, SD=
9.607) (t(8)=0.545, p= 0.601 α= 0.05)], length of the leaf [(x̄= 24.666, SD= 15.808)
(t(8)= 0.654, p= 0.531 α= 0.05)] number of leaves [(x̄= 5.100, SD= 0.876) (t(18)=
0.980, p= 0.340 α= 0.05)], are not significantly different.
25
Caraga Region
CONCLUSIONS:
Based on the results of the experiment performed and from statistical analysis, the
following conclusions were drawn:
1. Between the two set ups, the sheep (Ovis aries) manure treated pechay
(Brassica rapa) has the biggest leaves, has longer leaves, has higher number of
leaves, has greener leaf color, and has greater mass than the untreated pechay
(Brassica rapa). It shows that the sheep (Ovis aries) manure has a great effect
on pechay (Brassica rapa) plant
2. There is no significant difference in the width of the leaf, length of the leaf, and
number of leaves but there is a significant difference in the leaf color and mass
of the plant between the two set ups. This shows that sheep (Ovis aries)
manure is effective in terms of leaf color and mass of the plant.
Conclusively, in terms of leaf color and mass of the plant the null hypothesis is
rejected because sheep (Ovis aries) manure treated pechay has greener leaf color and has
greater mass of the plant than the untreated pechay plants. However, the null hypothesis
is accepted in tems of width of the leaf, length of the leaf, and number of leaves because
there is no significant difference in their means. Sheep (Ovis aries) manure can be used
as fertilizer in order to have greener and heavier pechay.
26
Caraga Region
RECOMMENDATIONS:
The following recommendations were formulated for future references:
1.Sheep (Ovis aries) manure can be used as organic fertilizer to ensure that pechay
(Brassica rapa) plant has better growth characteristics
2.Conduct survey about what fertilizer do people usually use.
3.This study may be replicated with the use of positive control which uses commercial
fertilizer.
4. Regression Analysis may be performed to predict the growth characteristics of pechay
(Brassica rapa) plant given the raw data.
27
Caraga Region
REFERENCES:
Agriculture: Province of Manitoba. Province of Manitoba - Agriculture. (n.d.).
Retrieved May 24, 2022, from
https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/livestock/production/sheep/manure
-management.html
Amara, D. G., & Mourad, S. M. (2013). Influence of organic manure on the
vegetative growth and tuber production of potato (solanumtuberosum L
varspunta) in a Sahara desert region. International Journal of Agriculture
and Crop Sciences, 5(22), 2724.Ansah, K. O., Antwi, C., Osafo, E. L.
K., Enning, S., & Adu-Dapaah, H. (2019). Manure characteristics of
small ruminants fed agro by-products in the guinea savannah agro-
ecological zone of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Agricultural
Science, 54(1), 67-76.
Bocchi and Tano, (1994) as cited in Farhad, W., Saleem, M. F., Cheema, M. A.,
& Hammad, H. M. (2009). Effect of poultry manure levels on the
productivity of spring maize (Zea mays L.). J. Anim. Plant Sci, 19(3),
122-125.
Elouear, Z., Bouhamed, F., Boujelben, N., & Bouzid, J. (2016). Application of
sheep manure and potassium fertilizer to contaminated soil and its effect
on zinc, cadmium and lead accumulation by alfalfa plants. Sustainable
Environment Research, 26(3), 131-135
Mohammed, H. I., Rahman, H. B. A., & Tahir, H. T. (2021, November). Effect
Of Organic Fertilizer and Emitter Type on The Growth and Yield of
Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea Var Italica) With Evaluation of The Drip
Irrigation System. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental
Science (Vol. 910, No. 1, p. 012071). IOP Publishing.
Roddy and Reddi, (1992) as cited in Fagwalawa, L. D., & Yahaya, S. M.
(2016). Effect organic manure on the growth and yield of okra. Imperial
Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 2(3), 130-133.
Savci, S. (2012). Investigation of effect of chemical fertilizers on
environment. Apcbee Procedia, 1, 287-292.
Sun, Rifei. "Economic/academic importance of Brassica rapa." (The Brassica
rapa Genome. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2015. 1-15.)
Wang, Y., Zhu,Y., Zhang, S., & Wang, Y. (2018). What could promote farmers
to replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers? Journal of
Cleaner Production, 199, 882-890
Wilkinson, S. R. (1979). Plant nutrient and economic valus of animal manures.
Journal of animal Science, 48(1), 121-133.
28
Caraga Region
APPENDICES
PICTORIALS:
Day 5
Day 1 (After 7-day Germination) Day 5 Day 10
Day 15 Day 20
29
Caraga Region
TREATED
30
Caraga Region
31
Caraga Region
UNTREATED
32
Caraga Region
33
Caraga Region
34
Caraga Region
RAW DATA:
Width of the leaf (mm)

Table 8. With Treatment
Treatment Pechay (Brassica rapa)

(Sheep
(Ovis aries)
Manure) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Day 1 8 5.3 7.5 9 5 6.5 6.1 8 8 9.7
Day 5 10 9.8 10.2 11.12 9.5 11 10.25 9.53 10 11.12
Day 10 17.25 12 13.75 15.7 13.45 14.19 15.1 16 15.19 16.65
Day 15 26 16.75 21.5 25 16.6 18.6 18.75 20 20 20.6
Day 20 34.75 27.6 31.25 34.6 26.5 34.4 31 28.6 31.4 36.2
Table 9. Without Treatment

(No
treatment)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Day 1 6 4 6 7 6 7 6 5 6.2 5
Day 5 8.2 7 8.2 9 8 10.3 7.5 6.4 8.3 6
Day 10 12 12.5 13.3 14.2 10 15 13.5 11 12.3 12.6
Day 15 14.3 17.5 14.6 16 12.3 21.6 15.3 13.5 14 14.6
Day 20 26.6 23.2 35 33 27.3 30.75 29 17.6 29 28.6
35
Caraga Region
Length of the leaf (mm)

Table 10. With Treatment

(Sheep
(Ovis aries)
Manure) R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Day 1 10 7 9.3 11 7.2 8.9 8.7 10 9.8 11.6
Day 5 12.2 11.3 12 12.3 11.1 10 11.5 12 12.6 13
Day 10 25 20.5 30 24 21 19.2 18 23 19.6 22
Day 15 40.5 29.25 48 36 28.3 28 22.3 36.3 23.5 28.6
Day 20 58.5 42 50.75 49.2 39.5 56.8 42.6 41.6 48.8 49
Table 11. Without Treatment

(no
treatment)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Day 1 8 6 7.1 9 8.6 8 6.9 7 7.9 8.2
Day 5 10 11.2 13 10 10.1 12 10 11.2 10.1 9.8
Day 10 14 16.2 16.3 17 12 16 16.3 14 20 14
Day 15 19 22 26 27 15 17.6 21 17.5 28.6 17.3
Day 20 37 32 50.75 39.25 44 39.25 38.3 26.6 41.25 52
36
Caraga Region
Table 12. Number of leaves

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep 5 4 5 6 5 6 4 4 6 6
(Ovis aries)
manure
No 4 6 5 5 4 4 6 5 5 3
treatment
Table 13. Leaf color
1-2: very yellowish/very pale 3-4: yellowish/pale 5-6: light green 7-8:
green 9-10: very green
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep 8.3 6.6 8.3 8.3 7.3 7.6 7.6 7 6 6.3
(Ovis aries)
manure
No 3.6 3 3.6 5.6 3.3 5 5.6 5.6 5.6 5
treatment
Table 14. Mass of the plant (grams)

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
Sheep (Ovis 3.61 3.61 2.35 4.21 2.42 4.61 2.09 1.72 3.20 3.30
aries)
manure
No treatment 1.73 1.67 2.56 2.68 2.55 2.65 2.33 0.75 2.36 2.77
DATA FROM JASP SOFTWARE
Width of the leaf:
37
Caraga Region
Descriptive Statistics
Width Independent Samples T-Test
Treated Untreated t df p
Valid 5 5 Width 0.545 8 0.601
Missing 0 0 Note. Student's t-test.
Mean 16.902 13.745
Std. Deviation 9.607 8.690
Shapiro-Wilk 0.938 0.881
P-value of Shapiro-Wilk 0.653 0.312
Minimum 7.310 5.820
Maximum 31.630 28.005
Assumption Checks
Test of Normality (Shapiro-Wilk)

W p
Width Treated 0.938 0.653
Untreated 0.881 0.312
Note. Significant results suggest a deviation
from normality.
Length of the leaf:

Length
Treated Untreated
Valid 5 5
Missing 0 0
Mean 24.666 18.638
Minimum 9.350 6.970
Maximum 47.875 40.400
Independent Samples T-Test

t df p
Length 0.654 8 0.531
38
Caraga Region

t df p
Note. Student's t-test.
Assumption Checks

W p
Length Treated 0.931 0.600
Note. Significant results suggest a deviation from normality.
Number of leaves:
No. of leaf Independent Samples T-Test
Treated Untreated t df p
Valid 10 10 No. of leaf 0.980 18 0.340
Missing 0 0 Note. Student's t-test.
Mean 5.100 4.700
Minimum 4.000 3.000
Maximum 6.000 6.000

W p
No. of leaf Treated 0.805 0.017
Leaf color:
39
Caraga Region
Color
Untreate
Treated
d
Valid 10 10
Missing 0 0
Mean 4.590 7.330
Minimum 3.000 6.000
Maximum 5.600 8.300

t df p
Color -6.303 18 < .001
Assumption Checks

W p
Color Untreated 0.808 0.018
Treated 0.915 0.317
Mass of the plant:
40
Caraga Region
Weight of the plant
Treated Untreated
Valid 10 10
Missing 0 0
Mean 3.112 2.205
Minimum 1.720 0.750
Maximum 4.610 2.770

t df p
Weight of the plant 2.517 18 0.022
Assumption Checks

W p
Weight of the plant Treated 0.959 0.779
BLIND SURVEY
41
Caraga Region
42
Caraga Region
Seed Type
43
Caraga Region
Color palette for Leaf
1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10
44
Caraga Region
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
First and foremost, thanks to God, the Almighty, for His showers of blessings
throughout our research work, which enabled us to successfully complete this research.
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to ourselves for working so hard on
this research, in which we used our teamwork. We would also like to express our
heartfelt appreciation to all of our research advisers, particularly our research 4 adviser,
Mr. Ryan Paul Vales, for providing invaluable guidance throughout this research. His
honesty, vision, and dynamism have truly inspired us. Since the seventh grade, he has
been guiding us in research, and we have always followed the lessons he has taught us.
He also showed us how to present our research findings as clearly as possible. Working
and studying under his supervision was a great privilege and honor. We'd also like to
thank him for his compassion and sense of humor.
We are extremely grateful to our loving, caring parents for their love, care, and
sacrifices in educating and preparing us for the future. Special mention to Mr. Joel L.
Callano for guiding us with the germination process and for giving us knowledge about
planting. We would also like to thank our classmates who assisted us when we were a
little confused. We couldn't complete our research without the help of the people we've
mentioned.
45

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Republic of the Philippines

Effect of Sheep (Ovis aries) Manure on the Growth of

Arabelle S. Callano, Justin Grace S. Laum, Gwyneth Andrea T. Bagaipo

Results and Discussion 20-25

Conclusion and Recommendations

Table Title Page

Excess fertilizer application results in the emission of dangerous greenhouse gases

of soil as well as storehouse of plant nutrients.

release chemical fertilizers provide a higher nitrogen concentration than slow-release

suffers because trace nutrients are not supplied to the soil.

nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and micronutrients and as well prevents leaching of

effective, it may be used to fertilize plants.

1.2 Objectives of the Study

of pechay (Brassica rapa).

Specifically, it aims to:

untreated pechay (Brassica rapa) in terms of its:

a. Width of the leaf;

b. Length of the leaf;

d. Leaf color; and

e. Mass of the plant.

2. Determine if there is a significant difference in the growth characteristics of the sheep

a. Width of the leaf;

b. Length of the leaf;

d. Leaf color; and

e. Mass of the plant.

1.3 Research Problem

pechay (Brassica rapa).

Specifically, it aims to answer the following research questions:

untreated pechay (Brassica rapa) in terms of its

a. Width of the leaf;

b. Length of the leaf;

d. Leaf color; and

e. Mass of the plant?

manure-treated and untreated pechay (Brassica rapa) in terms of its

a. Width of the leaf;

b. Length of the leaf;

d. Leaf color; and

e. Mass of the plant?

1.4 Statement of Null Hypothesis

leaf, number of leaves, leaf color, and mass of the plant.

1.5 Conceptual Framework

Preparation of sheep (Ovis

Sheep manure as Untreated Sample

Width of the leaf

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the study

1.6 Scope and Delimitation of the Study

plant, with everything remained constant.

The experiment was done at Arabelle S. Callano’s house.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Growth characteristics- a distinguishing quality or attribute in the process or

Pechay- scientifically known as Brassica rapa is a popular vegetable in the

Number of leaves- a total number of leaves in a plant.

Eutrophication - Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of

Soil amendment- Any material added to a soil to improve its physical

1.8 Significance of the Study

accumulation, water eutrophication and accumulation of nitrate, to consider in terms of

problems such as the greenhouse effect. (Slavic, 2012)

To lessen the negative environmental impact of chemical fertilizers, replacing