LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON EXTRA-JUDICIAL KILLING OF BACHELOR

OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

LOWIE B. BALBAGUIO
School Research Coordinator/SHS Coordinator
Ardemil National High School
Ardemil, Sara, Iloilo, Philippines

JEMCENT N. AYAO, EMMANUEL L. LACHICA, WINLEESHINE B. MEDES,

LEONRY M. OMALLAO
B.S. Criminology Students
Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus
San Antonio, Ajuy, Iloilo, Philippines

ABSTRACT

Extra Judicial Killing (EJK) is the unlawful killing of a person like leading politicians,
religious figures, trade union leaders and sometimes socially popular figures by
governmental authorities without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or any legal
process. This descriptive study determined the level of awareness on EJK of the B.S.
Criminology students. One hundred twenty (120) randomly selected students enrolled in
the Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BS Crim.) in the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State
College (NIPSC), Ajuy, Campus, Ajuy, Iloilo during the second semester of the school
year (S.Y.) 2017-2018 answered the researcher- made questionnaire. Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA), Percentages, means, frequency counts, and standard deviations for the total
sample were calculated with the use SPSS version 19 and are presented in the data table.
Results of the study showed that the level of awareness on EJK of the B.S. Crim. students
was moderately aware. There was no significant difference in the students’ perception and
students’ level of awareness. This study is pronouncing significantly the students’
disagreement on EJK. Moreover, those students in the pursuit of peace, justice, freedom,
human rights tend to disagree with the extra-judicial killing related events. Students
believed that EJK could not be the answer in the rise of crimes and vices in the country.
Crimes and vice could only be solved and be eradicated through a lawfully and properly
protocols.

Keywords: Awareness on EJK, Extra Judicial Killing, Criminal Investigation, Criminal

Justice, Criminal Laws,

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 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Extra Judicial Killing (EJK) is the killing of a person by governmental authorities

without the sanction of any judicial proceeding or any legal process. Extrajudicial
punishments are unlawful by nature, because they break the process of legal jurisdiction in
which they occur. Most of the times EJK targets the leading politicians, religious figures,
trade unions leaders and sometimes socially popular figures. Extra Judicial killings are
carried out by the state government or other state authorities like the armed forces and
police (Esceuta 2017).
If any murder happens by the law reinforcement battalion of the country outside the
authority of the court will be known as extrajudicial killing. It’s a violation in democracy.
Because democracy is based on the right of human, thus, it is termed with rules and
regulations. Civil court has the authority to give order on execution and it’s the chief state
of the land. As a democratic country, Philippines is up against extrajudicial killing.
Philippines as a Christian nation has been divided between the turn of the drive of
the new government to eradicate drugs and giving chance to those who are involved in the
syndicate that are rooting in the realm of the country’s unexpected places. With the various
media, news about the ―alleged extrajudicial killings‖ are explicitly showcased that youth,
children, students and citizens nowadays are exposed to. It was observed that killings are
blatantly shown in the newspaper, television and in the internet.
Many believed, doubted especially the recent political administration and believed
that EJK especially of hardened criminals helps ease the problem of terrorism. Others
perceived that EJK encourages lawlessness and aggravates state terrorism. In different
countries across the world, people in power have created an impression that killing terrorist
without bringing them to justice can help curb terrorism, but such extrajudicial, in fact, can
neither bring peace nor eradicate terrorism. Contrary to those beliefs, there still many of us
remain in doubt and perhaps pending on awareness on EJK.
Because of those doubts, notions and beliefs of different people in the country,
researcher would like also to take part of these recently dispersing and contextualized civil
and political problem that the government is facing. The researcher sought to know the
perception of the students on EJK whether they disagree, neutral or agree on the affectivity
of EJK to solve criminalities in the country. In addition to their agreeability, the students,
awareness should be investigated as well so as to know how well students aware about
EJK.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

As expressed in the “Extrajudicial Killing Is an Act of Injustice”, (Tatad, 2016),
children were able to identify such proposition directly to the point because of the obvious
scenarios in the different media where access towards sighting videos and reports regarding
this matter are easily seen. That even they themselves were able to see some of their
neighbors were not able to escape from the killing. A large amount of killings have been
conducted at the victims vicinity, work or in between and the shooter was masked and

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made a very quick escape through riding a motorcycle. The haste of violence and killings
in the present times signifies the instability and weakness of the politics in the country.
Each extrajudicial killing perpetually creates a question about the rights and due process
of the citizens in the country (Tatad, 2016).
Thus, in the present time, EJK is always rationalized as the victim deserved to be
killed Pre-empted from the notions above, this study followed the concept that is shown in
the paradigm below. The paradigm showed the relationship between independent variables
such as age, sex, and year level; and the dependent variable such as Students’ Level of
awareness on EJK. This concept helps in determining the level of awareness on EJK of the
B.S. Criminology students of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus. This
concept guided the researcher in finding the answer of the research specific questions such
as: (1) What are the levels of awareness of students on EJK of the B.S. Criminology
students of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus when taken as an entire
group and classified according to age, sex, and year level? (2)Are there significant
differences in the level of awareness on EJK of the B.S. Criminology students of Northern
Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus when classified as to age, sex, and year
level?

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study determined the level of awareness on EJK of the B.S.
Criminology students of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus.
Specifically, this research sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the levels of awareness of students on EJK of the B.S. Criminology
students of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus when taken as an entire
group and classified according to age, sex, and year level?
2. Are there significant differences in the level of awareness on EJK of the B.S.
Criminology students of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus when
classified as to age, sex, and year level?

Hypothesis
There are no significant differences in the students‘ levels of awareness on EJK
when classified as to age, sex, and year level.

Scope and Limitations

This study was limited to the investigation in the level of awareness on EJK of B.S
Criminology students of the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College – Ajuy Campus
during the second semester of the school year 2017-2018. Variables of this research were
age, sex, year level. The subjects of this research were the group of students taking up
Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BS Crim.) in the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State
College (NIPSC) Ajuy Campus, Ajuy, Iloilo during the second semester of the school year
2017-2018.
The instrument used to gather the data was the researcher’s constructed Level of
Awareness on Extra Judicial Killing Questionnaire, which was rigidly scrutinized by the
strict and meticulous jurors to come up with valid result. Reliability test was treated with
the use of Cronbach’s Alpha in a ninety-five percent (95%) level of confidence in SPSS

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version 19. The researcher conducted the study between months of January 2018 to
February 2018.

Significance of the Study

This study is substantially describing the perception of students on EJK and the
level of awareness of students on EJK. The topic is timely since and in context since there
is a nationwide spread of the rampant problem thereby resulting in a restructuring of legal
and political programs in the government. The generalization of this study can also be of
great significant to the following:
BS Criminology Students. The results of this research serve as springboard for them
to continue on knowing and equipping themselves of knowledge and information on what
really is EJK, how it affects the life of every innocent person like them and to look for
further protection against being a victim of EJK.
Professors, Police Officers, Social Workers. The results and findings of this
research give the Professors, Police Officers, Social Workers an idea of how students,
youth, civilians and citizens be educated about EJK since the results also focus on the level
of awareness. Likewise, the findings of this research could be used by concerned to preach
and advocate to eradicate EJK in the country.
The Researcher. The results of this research answer the researcher’s questions and
the light in the students’ level of awareness on EJK and the perception of students on EJK.
The Future Researchers. The results findings and generalizations of this research
give insights, reference and intuitions on the topic for further research to conduct. This
research, likewise, adds new knowledge, wisdom and information to the existing stock of
information that we have with regards with the person’s legal rights.

Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature

This chapter must compose of the related literature, studies and related readings
from the different sources such as books, magazines, tabloids, published and unpublished
researches, published and unpublished theses, published and unpublished dissertations and
educational research websites. This chapter also discusses the conceptual and theoretical
frameworks of the research.
In the mouth of law, it states that “No person shall be deprived of life, liberty,
property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection
of the law”. However, the prevalent killing every day we hear and see through all the forms
of media gives us a thought that there might be people who are exemption to the law. The
alleged extra-judicial killings that is rampant nowadays in the country consistently reflects
the weak ruling in the country stated by Senator Leila De Lima. Accordingly, Article III,
Section 14 paragraph 1 which reads, no person shall be held to answer for a criminal
offense without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of
the laws. This law promulgates that no one can judge a person criminal or not without the
correct process of judiciary. It is the drive of the President and his men to eradicate the
state under the illegal drugs and eventually dismantle drug syndicates that are lurking in
the most unexpected places of the country. It is the will of the new government to

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exterminate the country in this illegal issue that roots the different crimes (i.e. snatching,
killing, etc.) in the country.
The effort of the new government of the Philippines paved way by declaring war
on drugs people who are involved in the infamous industry that do not only degrades the
person’s value however cascades its influence to the family that eventually affects the
whole society. Yahoo.com reported almost 1,800 people had died in just seven weeks due
to the Philippine’s war on drugs. With this scenario the Philippines as a country was placed
on the spotlight that the world took notice on the enraging war of the drugs to the syndicate
coming from Mexico and China (CNN, 2016) that influences the Filipino people to engage
such vice (Katigbak, 2016).
For many years our country has confronted significant denunciation from the
international media, human rights activists and even in the local civil society for the causes
of the deaths of political activist, journalists, and others that reproof the will of the
government. Accordingly, perpetrators of the said killings are pointed to the Philippine
National Police and the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) (Pangilinan, 2010). Instead
of enforcing the rule of law, police on the other hand, violated the constitutional right of
these suspected criminals (Baguilat, 2016) the alleged extra-judicial killings‖ is explained
as the slaying of people without legal or no prior judgment of the court. An average of 13
drug users and personalities every day in the Philippines has been slain since the
administration of President Duterte began. USAID and the ASIA Foundation called this as
a national epidemic considering that there are multiple people had been killed and involved
in the operation (Parreno, 2010; GMA, 2016).
The Philippine National Police publicly pronounced the results of Project
“Tokhang” that was initiated since July 1 up until September 6, 2016. The operation that
was conducted by the uniformed men range to 15,905 operations and around 15,193 where
arrested on the operations and around 1, 033 were killed. Thus, interestingly, this study is
conducted to solicit the perception of the children regarding the most celebrated issue that
divides the country. This study sheds light on the stance of the children regarding the
alleged extrajudicial killings. It is vital to identify how these innocent children define the
unbecoming phenomena that our society dwells in. Spherically the study determined the
lived experience of children who have seen the news (in any form of media) through
chronicling their feelings, understanding and belief regarding the issue concerning the
alleged extrajudicial killings.

Extrajudicial Killings as Crime Against Humanity

A total of 3,257 Extrajudicial killings (EJKs) were committed during the Marcos
dictatorship. In contrast, there were 805 drug-related fatalities from May 10 (when Rodrigo
Duterte emerged winner of the presidential election) to Aug. 12, per the Inquirer count.
(https:// Extrajudicial killings as crime against humanity_Inquirer Opinion.htm. retrieved
Monday, December 11, 1 , 1:51:40 PM)
If the current rate continues, the total number of EJKs for the six years of the
Duterte administration will end up about 700 percent more than the killings committed
during the 14 years of the Marcos dictatorship. President Duterte is either ill-advised or
terribly underestimating the risk that he can be held liable at the International Criminal
Court, given the circumstances of the killings.

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 In 2011, the Philippines ratified the Rome Statute which established the
International Criminal Court. Under this treaty, every Filipino, including the President, can
be tried by this Court which has jurisdiction over crimes against humanity. The treaty
provides that when murder is “committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack
directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack,” it becomes a crime
against humanity. The possibility that the current EJKs will be considered by the
International Criminal Court as amounting to a crime against humanity is a liability risk
that our President is miscalculating.
Ruben Carranza, director of the New-York based International Center for
Transitional Justice, points out that “when over 5 civilians have been killed by both police
and vigilantes with the clear goal of targeting them in a ‘war against drugs,’ with their
impunity explicitly guaranteed by the president, then the elements of EJKs as a “crime
against humanity of murder” are already there—(a) widespread or systematic killings, (b)
civilians are targeted, and (c) the perpetrators know or intended their conduct to be part of
a widespread or systematic attack.”
On Aug. 11, Kabayan party-list Rep. Harry Roque delivered a privilege speech in
which he said: “It is clear that the civilian population is being attacked—news reports all
around us overwhelmingly establish that hundreds of Filipinos have been killed either
directly by governmental forces or with their support or tolerance.” Roque likewise said:
“It is also clear that the President is aware that these acts are ongoing. Even without proof
of a directive on his part, he has, in many instances, spoken about the use of violence
against drug syndicates.”
Roque cited the decisions of international criminal tribunals which prosecuted
political and military officials for crimes against humanity committed in Rwanda and the
former Yugoslavia. These tribunals declared that “it is not necessary to show that the
crimes committed were the result of the existence of a policy or plan‖ and that the plan
“need not be declared expressly or even stated clearly and precisely. It may be surmised
from the occurrence of a series of events.”
The party-list representative cautioned the President to be careful: “While it would
be imprudent for me to say with certainty that President Duterte has already committed a
crime against humanity, it would be a disservice to this entire nation if I did not warn him
to be careful. Neither the Rome Statute nor general international law prescribes a minimum
number of victims for an indictment. So long as the International Criminal Court believes
that the war on drugs is ‘widespread’ and ‘systematic,’ is likely to investigate.”
The President enjoys immunity under Philippine law, but he has no similar
immunity for crimes under the International Criminal Court’s jurisdiction. Carranza says
“the presidents of Sudan and Kenya were charged‖ in the court even during their
incumbency. And there is no expiration of liability for ICC crimes, so he can be charged
even long after he leaves Malacañang.

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 Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design
According to Cohen, as cited by Balbaguio (2014) research design must be
governed by the notion of “Fitness and Purpose”. This research used the descriptive
approach which is also known as “statistical research” which describes data and
characteristics about the population and the phenomenon being studied. The description
and explanation in the students’ level of awareness on EJK were the primary task of this
research.
All the facts and data gathered were carefully considered, analyzed and interpreted.
The researcher made inferences and generalization out of the data gathered. The descriptive
statistics was also used to interpret frequencies, averages and other statistical calculations.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were the one hundred twenty (120) students enrolled
in the Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BS Crim.) in the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic
State College (NIPSC), Ajuy, Campus, Ajuy, Iloilo during the second semester of the
school year (S.Y.) 2017-2018.

Sampling Technique
Purposive random sampling was used in this research. The researchers, after having
identified the total number of population or the entire group of students enrolled in the BS
Criminology Department, randomly selected thirty (30) respondents in every year level.

Data Gathering Instrument

The researcher-made-questionnaire “Level of Awareness on Extra Judicial Killing
Questionnaire” was used in this research. The Level of Awareness on Extra Judicial
Killing Questionnaire, as researchers’ constructed instrument, had passed through several
check and recheck by three (3) proficient critics and research experts to ensure its validity
and to avoid prejudices.
The instrument had three (2) main sections, the first is the ―Demographics‖ which
contains four (4) areas the respondent had to answer, second is “Students‘ Level of
awareness on Extra Judicial Killing” which contains nine (15) items the respondents had
to answer “Section I – Demographics” Section I of the research instrument was designed
to gather personal information about the respondent such as: A, the name which is optional
for the respondent to provide; B, age which asked whether the respondent is 17 years old
and below or 18 years old and above; C, sex which asked the respondent‘s sex whether
male or female; and D, year level, which asked the respondent whether he/she is first year,
second year third year or fourth year. Section II of the research instrument is “Students’
Level of Awareness on Extra Judicial Killing‖. This section of the research instrument was
designed to evaluate the students’ level of awareness on EJK. This section had nine (15)
strands the respondent had to answer. Strands were scaled as: 1 – not at all aware, 2 –
slightly aware, 3 – somewhat aware, 4 – moderately aware and 5 – extremely aware.

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Data Gathering Procedures
After testing the internal validity and reliability of the Level of Awareness on Extra
Judicial Killing Questionnaire, the researchers had chronologically arranged the program
of the distribution and gathering of the data. The Level of Awareness on Extra Judicial
Killing Questionnaire was distributed to the respondents during their class or otherwise in
their house.
The questionnaires were gathered from the respondents the moment they are done.
All data collected from the participants had been kept confidential throughout the course
of the study. Questionnaire were kept in a secure location in the researchers’ home and all
data entry was handled by the researchers. Upon completion of the data entry process, all
of “Level of Awareness on Extra Judicial Killing Questionnaire” from all respondents were
kept in a safe place for verification purposes.
The researchers presented table for reliability of the data for the Level of Awareness
on Extra Judicial Killing Questionnaire, disaggregated by the reliability scales included in
the instrument. Each item was placed into scale. Reliability test was treated with the use of
Cronbach’s Alpha in a ninety – five percent (95%) level of confidence in SPSS version 19.
Pilot test result showed reliable with the Cronbach’s Alpha of 9 %.

Data Analyses Procedures

Data for this study were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA), Percentages, means, frequency counts, and standard deviations for each school
and for the total sample were calculated with the use SPSS version 19 and are presented in
the data table.

Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSES, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Descriptive Data Analyses

Levels of awareness on EJK of B.S. Criminology students when taken as an entire

group and classified according to age, sex, and year level

The result of the study showed that when the students were taken as an entire
group, Students’ levels of awareness on EJK was ―moderately aware” (M = 3.49, SD =
0.30). When classified as to age, 17 years old and below was “moderately aware” (M =
3.50, SD = 0.30), while 18 years old and above was “moderately aware” (M = 3.48, SD =
0.30). When classified as to sex, male was moderately aware (M = 3.48, SD = 0.30), while
female students was “moderately aware” (M = 3.5, SD = 0.29). When classified as to year
level, first year students was ―moderately aware” (M = 3.44, SD = 0.30), second year
students was “moderately aware” (M = 3.46, SD = 0.27), third year students was
“moderately aware” (M = 3.50, SD = 0.29) and the fourth year students was “moderately
aware” (M = 3.55, SD = 0.33).
Table 2 shows the data.

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Differences in the levels of awareness on EJK of B.S. Criminology Students when
classified according to age, sex, and year level.
An independent-sample t-test was used to determine the significant differences in
the students’ levels of awareness on EJK when classified according to age, sex. However,
One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significant difference
year level.
There were no significant differences in the students’ levels of awareness on EJK
when classified according to age t (118) = 0.361, p = 0.719, sex t (118) = 0.895, p = .372,
and year level [F(0.207,10.237) = 0. 782, p = 0.506). The null hypothesis which states that
there are no significant differences in the students’ levels of awareness on EJK when
classified as to age, sex and year level was therefore, accepted.
Tables 3A and 3B show the data.

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 Tables 3A

Table 3B

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 Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

Generally, this study determined the level of awareness on EJK of the B.S.
Criminology students of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus, Ajuy,
Iloilo. Specifically, this research sought to answer the following questions: (1) What are
the levels of students’ levels of awareness on EJK when taken as an entire group and
classified according to age, sex, and year level? (2) Are there significant differences on the
level of awareness on EJK of the B.S. Criminology students of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic
State College – Ajuy Campus when classified as to age, sex, and year level?
The researcher formulated inferences and generalizations out of the results and the
data gathered. The descriptive statistics was used for ANOVA, frequencies, averages and
other statistical analyses. The research was conducted at the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic
State College, Ajuy Campus, Ajuy, Iloilo. The respondents of this research were the one
hundred-twenty (120) B.S. Criminology students who were enrolled during the second
semester of the school year 2017-2018. The LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON EXTRA
JUDICIAL KILLING QUESTIONNAIRE as researcher-made questionnaire was used to
gather the data. ANOVA and t-test were used to find out the differences between the
compared means of variables.
The results of the study showed that when the students were taken as an entire group
and when classified as to age, sex, and year level the level of awareness on EJK of B.S.
Criminology students of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College Ajuy Campus was
moderately aware.
There were no significant differences in the level of awareness on EJK of B.S.
Criminology students of Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College-Ajuy Campus when the
students were taken as to age, sex, and year level.

Conclusions
Generally, the result of the study showed that the students taking up Bachelor of
Science in Criminology in the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State College, Ajuy Campus,
Ajuy, Iloilo strongly disagree in EJK as a solution to the drug-related and other heinous
crimes in the country. Moreover, those students in the pursuit of peace, justice, freedom,
human rights tend disagree with the extra judicial killing related scenarios. Students
believed that EJK could not be the answer in the rise of crimes and vices in the country.
Crimes and vice could only be solved and be eradicated through a lawfully and properly
protocols. They also disagreed that killing people, innocent or not, without evidence is not
a solution to the lingering drug related problem in the society.
The students’ levels of awareness on EJK when taken as an entire group and when
classified as to age, sex and year level were found moderately aware. This simply implies
that youth and children especially in the BS Criminology department of NIPSC Ajuy
Campus are really equipped with knowledge and well informed about what is EJK and they
know their right as well protecting them from unlawful, unfair, injustice and violent EJK.

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 Across the group of students enrolled in BS Criminology in the NIPSC Ajuy
Campus, Ajuy, Iloilo, there was no significant difference in the students’ perception and
students’ level of awareness when they were classified according to age, sex and year level.
This simply mean something that students don’t agree with EJK because they are aware of
what consequences will take part in the life of innocent person and even alleged criminals
without appropriate judgment to transpire before those concerned police officer delivers
verdict.

Recommendations
This study is significantly pronouncing the perception of students on EJK and the
level of awareness of students on EJK. The result of the study showed that the students
taking up Bachelor of Science in Criminology in the Northern Iloilo Polytechnic State
College, Ajuy Campus, Ajuy, Iloilo strongly disagree in EJK as a solution to the drug-
related and other heinous crimes in the country. Moreover, those students in the pursuit of
peace, justice, freedom, human rights tend disagree with the extra judicial killing related
scenarios. Students believed that EJK could not be the answer in the rise of crimes and
vices in the country. Crimes and vice could only be solved and be eradicated through a
lawfully and properly protocols. They also disagreed that killing people, innocent or not,
without evidence is a solution to the lingering drug related problem in the society.
Thus, BS Criminology Students must continue knowing and equipping themselves
of knowledge and information on what really is EJK, be vigilant because it affects the life
of every innocent person like them and to look for further protection against being a victim
of EJK.
Professors, Police Officers, Social Workers must work together to educate students,
youth, civilians and citizens about EJK to promote on the awareness on EJK. Likewise,
these concerned persons on authority and with high position to influence the minds and
hearts of young people in the society, should campaign and advocate due process of law
and criminal justice to eradicate EJK in the country.
To the Future Researchers, continue finding and researching because through
investigating on the same topic adds new knowledge, wisdom and information to the
existing stock of information that we have with regards with the person’s legal rights.

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