9

Technology and Livelihood Education

CARPENTRY 9
Quarter 4 – Slem 2
Properties of Wood and Other Materials

Supplementary
Learning Materials
Technology and Livelihood Education
CARPENTRY

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How to use the SLeM? e rn FOR
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 Before you start answering the SLeM, I want you to set aside other tasks that will
disturb you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to
successfully enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this SLeM.
2. Write on your notebook or any writing pad the concepts about the lessons.
Writing enhances learning that is important to develop and keep in mind.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the SLeM.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers.
5. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned

Parts of the SLeM

1. Expectations - These are what you will be able to know about completing the
lessons in the SLeM..
2. Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
3. Looking Back - This section will measure what learnings and skills you
understand from the previous lesson.
4. Brief Introduction- This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
5. Activities- These are activities designed to develop critical thinking and other
competencies. This can be done with or without a partner depending on the
nature of the activity
6. Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
7. Checking your Understanding – It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
8. Posttest - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
SLeM.
 Development Team of the Module
Writer: Amado D. Suarez Jr. (Master Teacher I)
Format Evaluator: Boyette Anchiboy
Language Evaluator: Jerico F. Tavera
Content Evaluator: Benidict Sembrano
Amado D. Suarez Jr.
Reviewer:
Management Team:
School Head: Dr. Eladio H. Escolano
Department Chairman: Amelia B. Lintag
Subject LR Coordinator: Marilyn D. Apolonio
Maricel S. Oliva
School Assistant LR Coordinator: Jewel T. Baraquil

Lesson 2
Properties of Wood and Other Materials
At the end of the SLeM you are expected to:
1. identify and differentiate the physical and mechanical properties of wood;
2. interpret the classification of wood according to size, dress, grade ;
3. recognize wood defects in lumber; and
4. value the importance of wood as a building material.
PRETEST
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read and understand the statements below. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate answer sheet.
Directions: Read and understand the statements below. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate answer sheet.
1. It is the percentage of the mass of water to dry wood mass.
A. Density B. Elasticity C. Moisture content D. Permeability
2. A natural defect on wood that occurs when the fungus attacks and rots the pitch
of the heartwood.
A. Heart rot B. Heart shake C. Resin canal D. Twisting
3. It is the ability of wood to conduct an electric current that is inversely related to
electrical resistance.
A. Durability B. Elasticity C. Electrical D. Moisture
4. Characterizes the ability of wood to flow liquids or gases under pressure.
A. Adaptability B. Density C. Mass D. Permeability
5. Determined by the amount of cell wall substance and the volume of voids by the
cell cavities of the fibers.
A. Density B. Electrical C. Permeability D. Mass
6. A thermal property that includes heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal
diffusivity and thermal expansion.
A. Bending stress B. Density C. Mass D. Shrinkage
7. It is a mechanical property which depends on grain orientation, moisture,
species, temperature, and rate of loading.
A. Bending stress B. Elasticity C. Strength D. Vibration
8. An artificial defect on wood caused by poor stacking.
A. Bowing B. Cupping C. Springing D. Twisting
9. A longitudinal separation of the fibers which extends to the opposite face of a
piece of sawn timber.
A. Cupping B. Split C. Twist D. Wane
10. It occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber saturation point.
A. Density B. Moisture content C. Permeability D. Shrinkage

LOOKING BACK
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand the statements below. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate answer sheet.
1. If there are any defects found in the equipment, you must _______.
A. ask someone to help you
B. continue using the equipment
C. try to repair equipment even if not trained to do so
D. attach repair tag and remove equipment from use immediately
2. To prevent rust on tools that have been used in the wet or damp condition we
must maintain the tools by_______.
A. storing tools as it is C. cleaning it with rag and oil
B. washing with soap and water D. putting away tools without drying
3. For ordering equipment parts for repairing tools, one must consider_______.
A. cheapest price possible
B. the parts readily available
C. repair as you can’t buy a new one after all
D. always refer to the manufacturer’s data label found on the equipment
especially made for the unit
4. To avoid rust on saw blade, we must______.
A. keep it store
B. ignore build up and rusts
C. clean it with soap and water
D. keep blades dry and clean with oily rag
5. After the use of electrical equipment, we must_____.
A. clean the place
B. unplug from power source
C. cover the equipment’s air vents
D. do not unplug so it would be ready for the next use

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Physical Properties of Wood

Wood is one of the most flexible and generally used materials in the world. It
can be used in anything from furniture such as chairs, tables, and cabinets
to building timber structures and sheds.
Physical Properties

1. Moisture content- The amount of moisture in wood is ordinarily expressed as a

percentage of the weight of the wood when oven dry.
MC = moist weight - oven dry weight x 100 percent (3-1)
oven dry weight
2. Shrinkage occurs when wood loses moisture
below the fiber saturation point.
3. Density of wood is determined by the amount of
cell wall substance and the volume of voids by the cell cavities (lumens) of the
fibers.
4. Permeability characterizes the ability of wood to flow liquids or gases under
pressure.
5. Mass is a thermal property that includes heat capacity, thermal conductivity,
thermal diffusivity and thermal expansion.
6. Electrical is the ability of wood to conduct an electric current that is inversely
related to electrical resistance.

Mechanical Properties of Wood

A. Bending stresses, the lumber is stressed internally
to resist the external loads. Bending in a member
causes tension forces in the extreme fibers along the
face farthest from the load and causes compression in
the fiber along the side closest to the applied load. The
maximum stress induced in the fibers, which occurs at
the edges, is referred to as the ‘‘extreme fiber stress in
bending.’’
B. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) is a measure of stiffness. This factor is a
relationship between the amount of deflection in the member and the value of load
applied that causes the deflection. The amount of deflection depends on the size of
the member, the span between the supports, the load, and the particular member
specie of wood.
Carpentry: Classification of Wood

C. Tensile and Compressive Strengths is a measure of the ability of wood to

resist pulling forces. On the other hand, compressive strength is a measure of the
ability of wood to resist pushing forces. For clear wood (wood without defects), the
tensile and compressive strengths for parallel-to-grain loads are approximately 10
times greater than for loads applied perpendicular to the wood grain.
 Lumber varies greatly in structural characteristics. A carpenter must learn
about lumber so that he can choose the most suitable material for each job. The
primary components used in frame construction are lumber and hardware. This
section includes information on the types and sizes of lumber.
Classification of Wood
The classification of wood for lumber depends on many variables. Size, wood
quality and level of pretreatment all play a part in figuring out which sort of wood is
right for each construction effort.
Classification by Size
Lumber is usually sawed into standard dimensions (length, width, and thickness).
This allows uniformity in planning structures and in ordering materials. Table 1 list
the common widths and thicknesses of wood in rough and dressed dimension in
the US. Standards have been established for dimension differences between the
quoted size of lumber and its standard sizes when dressed.
Quoted size refers to dimensions prior to surfacing. These dimensions differences
must be taken into consideration. A good example of the dimension difference is
the common 2x 4. As shown in Table 1, the familiar quoted size 2x4 is the rough
nominal dimension, but the actual dressed size is 1 ½ x 3 ½ inches. Lumber is a
sawn in standard sizes used for light framing.

 Thickness: 1, 2, and 4 inches.

 Width: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 inches.
 Length: 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 feet

The actual dimensions of dressed lumber are less than the sawn dimension
because of drying and planning (or finishing). For the relative difference between
sawn (standard or nominal) dimensions and actual sizes of construction lumber.
Nominal Size (In Inches) Dressed Size (In Inches)
1x3 ¾x2½
1x4 ¾x3½
1x6 ¾x5½
1x8 ¾x7¼
1 x 10 ¾x9¼
1 x 12 ¾ x 11 ¼
2x4 1½x3½
2x6 1½x5½
2x8 1½x7¼
2 x 10 1½x9¼
2 x 12 1 ½ x 11 ¼
3x8 2½x7¼
3 x 12 2 ½ x 11 ¼
4 x 12 3 ½ x 11 ¼
4 x 16 3 ½ x 15 ¼
6 x 12 5 ½ x 11 ½
6 x 16 5 ½ x 15 ½
6 x 18 5 ½ x 17 ½
8 x 16 7 ½ x 15 ½
8 x 20 7 ½ x 19 ½
8 x 24 7 ½ x 23 ½

Plywood is usually 4 x 8 feet and varies from 1/8 to 1 inch in thickness

Classification by Level of Dress

 Dressed lumber has been smoothed and trimmed for uniformity. Worked lumber is
taken one step further than dressed lumber and is more prepared for immediate
use. An example of worked lumber is matched lumber, which is cut in such a way
that the grooves of one piece can easily fit into the grooves of another.

CODE FOR SURFACED LUMBER

Code Meaning
S1E SURFACED 1 EDGE
S2E SURFACED 2 EDGES
S1S SURFACED 1 SIDE
S2S SURFACED 2 SIDES
S1S1E SURFACED 1 SIDE AND EDGE
S2SIE SURFACED 2 SIDES AND 1 EDGE
S1S2E SURFACED 1 SIDE AND 2 EDGES
S4S SURFACED 4 SIDES

Classification by Grade
Lumber, as it comes from the sawmill, is divided into three main classes: yard
lumber, structural material and factory and shop lumber. It is classified based
on quality. The carpenter must choose quality that is for the intended purpose. At
the same time, he must exercise economy by not choosing a better (and therefore
more expensive) grade than required.
Lumber is subdivided into classifications of select lumber and common lumber
Select Lumber- Select lumber is of good appearance and finishing.
It is identified by the following grade names for comparison of quality:

 Grade A is suitable for natural finishes and is practically clear.

 Grade B is suitable for natural finishes, is of high quality, and is
generally clear.
 Grade C is suitable for high-quality paint finishes.
 Grade D is suitable for paint finishes between high-finishing grades
and common grades and has somewhat the nature of both.

Carpentry: Wood Defects

In the construction of formworks wood is the most important material

needed. You will be selecting the appropriate lumber for every part of the forms.
You also need to learn how to identify the different defects of wood which may
cause unnecessary failures in the assembling process.
DEFECTS ON WOOD
Defects in timber can affect its. 
 Strength
 Appearance
 Durability

Defects in timber are either. 

1. Natural: defects that may be present in the growing tree. 
2. Artificial: defects caused by the seasoning, conversion and peeling process.  

NATURAL DEFECTS
Heart rot
Occurs when fungus attacks and rots the pith of the
heartwood

Resin canals
Some trees which are exposed to high winds, develop
internal splits.
Splits fill with resin or gum to make the wood resinous

Natural / Peeling Defects

Types of Shakes
Heart and Star shakes
 Deep, wide cracks which radiate out from the center
Caused by shrinkage through old age or by too rapid
drying after peeling.

Artificial Defects: Seasoning

Cupping
 When you look at the end of the board it appears as
a curve.

 Caused by unequal amounts of shrinkage along

with the growth rings.
Bowing
 When you look at the edge of the wood it appears
curved.

 Caused by poor stacking.

Artificial Defects: Seasoning

Twisting/ warping
 When the ends of the boards are twisted in opposite
directions.
 Caused by shrinkage along a spiral or interlocking grain.
Springing
 When the face of the board remains flat and the edge
bends inwards to form a curve.

 Caused by shrinkage longitudinally along irregular grain

Seasoning Defects
End splits
 Occur at the exposed ends of the boards.

 Caused by rapid drying out from the sun

 Prevented by painting the ends of the timber with

bituminous paint (waterproof)
Surface splits/checks
 Usually lie along the grain.

 Caused by rapid drying out on the surface of the wood.

Honeycomb splits/checks
 Occur inside the board.

 Reduces strength.

Case hardening
 Where the outside of the board is dry and hard, but
moisture is trapped in the center cells of the wood.

 Caused by rapid drying.

CONVERSION DEFECTS

Waney Edge
 Occurs when the bark is left on during conversion
Sloping grain/short grain
 Grain does not run parallel to the edge of the board
because of bad conversion
 seriously weakens the timber

ACTIVITIES
Activity 1

Title: Properties of Wood and Other Materials

Lessons Covered: • Properties of wood
 • Classification of wood
• Wood Defects
Directions:
 Read each of the questions in the left-hand column of the chart.
 On a separate sheet of paper, write yes if it is observed and no if
it is not.
YES NO
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
.  I have learned that the physical properties of woods can
significantly influence the enforcement and strength of wood
used in structural applications *
 I have learned that in mechanical properties of wood -
Bending stresses - The lumber is stressed internally to resist the
external loads *
 * I have been able to determine that Modulus of Elasticity is
one of the three mechanical properties of wood. *
 I have been able to identify the three Mechanical Properties of
Wood. *
Classification of Wood
 I have been able to discuss and identify the types, sizes, and
uses of lumber. *
 I have been able to classify wood depending on its size,
wood quality and level of pretreatment. *
 Learned how to convert lumber’s nominal size to dressed
size. *
 Learned to classify lumber by grade. *
IDENTIFY NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL DEFECTS
 Artificial defects are a defect caused by the seasoning,
conversion and felling process. *
 Natural defects are a defect that may be present in the
growing tree*
 Learned that defects in lumber can affect its durability. *
 Learned that defects in lumber can affect its strength. *
 Learned that defects in lumber can affect its appearance. *
NOTE: The result will tell you if you are ready with the final activity or you still
need a little time to review.
10-14 Yes Ready for the next activity, Congratulations!!!
9-Below Yes Need more time to review the lesson.

Activity 2. House Tour

Directions: Inspect within the premise of your house. Look for wood materials,
furniture / fixtures with wood defects. Photograph, identify and classify each
defect. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Material/ Photo Identification of Wood Classification
Defects Natural/Artificial
1.
2.
 3.
4.
5.

Activity 3. Wood Dressing

Directions: Perform the task or activity to further
enhance skills and knowledge in proper
manipulation of planes and measurement of wood.
Provide actual pictures with measurements right
before and after dressing.
Tool and Materials needed:
1. Piece of wood (Scrap wood)
2. Plane
Students must dress rough wood into the desired
size of wood provided below.
Desired size
1. ¾ x 2 ½
Assessment remarks:
 Competent
 Not yet competent
NOTE: Observe safety precautionary measures

REMEMBER
Importance of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood in Construction.
The physical and mechanical properties of wood are significant factors used in
determining the suitability and application of wood material, a carpenter must learn about
woods physical and mechanical properties so that he can choose the most suitable material
for each job. Without proper knowledge and recognition in selecting wood using it as a
material in constructing formwork this will lead to danger and risk of workers life and easily
dismantle formwork which will cause the damage of work.

What is the purpose of grading and sizing wood?

Lumber cut from logs will differ in appearance, strength, and durability due to such
characteristics as knots, checks, pitch pockets, shake and stain. The lumber is therefore
grouped or graded according to the existence or absence of these characteristics, giving the
client a more suitable product to meet his specific demand. The classification of lumber
into the various standard grades also ensures the client of a more uniform lumber product
from the different lumber manufacturers.

The nominal measurement reflects the approximate size of the fresh lumber before it
is dried and planned to meet a consistent profile and dimension.
Two-by lumber, which is a half inch shorter in each dimension than the name suggests,
comes in a variety of widths from 2×2 (which measures 1½ inches × 1½ inches) all the way
up to 2×12 (which measures 1½ × 11½ inches). Board lengths are less complicated:
Standard lengths start at 6 feet, and they increase in 2-foot increments all the way up to 24
feet for the wider boards.
Understanding Wood defects in the fabrication of formworks wood is the most
significant component needed. You will be selecting the appropriate lumber for every part of
the forms. You also need to determine how to classify the different defects of wood which
may cause unnecessary failures in the assembling process. A defect is simply a short
coming or imperfection found in wood. Defects may be responsible for lowering wood’s
market value, reducing its strength, durability and usefulness, impair its appearance, and
in some cases, causing its decay.

CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Activity 4 Wood as a Building Material
Directions: Read and answer the following questions. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
A. Why do you think wood is vital in the construction industry? What is
the importance of wood as a construction material?

B. What are some benefits and disadvantages of wood as a building

material?
(at least 5 each)

Benefits Disadvantages

POST TEST
Multiple Choice
Directions: Read and understand the statements below. Write the letter of the
correct answer on a separate answer sheet.
1. It is the percentage of the mass of water to dry wood mass.
A. Density B. Moisture content C. Elasticity D. Permeability
2. A natural defect on wood that occurs when the fungus attacks and rots the pitch
of the heartwood.
A. Heart rot B. Heart shake C. Resin canal D. Twisting
3. It is the ability of wood to conduct an electric current that is inversely related to
electrical resistance.
A. Durability B. Elasticity C. Electrical D. Moisture
4. Characterizes the ability of wood to flow liquids or gases under pressure.
A. Adaptability B. Density C. Mass D. Permeability
5. Determined by the amount of cell wall substance and the volume of voids by the
cell cavities of the fibers.
A. Density B. Electrical C. Permeability D. Mass
6. A thermal properties that includes heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermal
diffusivity, and thermal expansion.
A. Bending stress B. Density C. Mass D. Shrinkage
7. It is a mechanical property which depends on grain orientation, moisture,
species, temperature, and rate of loading.
 A. Bending stress B. Elasticity C. Strength D. Vibration
8. An artificial defect on wood caused by poor stacking.
A. Bowing B. Cupping C. Springing D. Twisting
9. It is a longitudinal separation of the fibers which extends to the opposite face of
a piece of sawn timber.
A. Cupping B. Split C. Twist D. Wane
10. Occurs when wood loses moisture below the fiber saturation point.
A. Density B. Moisture content C. Permeability D. Shrinkage
References
IArntzen, Charles J, ed. Encyclopedia of Agricultural Science. Orlando, FL: Academic
Press: 549-561. Vol. 4. October 1994
Blanco Jr. , Antonio, Verano Roderick C , Carpentry 10 Learners Material First
Edition, 2015 pp. 53-59
Salandanan Glenn F., Competency Based Learning Materials (CBLM) Carpentry NC
II Stake Out Building Lines pp. 16-18
Salandanan Glenn F., Competency Based Learning Materials (CBLM) Carpentry NC
II Fabricating Formworks pp. 16-18
Fajardo, Max B. Jr, Simplified Methods on Building Construction 2000 Edition 24
Bell St. Filinvest Homes II Batasan hills, Quezon City 5138 T trading pp. 101-104
Dr. Luy, Jack A, Dr. Sexton William E, Whalin Ralph W, etal June 10-August 2,
1968 Wood Technology N. D. E. A. Institute EASTERN KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY EKU
Graphic Arts Dept. George Brown, Chrm.

Prepared by. Amado D. Suarez Jr. (MASTER TEACHER I TVL/SHS)