NEUROSCIENCE

Neuroscience is to explain how electrical and chemical signals are used in the
brain to represent and process information. Brain models are being used to
connect the microscopic level accessible by molecular and cellular techniques with
the systems level accessible by the study of behavior.

Neuroscience has traditionally been classed as a subdivision of biology. These

days, it is an interdisciplinary science which liaises closely with other disciplines,
such as mathematics, linguistics, engineering, computer science, chemistry,
philosophy, psychology, and medicine.

Many researchers say that neuroscience means the same as neurobiology.

However, neurobiology looks at the biology of the nervous system, while
neuroscience refers to anything to do with the nervous system.

Neuroscientists are involved in a much wider scope of fields today than before.
They study the cellular, functional, evolutionary, computational, molecular,
cellular and medical aspects of the nervous system.

This is list of the branches of modern neuroscience:-

Affective neuroscience – in most cases, research is carried out on laboratory
animals and looks at how neurons behave in relation to emotions.

Behavioral neuroscience – the study of the biological bases of behavior. Looking at

how the brain affects behavior.

Cellular neuroscience – the study of neurons, including their form and

physiological properties at cellular level.
Clinical neuroscience – looks at the disorders of the nervous system, while
psychiatry, for example, looks at the disorders of the mind.

Cognitive neuroscience – the study of higher cognitive functions that exist in

humans, and their underlying neural bases. Cognitive neuroscience draws from
linguistics, neuroscience, psychology and cognitive science. Cognitive
neuroscientists can take two broad directions; behavioral/experimental or
computational/modeling, the aim being to understand the nature of cognition
from a neural point of view.

Computational neuroscience – attempting to understand how brains compute,

using computers to simulate and model brain functions, and applying techniques
from mathematics, physics and other computational fields to study brain function.

Cultural neuroscience – looks at how beliefs, practices and cultural values are
shaped by and shape the brain, minds and genes over different periods.

Developmental neuroscience – looks at how the nervous system develops on a

cellular basis; what underlying mechanisms exist in neural development.

Molecular neuroscience – the study of the role of individual molecules in the

nervous system.

Neuroengineering – using engineering techniques to better understand, replace,

repair, or improve neural systems.
Neuroimaging – a branch of medical imaging that concentrates on the brain.
Neuroimaging is used to diagnose disease and assess the health of the brain. It
can also be useful in the study of the brain, how it works, and how different
activities affect the brain.

Neuroinformatics – integrates data across all areas of neuroscience, to help

understand the brain and treat diseases. Neuroinformatics involves acquiring
data, sharing, publishing and storing information, analysis, modeling, and
simulation.

Neurolinguistics – studying what neural mechanisms in the brain control the

acquisition, comprehension and utterance of language.

Neurophysiology– looks at the relationship of the brain and its functions, and the
sum of the body’s parts and how they interrelate. The study of how the nervous
system functions, typically using physiological techniques, such as stimulation with
electrodes, light-sensitive channels, or ion- or voltage-sensitive dyes.

Paleoneurology – the study of the brain using fossils.

Social neuroscience – this is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to understanding

how biological systems implement social processes and behavior. Social
neuroscience gathers biological concepts and methods to inform and refine
theories of social behavior. It uses social and behavioral concepts and data to
refine neural organization and function theories.
Systems neuroscience – follows the pathways of data flow within the CNS (central
nervous system) and tries to define the kinds of processing going on there. It uses
that information to explain behavioral functions.
 NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS

Neurological disorders are medically defined as disorders that affect the brain as
well as the nerves found throughout the human body and the spinal cord.
Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord or other
nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Examples of symptoms include
paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, loss of sensation, seizures,
confusion, pain and altered levels of consciousness.

The specific causes of neurological problems vary, but can include genetic
disorders, congenital abnormalities or disorders, infections, lifestyle or
environmental health problems including malnutrition, and brain injury, spinal
cord injury or nerve injury. There are many recognized neurological disorders,
some relatively common, but many rare. Mental disorders, on the other hand, are
"psychiatric illnesses" or diseases which appear primarily as abnormalities of
thought, feeling or behavior, producing either distress or impairment of function.
According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine there are more than 600
neurologic diseases.

Neurological disabilities include a wide range of disorders, such as epilepsy,

learning disabilities, neuromuscular disorders, autism, ADD, brain tumors, and
cerebral palsy, just to name a few. Some neurological conditions are congenital,
emerging before birth. Other conditions may be caused by tumors, degeneration,
trauma, infections or structural defects. Regardless of the cause, all neurological
disabilities result from damage to the nervous system. Depending on where the
damage takes place, determines to what extent communication, vision, hearing,
movement and cognition are impacted.

Neurological disorders can be categorized according to the primary location

affected, the primary type of dysfunction involved, or the primary type of cause.
The broadest division is between central nervous system disorders and peripheral
nervous system disorders. Neurological disorders can affect an entire neurological
pathway or a single neuron. Even a small disturbance to a neuron's structural
pathway can result in dysfunction.

According to the University of California, San Francisco, there are more than 600
neurological disorders that strike millions each year. These diseases and disorders
inflict great pain and suffering on millions of patients and their families, and cost
the U.S. economy billions of dollars annually. Social Security approves disability
benefits for serious cases of epilepsy, cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple
sclerosis, ALS, and other nerve-based diseases.
This is list of some neurological disorders: -
• Acute Spinal Cord Injury
• Alzheimer's Disease
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
• Ataxia
• Bell's Palsy
• Brain Tumors
• Cerebral Aneurysm
• Epilepsy and Seizures
• Guillain-Barré Syndrome
• Headache
• Head Injury
• Hydrocephalus
• Lumbar Disk Disease (Herniated Disk)
• Meningitis
• Multiple Sclerosis
• Muscular Dystrophy
• Neurocutaneous Syndromes
• Parkinson's Disease
• Stroke (Brain Attack)
• Cluster Headaches
• Tension Headaches
• Migraine Headaches
• How a Migraine Happens
• Diagnosis and Treatment for Migraines
• Encephalitis
• Septicemia
• Types of Muscular Dystrophy and Neuromuscular Diseases
• Myasthenia Gravis
• Overview of Stroke
• Risk Factors for Stroke
• Types of Stroke
• Effects of Stroke