© that ae covuvdeed when choosy oprfeal rwowguute Characteristics aprcal sow: Compatible, uit + Geometry + Attenuation Os oh sounee a Sunctton oD woes ength + Group delay” dictator + modal choraclesitr ee Gon the Common clovsthicat ew Leo ia vaed $e ‘multimode Hoes & LASER ‘0 used For born Ainge & amuttemede How. Lpittaenes semen a GR rere LeD optical output inuhwene ouspur nae Lnsge bedwn | output oo Righly deveagene ‘mronocnomnadl Optical output & cohuent ourpur ie hughly dinectional is vot | opriol energy (> Produced optics ENT Shduaed opttea Co¥tE | arrough opal tema comity | gr 4 me wavtengin | ge tr ugly wavdength ative selectiveDiet 4 ddtyet Ben! gape Jn ode Sor eledaew trawiiow 1 TAX place 1 (00) from Conduction band with tne, adsorption & emimton oh photon respect ivery , both energy § momentum rust be comeved. Sernteonductou axe camiteed 94 direct bond gop wo tndbaeer Deendgap bard on shape 4 te bondgap ¢ wrowertom(k) Doet Geter et AS the declow § hole have the dame value oh Mementom then tteqebuts Un the AUmplect nett probable aceombeyiohen prucen thal Tell fn emiacee eh photon Conduction bard e Ga?Ander Bandgap Matewas POPES ERD conduction band wo Gn tan Conduct Band mintwiom @ the valence found “Movtmnumn ene levels occu a At Hoenr value eh momentum. ene baid=ta)-bamd Attombinahn Tmvolud q thikd paatiole co Comsewe ‘momen tun cated Pronons. Ligne Gmntting Dteds (tev) LED tn ured ta ounce ta optical Communtaren sytem vequiing mt vate ler shan, \00-an rtp, seth wultimode Hoe 4 optteal Pore om the tone mivowatle DUD vequive Lew compler Astle eduuting - vequcre thumal & opthtal stabtiizanon, can be Jabateared leo expentivety rere dou mot cence higher yeaautput | ; angen aubhicently hgh opt cat tevelr itd adtbe LED radiance (absigntren) £m rmeature tn Wall, of the optical porver fadioted into a unit 40%d ange per Umit aren ch the emitting sustace + Fase Emiaron Resporse THe © Attmne tn the koma delay bebvetry the apPircadsen ophreas emvtion rath emision -rapense Oa cusnent pute £ the ener ob Rts time declaw Wmilh the bardio wanton Eeieney : Guantum EtNLeney tx + sign U Srosiam of injected —decymr-hote, getaed 10 the pou star Membine saainslvety a high vadtance 4 0 high Th achieve must Prowde- Gpotum cbHiieney » y nears a Conbring the charg avtmulated optical emiacon to the active neq orw jonchon whie Yadiate vecombinanon, LED Atyustune commer & of) the pn place -ed to achive nigh level , Cosmin continemen © °? vat oh vadtatve ere ve aegoon form anon in te act % tne dewee & igh qyontumn estietency al confinement prevent ane aonorp THON Opec Oi emtaed vodtanen by ane mares eusnoun de tne pr junere casstea and optteal Continem ort e> achieve can tone followin con kigusaions 5 + Homojun cio Single mast ebhective contiguastion te do struct To en nen A) Ap GAA dove oe en structure uote hreturojuncner double: heterojun cht wha me hor pin Gatos foe |e cas gu | so Leeda |negron as wos rote wvium Lae } raceme | tae en bom oe ie 4 srenm up actid ee) hola yes 3 athe sandwich Atwuctwe i) ait Mano cassie and opt cal Sete ore confined tm central active lage » Bond qr difference oy adjacent lage provides Canin” Continement *Didewnce in RL oh adjacent layen provider optical Continement Two bole LED Contiquations Wwed-tor optite are PiGunace tmtuds * Edge emetens Sudoce emiaingy (UBD aL Bat oy Ent Embeten adn +e contig ueahen , the plane of achive ea tmittrry oegion bio Oriented perdndéeutar co the Be the Pibb- ae shown on +92 Stu. wor | ‘tea << i sty 22 SRSA: By atgh radians. surface go F ten ern> A wel 0 ecned Houg a How & cemented em order ty accept tnt vohich che emitted legit + Chreule achve 1A Sourn 1m Aorta G 2-540 4 The emision poster is excentvally thotvop ‘Holy -porsoy bean rotate a Guotropte pamtan trom suaace enataer De called a [ambahvan pasar on hur ome 7 equal brent iyhen viuoed Jvom ary ditectiew , bik porn Goonts dru ax UO, rube 8 17 angie PI? vieworng, fo sulace respowa «down ohn 0260 )E ne total we. holt Boo asedver & mormal 9 wy opi peak wate pom ber wlth, 120". edge SEES as shown im Ha’ tage tmfaes comix 20 active jundion epen jranicn ug the koue® *b imeorenenty light two geet ayes, G8) Ey touting ceDtthe optteal Yodfaliow tw arcu the “bea cote To match the ‘typical Her core dérm dor (50-100um)>, the contact Btvipe fon edge emines owe 50-Toum wrde . eteng ih 6) te active segiom sgwo - 15D dm the plane porate) to tre junction yohene~ tthe & no wantguide- esseat, the embted been A lambintany 9,, «120 (ype) + Jn the plane perperidteudas tO the |unchen O Gon be made as Bimal as as"35" by a Propyy waniguide srruguce . Light Bourse Mosertals Semicon dud® Matewal urd to active layer an optiial Adune must have désect bandgap, fn fehuor Yadiahve recombinahen io authelentty hic ee Produce an adequoie (evel of opie! emio on + Gnge Aemicondueter, element Cannol act ag | dineot bandgap Malena, bul binary Compounds Per OF A derece band gap ‘matew al/ L ee a vostous tana & quate nan bin any Wwrrpounds ae diveet band aa rmalerals 4 Fet G00-3oonm Apesbrum , Pamuple tH Aue alloy uned io Gp, Aly Mt whac x mole tachion @ depen rd e+ tthe grumnon woawlengin 5 band gap eneaegy (ol) 04 shown ir ut en 2 scm, PLAY Supe ponte coun RE aE ee $umetion | Hy -alum mom mote Fyachon © combinalen ) squctandyop Gomgy # oupar wendingin at a for eee | ofWP 7 FA longer ryavelength 4 operant en gpaterneney " ¢ alleg of semteon duct ose PTHoULed | Ex: Tiny 40 9 Py Poy b Sy xosyng 4 y 5 peak op powee con be obtouned ab ony wonsetengin, ofeo 0 # V4 4 GphIAs S4nGaRhP ore used at Ugh house matewalt becaune by wing & PrP wmbinahen binony Canary 2 quateanas pp motte tow pertore to match Latte paramiley of) hese Atvuchwe Urtuace Fundamental quantum “mechonical Yelah op, bermten Lougy © 8 trequecy 9 poenreh ales | Ehoene 7 Eo hve ne | Doz pea Emisvon ruvetength Wiavetingin (ater oh bandgap energy Ey en eva -| | Mumy eran | I) Semicon ductoy Matuual Baslep tneegy (ev) | st ae ans hos Se oer ToP 3s | Qa nian not 2G) | AL AR\ ploy , | Fo Term or ¥ . Bay bedy + Fabee +0 266% for valus of % 70 20039 Fa Quatanary 2p sUinyee 024%) Eq hasty + 00104 prose ‘ 1 compute the ented ranuetength f20m, 27) optics noun having 2+ 0-0F yay +126 ox 40 266.0 Soin: E ) 5 6 (008) + py pie 2 bono oFO 11513 6 Nae “1 eon avo Grp ayO%osey.saPo-us tnd wavelength emitted by the source sein Taret MggPing Hen HOH GLOS voed tn U20, thn Egr1as-oary souy (Pa Quatena) | 1135 -(o-9an ona) +orn.(orys)* de 128 21062 urnagtol wenwibinahen Yor® aren an ence Y ehectOry arose respectively. teh fmm: preomacimation wort CASON ine imp gn om cecag oqenen’ ab pa ole otared Pec Oty “lt mento Di intel impaed emeem 3g aunty T< Come Wienme The total vate at hich i 7) ; os enesat ts the fom o) exten aly supated ote $ Thamauy grantee vaste Extesn: tesnatig | Aappied vale + J MORAL” Trcusment de My er ‘i Bua see Sey (Aen < d+ thi Thercn aul ae Yecombimation vest Opruated vate en he t ca. 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The externa) qparniove cicero & defined ao vatid of photo emitted 4rmn LED 40 the ts O) provers fee Tntean aby é & E tee ERRMer “L— nto” whee n vo serach ve inden, otal power emitted by LED & PeMene Pent cr n(oaty Modulation # on LED $ "| peaned 348 POUT : optical 8-48 Porn ee | Perey Bonarethy 4 dn optical Comrmunveaben the moduwabe Gerdwath & dtltined eft an teams Of electrical Fandwisth Om tame oh Oprter) Bandivath at £hO Wn in above, Square Cleclweal Bandwiith wm than optic! Bandwrath Modulonew Gandia Led > deteamnmmed by > Te Dopng vd on achive Laget 4 Gnyeched cami Wletie & » pataucne capaatana of deucepo problenu The qadiahve & non-sadiahve tecombt nation lt A) mminerdty caurex m the aetive aegion a dowble herergjun chon LED are Gomec 4 Jonker respectively Determine: tre ttal cassie tecombinarey, Ui tire £ optceal porey generated sntamoltg the peaks ennimion Waviength gf 70m % the date coment in HOmA. + Sin: A STonm * 0-874 hn 1%, + Gone Tay # Jontec Le hom A> 0.04Amp To tol casing ye combination Lile-ttme sat 30 ! 21. © “S60 fonteenal optical pone Pint * int BEL i a + fz) nex (SS sxa% sxiotxe 0 + sex? « = PD = 34:22 wh. | Gone ( Creoame M) (oereIe*)easiaie - ronetodtamve Teombhahors, respeetively Curent injected de time , 0 & wore ace Bulk recombinalion Gorton ettttiney & Internal power lvl) + At ISi0am= 1-31K10%m p., § sone a, 10003 gp. 00un | i ee Ba Tor oe a gers ommace Bee apeeh 7s ~ cee | e aed | | Bajhmd entumal quantm ettecene * 2 7Droad vantage LED + rode val noes, mwa) » Low dmtens thy < + Pooy chy echveness + dnecnenent vadiared ght To overcome such problems Lue diode are unecoma im many Sovw with vaginal ms. Optical Hoa sytem wot semitonducter, 4 dtodu lan vo highly mone beam % vey direction al chromane 3 baste rs asia prigtele oh) opaahon eh Laer are % ; ve photen albserprio> ontanenus EWN Sthmusated ermiatow Sn ted ermgy Capen a Ample Fo? St se lion #0 EMA FET foe emagy“proton oh Enegt me Pea a, an ws Ged wp sete oe. 2 aroun tn hyo Dice enh Gk an unitabie stare, tee abedvor~ nit caren +3) qrourd arares, cheeby emitting a photon of enegy Haj, Thi cout wttnowd ertand ttmulalt br & & called aporrtamneous eminton as Kroon in we Mere con ole nduade) oaks ord travsdtiow Aron the exerted level tO ek by am extamal Atimudah Om as downw gaunt Atote hou ipfege. Ha proton of om bi. impinges 4 P a en the system white the decir 12 stil mn exchted grat, the fectren 6 tom ediordy stfnulated wep to the ground ata & give off a photon Emeagy i. Tis erated photon ts in phase Pe chetdens pret + naultant enievon known as setmqugted Bnewdias vols exceed BbCPIPROny the popuiahen ef) the wuted state 4 Been trate) the pound atare, Tn 4nvosion equilte7 ero % xnoum as population ey Mm invuien not on dihen g two condition © ysuobly: athived Voxteun pumping techvaig vet memiconducter lanest, popuaiin’ Anvaon 4 ane wroteon at saved by vrftchng clectverh into Be device contact to chi loner Energy H) worduchow bord sates Mi. toting 4 chuholt Conditions i Fer oP Fila Commounicat ot systems Inger Hot males tr a on Fe OFC one < ins anm & LenJsopheal vadiahom wthin the wtonanca Cave Ho laser deode 4elt up a pattern 4 deduce & smagmeke fit Potters Car) linet called as mode » 4 ft Gn be tyanwvune — Elednc (re) ate tran vere age” Gm) mode | + Etch ser oh moda con be deiatbed in tetme frudinal ,latual, vamryoue variabon em fits along the maje ous a the cavity Longitudinal mode Reored 1 lengh ne +» cou 4 is Decumina the) prinapie structure of ae Aptcrun, @f) emntited optial wadiahen ~ lenge oh covtty to taager , 40 mony tong trudred S hue moda Ut in the pn prcher on the Aide may PT PORANOn,nonated mth Em drid § bean im direchon pupendioulas to the A) Pm junction . pods deturmme the cannelnn > ra ahen pattan & Mruhold curtant dens NY tk te of eee, tmpott ones, A Fegrboosy puck Mat couthyy Sor a lat dodo las ode Comh' at shown 177 Hegue whlch gnuwy Yoduanon Covey hae the Sa Amol di'menti ens_ Bae! ye ntucirg Gort slide “Two Hot paskfoby- med eeltngy, WT OTS One diseked ‘tywardr each other, iy encore the fobry pect vuoalin cawtry ou Ahown fm above fequse we mine treet one “Gritvucted by guia & peso cles awe cine maturod cleavage pan 4 Auniton duct ptes T PAPAL A Sinor 10 +0 extabish a shone opto “feedback a the long tials nal dtrecher, % Feedback mechawiom conve the devi ge oe Potuaih £ hence a hart erate e ae. emiaton tntne latual divechton> S @ avovded by avughing the w the eet Ad + AMO the Qaim amechanun Compenrater fox opm) Lome ese) & covery al muomant optiayuae mou ent ound ps enone wavelength thar Me | costey lengrh intutne covutructively , doenplitwds yw add when theg ent LC oo Arde . je AU othe woudleng ths wirede-e aca acnet cancds ow tye cmuttipt ho that t4 9 gre deuce optical faqjuenuen av yorech (Comutruchve, mntertex BE anya trepgee sy he Oy thas have hoauelenetty = Sporctoncovsly emnired photers aetmfore Hhemielued. on the retort Ayeneros Ted wrwurip = Gp through *he cautyp 40 thak Birra conis becomes Voy AG The augment wonulingi Ove catked tongfiudenal rode Beri conthys Aine Hey raonere: alone rs use in The ett pageCey a) thos areonant Bg Ss vals Oy rurrrot Bed lech. Fe vail cles Hat wtsth of) the seomance, P medlechity § muonance be comes MM Moxeaen-: a - ig a Benaviy Fabry pact covery veblectivi hy Duiwoured Feedback haw xeomant wavdengty if i fn thiyee Valuer Sh. ceyy re Hi AA shown Gn above 49 , the | me mot sequined 4 optical teedbage 8% elon. 4 heaved face ly peso Peal a, cet vo arate et is trom er, cca Oo perodie Vvacahens cay a lich One iMnor aes“LEDs Ake esperrsve osnCenpaxed — 0 pistuce modidaherr rea an goto rg tue! becawe [bier ouput holt £ howe wlth Cmest g gray monumentof optical brontmiscion Line , there! a must be a receiving daviee which interprets the. Information contained in opttaal zignak . > The fvst element of the receiver i a photodelecy Lb The photodelectoy fine Hoe optical Choton_ginmabd corvierc are available bo pr. aso O carrent flow whin a biat voltage ic opp, ws across the devia | Tre no. ef charge cavrters Lk controlled by tha [eonssntration level of impurity elements thob an [tnentonaliy added to the materia \ [>The photodetector i hovnatly duigned £0 thot These camtes ore ginsated mamnty ta clpletion Paice whee mort of the intent Light te | absorbed the high tlecdne field Pereent iq the clpletion, PMglon causes the carritere to Acparate and be | coUleckea ervors the reverse biored function > the ive wise bo a current | dg flow eekrnol caret im on, with one electron flowing for evry catriee paly guneraked “Thin current flow te called hobo current Fhe chonge cowniers taco Hrough Hie material , “ome — elechon - hole Pairs will ‘reeombine and a pray Ac Dn the average , the charge cammere ae) elechrone and | oles mover a clictonee Ly bp wecpectiveliyUnchwA br holes takeeh Cam known af carrier Lifetime > and pe oe ° Mos t, and Tp respectively AN Hime and He diftuion Lingths are velated expressions Ly = (On tn) veer pl (Pp Tp Bn b Pp > Vifhuion coeffivedts eleckron an hole tn emt/s inks & Aemivonduc photon ux $ Cpenctratec through He ij be absorbed (aa iF passes Ss optical power falling en He photodatecose at x=0 & Poo > power lel ot aa detance Sac! into the rmaterial Meena change 4Ptx) tm th optreat os “haa photon fix passes through an jin the zemiconductor 4 5 CA) PLD deVv | Where % CX) > Photon absovphon Coetiy, x o. \ ? ¢@ | 7 oo Ob Wavelength Cay ye Tnixgvahing the ator relationship gives the fos level at a distana x into the material a . PCx= Peg ep C—O XD Oye, Rae Vor, Puw)| a ic anf Os! oJ e sé \ reais BP | #2 aie 8S ‘ | 88 “24 | “ 2% i & “4 § wo. Pe oR LO hy he ne way, length (un), TeV sbove diagram hos the dupeodinn “ Bbeorption cwoethiuent on Photodiedt rrahvials optrcadl wavelength doc Various De & cleoy that Xo depends cbrongly oa toavelingtheee wv gamitonduchey mabriat can Pe A parteulos Lenited wavelength rang? |e fused ony over [the uppex wavelength cel off #* dakamined Pf it bandgap energy (Eg) % the material « | de tum = he = LE | Eq Eq (ex) |v for si > bob per Ac fox ECF EHO - jfo tk clear that for Ranger waveliagths » Lee ‘photon energy 4 net authuend te excih an @ ‘fom valence fo conduction, (band fico af lewer wavelerg#y snd, the phoko reponse cuts oft, for large yoduies of eg » beconne photons are absorbed yaty chose chert the “xembination pairs ade (dork. £0 Hay Tewmbine before Huy con b collect \ by photodebedey aveuttry. to phelodetector aurfate , time of ginabd €° + bole Testhe dupletion wegion has a width Cw) Hen the felal power obsorbed in Hue disbonce wy te given, by a Pew) = fee Pin OP OMS x) dx Pinte” 3 Te Re > Reltechvity ot the entrance face of thene ‘ er be #) i “wher Pin, ~> optical incident powey on Hy Pholodetector - q > aectron charge rir fr» photon enevgy | [Characterictice of photodtods : | The two impovtant chonacktisha ef phoko dektoy ore | by Quantir sffuency I 5 Response rcpeed [The boo paromaters/ dipend majorly on i Ly material bandgap Lroperating wovelangi \ | Ly doping + thickness ef P) i,m regtone of the device | Quantum abficienny “| bono: of electron-hole paty geneated per tnadent os of enagy by BD = Bes}. elechon- hole pair generate ho-g- tincidunt photons \ ak,‘uaceene generar Py” take opreal power Pro detector 4x incident on He phots In a phobstiods iF too pholons erates ao ty 98 electron hole pales then p= azote Ty @ ashi: high quantum ejpvendy » Me dupletion permit ax. large jx must be thick enough be no Hu Incidint Right to be @brorbed [fiichsrdigistion_ layer coil make , Hee “photogenerated Wrere f take long time bh fOriFr across HAR verse bicued YRIon carver Acitt time Gatermines ¥esponse spree BM rrocise say doe bly response spend land quanti atgiaenty un prcformanteef 2 pholsdiods ie often. charackeriae, Tog tre Fesponstvity ae ta ‘wlahd to quantum effidency ox eee te = DY Pin RY the photouurrent generated per paceirerisen of panA by La Ne wavelingth (pm o b@uanhn alficiency nok a. all wavelength Aine ib varie according nN energy Rexponsivity foil off, Wavelingth because rquind to ena bo pe Fen beyond cut off eragy betomes lece Han ony phot electors fan Nn band‘a agt photowsrren ‘roulliply the paras “enters the inpuk cruityy mereases the veeeiver censihyity 1 Zine the went ut rmultipked before encountering the noise atrociakd with rtelver elrauik™, the amplifier Baie principle for carrier ruth plication to take placer the photo xobd carvers am tmade bo baverse a region very high eledwe field att Present Th thir high field region, a photoginerated electron er hole gain znough nagy «© thok it fontzec bour Lectroos in ty valence-band upon colloiding with, them’. i> Thi carvier frulliplication mechanism tt known ax Annpost tonnatisn FH The ewuly crakd comers are alto auelerated by electric AY fru gaining encugh energy furtbur Beer aottan - mominon kk called avalanche affret . diodt brakdoon voltage o finite crated wherar chor the can be nhniteST |i ccrnerony used Atruchure for achieving. con rach through conebruch, 2 | Frpaltiplication a colted itanetchan The Reach through Avalanche photo Diode CRAP) 48 composed of high resictvily eamaterial rae ~ apitorial layer of or ope Le \ | ty doped p-byoe) aubetrate PA prlype difuron or ion tmptont | 10 the high verchve material , followed by the | conabraction of on nt heavily doped n- hype) lage > for zilicon , te dopants wed to form Here lays | O72 hormaly boron and, “phosphorus rupechivaly davthin made 3 Thu configuration an rend fo of ptmpn! reach through atvtehare - the 1 Layer Abs Haxically on intrinee materi that ioadicten'y has come P doping because of Imperfect puriheation - Fg <5 > Bde field by} ut, Noinmum field quind. for tmprel feoisoherQ k Ad? yalioo? oe srach Horoughy arse fo" the photodiode | epevotion \ushen ce tow reverse bios vdlage + applied, : pat es of the potential drop ace 44 across PF 1 ing are dupleon region widing with Increasing) S44 ta ached ok dbhich Mh luntil a certain voltage os uh gue Ipeak electric field at fhe prt Junction |S-to 7 below that needed to serers avatanche | breakdown wot tr point , fe duplebor lay Just “reaches through’ be nearly Inbingic TT Fegion - Alin normal wage (pie PRen At operabd In fully cuplebd mode va Light eotue whe device Ebvough be pt region, and 4 eblorbed in Trvegion “upon being abtorbed Hhe photon gives up the enngy athertty erating electron - hole pare = The electron — hole pairs are then aepaveited by tae Plecic eld in Fhe - region elie cata. ; ese carters deft Uhrough thet region : ; Pot Jundion where a high electne oa Heth extetyw * icin tie high Held regen: the carrier a routhpltcation taker place e 4 The avenge noob: echwon hole patrs creethd by Ja caver per unit dectana bvovaled 14 called the fenization rak | Mectiy gem\conductoy materiale echibit diffrent \ Jonization vate fer electron and hole | de> &- electron ‘ontzation rahe B> hole toniration rate k = Pa > measorereb= phols detector perfume The folowing Mogrom hows ox and Ceeperiment ~thy obtained ) volurs. fF © S ditferent Aemiconcucter atrial, and ik) vt obvious that only silicon hax digniteank different. to oC and B Vataes Donization vate aor!) leche heldmulliplteakten HM fox oft comers ginerarea The tm photedioda ik defined by He Ty Tp = average value ob total whee Dy rnulliplied axtpuk current | Tp > primary unmultipliedaphoto curvent Prnalogous bo the pin phobodiodt, Ure performance eh on ppp sk chovackerized by yecponcivity 5 which 44 giver by Raeo Se 4 hy Ron Rae R-> unihy gain Feeponctvity where FRE sponse Hime of @ Pholvdiods dipends on Nhe fottawsing three foclors [= bamik bme of photocarwiers in the clipletion, vegion | > Bifhuwion hme of pholveamiers generaledwe parameters yecponsible fev these Hire facin Fre the Lyabsorption coefteiert Cos ) Ly duplebon region width (>>, Ly Photsdiods junction “capacitance S ompliker capacikanw. Ly detechor load) sreistance b> amplifier, “Yp? resistance Lb phobs diode aeries reststanue . Transit tiene “2p photudeckoret:- Tronsit bese sf hobocarriers In the depletion nesporse speed oh the phobodiode cx lermihe by fhe fime takin by fhe photo casviers bo trave iS _ depletion mgion which & tnown as 7 time: ok given onwher Va > carder Ari FE velocity wW he Nese tattecn tenesertal thal trac eure melo ics w > dupletion layer width a alachrons and let are ; 6 su x0” crofs s-axto> cm/s + 4 whin the electric Held strength = axiot V/em Tf w= lpm Fran a high speed silicon phebsdiede will have yeeponse Hime limit of ot os piffusion hme! ~ | Sen a high Held men the dilfucion proves | alow compared wit the diriFE of carriers Lg Foe a hight Speed photodiode » He photo comviens should be, gentrabd in the dapletion region or close te (Py becaum oh which dithuston Hoe 2s “less Phan carnier dnt Eenes. LQATHE affect of bong atiffiusion hme can be andushod by oruideving phetvcked veeponte hme | > Response fie 4 descwibed by wise time § fall hme ef datecky output when tk Marminakd by opheal ctep inputwr enor Ty 7 We ti, 1° ash} - ~ | Te > fall ty 2 1 \ 5) H wl iN Oe \ Ty > Ww be 907. points on the leading edge Te > le ao bk toy. points on falltog edge [for fully depleted pholodioda ty = Te i for low bras levels = phobedisda” are nok fulty diplated’ Ao Ty of tp The fypicat vtuponie hme of partially diptetnd Photodiode: %& > Yee & Arma cj + | Rechangular Up pulse ’ ole > absorption covffitient ¢j > Junction .capacitonte Hap photodiods capdéitain, i lovgee then the Ba trnched by RC me constant of; and phebodiodt capacitante as Rutponse of photodicds Ww >> Yoga Barge cy responte hme width 4 Aamall Ve) lode Yetponse bend by zhouwr {dishne fast and elow comporans Phols cliods _ “ee poT, | Recangulor tle pile alos | Pith 7 - wll We Vag i Amatl cy |The fest womponent ik due be carriers wo) [9 the depletion region | Alow components atises from diftuion a} carney jthat ar crakd at a dutenee Ly Kor foor the eta. o} dplebon gion | TR w & bro thin Hun fundion capacitanes | ewitt become QUIRES Ive Cj = €cf wo Eo prmitluity of Amicondiclor mahye | ae | A dithuson lage ona To hove cresonably high quantum efficlenay | conipioinice in width ef dtplebon layer ehould ibe done, as Yee <¥ O%,i ssa O ayvantorn | 4 en poles ef Entigy ano ee tr Photediode- nee ncidlent optical powet sequey pun 0 phoioewtert of aSuk rhein CG Sowa operodng, a dexcubeo avove- XK | ¢ Ne DE Ee F ¢ he 2 2 6-62yx8 4 3 B moon B+ 62yH 19 ae 3x10" DESAI ORID IM 1932 90S + 3°Gun- 3 mogy }5a%10" By penen ao 4 Huremnry op | the optfel port lea! youn: Find Is ase inddent orycop aa a roaveleng tt aX ube, 6 x10 Snot wert. Om the. | i> | | alan a ios P | tzcomm fou on 4 avesnge say xn® electsins ale i Tingahs pnotodet pains auc. genset ed Find quamtom Biel ene me ne et parr gro. Saye + 0g cme @) Enetdent pan" Oo | got. ahawe | ¢ & | a ne@ 1g [A given afiteon avolanch QP woautlengen | quanto He ney oh OF rane osun OF produces gro nin SupPae Fa nmutipued proteament™ ee 1) mutuplecohon | docket M Sy for ) — eg e& a + o2s5unprotodetectot, Novae $n opett Hic commowcahon hyp tern photodiode 1A generally req genoa reyurred fo detect vay rweak opttal cana. Deteck 4 erection of the waka pos? be o ae Aegueres that the photodteteet & iv ang avmptitveahon Circuftang fo be optinssed Coa a | gue Atgnal - to mo108 vvatto tobe mar ,TO achieve ign SNR, fottoving H ong grouwld be eae) os protested OF aust hove @ Wii lone ae to genuate 0 age 4% net ke \s photode tecl 2a aes shoud be Kept a8 “am 6 as possi ‘pat pws & Low woe Viper pong Be et ele Nowe sountes 6) lw Teer SM prota ive it fquuvalent OF primey | panty Jt omoetal rol wottin photodete cto# a mo waiunad ae ae? antvmn most Dawle comment Wee gen trated in bully matiwal h Photo civale v Gurdoce leakag® cuinl noize = os TT7 » au tom ¥ Qvantvm abot nouUe pabaita) aie’ of production 4 auection a Me opt rohen an optical agra Photoele chore nose concent Has * a photodetect ws. The shor a anean tyveue value im arectiver Ban dwt — Be rehich ta propoitonal ry aumage vatusCaps Proto cussey op 2 . to Bem? Kanes = egpon® 24 Fp Berm’ r Co ne PME FCM) to morse ho uag M® amutitpwealionn Sad ot Gorn The photodiode dow GatMAT oy the curtent-- that continues to Hose crhrougn fos cfreceit % coveco hin mo Ugnh 10 rn@belence, on proto cuode. gt va combmnahen op FW £ tude Cumerd + Buk dauergaent be Atoco trmm dectons g heles whch “ove thermally gtmeeted Pn unetoy, of Photediade. mean sqvaw vaiue ) this cucceny % YOY Alas) * ps + 2g. Tye Eom) be Th to porary detect Buue date ceattonySuda Dark cart ot sudace leakage Cuuent ka dae 1 autace gefea, deanitnen , bias vousye 4 be seduced though oe » poiuch. Shun sussaco leakage. surface. One a can woud wry shy uchats cussent aay Jyem load cerobr . Mean dquave wale Gy Surface dask current 2 quer by CS / x nhs J, io lace Leakage cuaend ee protddd ect mote Cause Tae qe by Keay eet ¢ Caner * ee Ry3Y + cod! 2 hho bs - sacgaidretwe +247, Be XS prebien * pn Sn gars to diode hap Delzo0nm .Tpehna 170.5 RIOR guatace leakage we egt gO” BE. 5a x 8 are Various owe teams. en T spor? « 247 p ke s oeeng “ Der om0™

Aonmwhn x= 04t 7 a The band gop 4 iobdinsre gion 4a o.4ys 5 A= l4ooem in thaf material Opexation:- ~The light entere the device from the op through ‘n layer = B coremon Configuration it be have tte bop. Metalic contact in thy form, of wing, thes enabling ght by enter thrduah the ving. > Rat of the opeation ik ztmilar to the [Permak photo ciods operation Seon a) phovedcteo Hoare cpaatng parameter YS, Of 4 As Pin Protudeoo'es Ge [ines owt geo- |1100-'700) leso yes 1036-095 Dak cunt | Lp ma | rio | Seq ee-20 | Rue ne ee aa05|0-05 & anor mT Guy aga s | => ‘gen Ac T = ve | YN | 5 Bios vo age. i amie Geneve opeyatng puameter oh 54° $ Sng ahs pvalancre (pkctod ‘ode comet Gn gare ‘nam 00-140. no-4e4 -aod] 10-40 lows | sad 0-50 ty fms — on-a| soe) or - 0-5 Bm | Gig forsol 2-0 [0 256 v J50-4a] 20-40 [2 - 30re . Optical .. Receiver —— duign + an ophicad receiver aR : Rpts than Sot an optical bracumith cobble bo detect weak, on whak tyes che came tre eave must be ford zignols and make decisions of dota war gent Tih. following — diegran® ilustrabec hdc /zhape 9} % nal af different potalsoleng @ optical BE Gorimited data BNR eel binary date —gheam consisting wither £ ONO In a Hee Cy Boeals pO chit peviod?. ae te ee UNIS cope? ea aXe POW Toutees Bttnuabd + deaborbed optical| | Podanctee th firme alot centers sendin, |erecrcaly fhe are mang ways % q 4 5 the etm pleck Ja given digital macsage , Ont of | echnigut Jk amplitude ait Raying ck) ow (Och) F)tab thin hehnique, te vollage Weel ac etoibched blo a valu wey Len 0 [The funchon ef optical transmitter Gis” bo conveve the glechical —ignal to opttal -atyoal >| One way af doing tha ix by ive dtty modulatog [the light source drive autvine” with He Into | Abram to prduce a varying ophcat HPCE) = Thus optical Aignal fom Len @xy Lacy & + jie Oo pulre choephial powey 4 present for Ty, |toherea, ik Miu 2ew iF ofp power Her 2 abeenu of leght 77) The ophcal~eignal Hol 4 auplad from Hh light founce fiber bewmes attnuakd and datos bed (aki propagates Ehrough ik opine Tet element of Me nein ie a PINCow) Avakancht photodiode , which producer that 2 propothonal bo the efecbie covmnt | rearived power leveg ntilley/ 4 ame Dette equation Al eke ke front : is end areplifier JH | etver The electxe cxrent proud Jt (ver corak, 40% ipste o feel Hak coh Ve Hfeont end amplifier — boos ts pe used by the following crcsiitry S phy alte cignal it amplified ik passec fhrough a (ow port filter fo “elite He owe — ouksicle the Vaggna anctwi ath (Be filly Getnes He retetey bandwidth Sto minimise “ee effects 9, Inte ayn: Lobesternce Mu file) can reshape He pulees that have 7 become —dutorkd as Fey bore HArough HY fiber Thin prow 1 called equaliaotion . Tk cancels eprrading — fheds @ decision civurit amples Me zignal F Gk midpoint of theechold level , i, Ber hie zignah a fo have been rewived : ee ; Hrrethold (evel Sr the reeeied zignol A Maintaining Auitoble bondusictit, > Type Lotigh Tinpedanee design D Trans impedane dusigntant uign pararuky in front end ex in ty choosing of. Ru Clead recistene) | we thrmal noice db inversely proportional RL (ie) trermat none & Yay - j hy | \ YA Re ea > Vouk es Proplifiey z z = Ape = Bandwidth xu sao) KL (Rp > Restchana cer < by Phetediode> = fo for thadeign a brace off, aust be done blus ie and bandwidth. C°-’ Rp= Rud © can be wed be inerave the aystemn, width bur if bandwidth 41 les than He Mhen it A not urell front end amplifier the prviour ampliter 2 overcane Ragalive feedback for anphotod fe a peor of fee Be 8 Bate En Pip canduclth increas by % 444K “oni” % Plo noise da thercued but Hus aneunt of heise can be tolerated coil used inece/ofe(u-5 O iver. dencihviky / epical communication Vogt cunvenE froma ands on © putes y Tons Spy % WouE cuvviat vaviahone aignal cova are Hair Now comidur I, ard Tp are the Irom 4 and © pute and Ty and To covresponding noice arent varia Hone ae a « 12 3@ i +> ae ° The waiver senmbvity Rapcitiviy % found from the awerage power centiined (9 bik period for Apectfied data._vaty Frenabiity 5 a —@ Prengitvthy = 21 —@ | oRN Whee KR aniky goin responsivity HM gain + the phozorode Avbsttute ean @in @ Prensitity = Corte) aan —6| i Ece/DFC|u-s @ TF there 4 no optical ampliher in a fiber ' beansmission link , Hun thermal and xhot hotse are the dominant noise effeck: in the reteiver thermal noise indupenclint of (PLeMIng optical Aignal power Ahok noise > clpendent on ‘rettived™ power Ascumeing there it no optical power) th a receivedt Zero pole, the hoise vavigneh can be written 2 2 =O, ay 8 Reger | © g, TPH Shot The hot noiie \Naviation for a 4 pubte i giver, on a e Toho = 9g RPM FcH) Be —© where” €Ct) > photodiode noire figure Be > electrical bandwidth (e Be = 8% & > Bit rote * Aubshtuting eqn @ in © we get oe Meee Tenor = 44 ® Penaitiity ceThe thermal noise variane ax given a > where Fa > heise figure 5 > Boltaman constant T > abcotuke Femperature Now «ubchtuk T= = (ofHeats)& in ean® P, . sensitivity = Ler sn or + om, 28] Lelving the abow yequation we get P Xa y Aansibivi 8 F9N FIN) BA viky SEG E : 4s, ]—=® Fg: oye? A, = too. T= 800°k in =a dR (a factor of 2) then op = atone 6 Now for We InteAs R=do.ar MW (tsonen pep slo, Qs 4 Than fencrtiaty Lat Cs.cxten eee 4 oxws'$4)Mee ed ecefore! 0-5 @ aie dar of two Mbls data for pin photodiode then Psenitivity vate for US!’ per requirement. > Considty an idual sicher which hat o} taSLY quantum efficieney Hldces not jproduce dark cuvrene Cro (e and hole lpaivs are: produted to the abcenck of optical putes > for the above condition ik a earily poccitle be optical power veerled for & ard the minimum Apecific bit verry vate performante ef cligikel, Ayer, > Thin minimum wewived power level 14 called a4 quantum — linnit Ss Pccame that an optical pulse of ergy “€' falle on the photodetector in a time interval *T” ~> Thin will be Interpreted an *0” pulee paket are generated » with a pulte presint the probability that n=o electrone ermitted tf Roe ~hale time (ntewat ES 44 -w Py, os & 0 N= Dy —@W electron and hole pear: WN > average n° of tectyor cd hole pars we can fod apraific wavelength CA} mint urn |for agian Pr) Jenergy € Tquind af & Tn generat , the sensitivity ob mock receivers | around do de greater thon quantum Léenik because of varfouk pon-lineay dikortion and rire effects in the branemiccton Link t chiagranns. sf ate 4 a powerful measurement bool for atceccin Mes data banding ability of digited tranamicctor l Eye pathyn mrcadreminkk are mack in He time dena land allow the attects of waveform dittoxtion bo be holun Ciimmediately on Hie display trem of [Standard Ber test equipment Te called eye pattin oxy eye chagram “The baie upper and lower bounds are ctehermined by logic ont and ero levele, Chon 24 boip) 3 18 , in the diagram