John W.

Murra
THE 'VERTICAL CONTROL' OF MAXIMUM ECOLOGICAL TIERS
IN THE ECONOMIES OF ANDEAN SOCIETITES
Translated from the Spanish by
D. Chavin Escobar, and
revised by Gabriel Escobar M.
First published as part of volume 2 of Inigo Ortiz
De Zuniga visita of the proveince of
Leon de Huanuco, in Peru 1972
and reproduced in the collections FORMACIONES
ECONOMICAS Y POLITICAS DEL MUNDO ANDINO.
Instituto de Estududios Peruanos, Lima 1975
English Version is date 1981
,
In 1960 , i n a 1
that i n the And-lit t ll.b81'8 1.:111 lr.n1 u bllonced. 'to two .. parnh " j;r1 ClI.l-
'tur al 8)' I't I!Jl:II .
1
I n t ne ye are 81n08 then, cor.eil1era ble evt cene e haB
accumu.la 'ttd. 't o Bupport t his pr c pcat. ti or. but our \>.:t de r ttand1n,; of it
wa e e xtencl. ed and i n eO!!;B ways r ende red. obsolete
thro\l&h fieldwork in iiuA.nuco , 1963_66 .
2
Gul d. i ng our eeaeeren WaB
t he 1562 i ns pection or t lte r ll,; i on conduct ed by I iUr: o Ortiz de
ZwUga . On crcer e frolll ku-0b f nl1l1p U , Or t iz rne pec t.e u eve ry nouEe_
hol d 1n the upper nual ls68 valley and we ha ppen t o ha ve t he
of h iB inquiry . ) It oonfi l"lll ed 't he a tren<;th of speci fi c Andean eco-
l ogical f ac to"" pr evl oullly s t r essed by 1'e ll 0 (1930 , 1942) e.r.d
Tr oll ( 1931 ) .
While t he r e 1a no r eas on t o doubt t hat t ube r , and maize
cea r-ecee r-i eec IlGr lcul t ure on qui t e eepar-a t.e tl e re , I t 18 no" appa r ent
t hat both " e r e pll rt of 11 5ingl e .. and
exploi t ed a wide r anue of na t ural envi ronmen t Combining i nt o a
eingl e s ysterr: an i noredi ble vilri e ty of f requently distant monee
al lowed Andean poli. t i e s to support vast pop'llations under
c i rcuas tencee I.lnfwcil1ar i n ),;urasia. In t he paCes that f oUow I wot.;ld
like to' sut:t;es t a characte riza tion of t hia Andean s yetem.
In lUI ea rlie r e tudy [1955] , 1980 ) I had notcd ths t
both the l or \is and the I nka state ha d a e pec r a j, 1ntere st I n
t he u :pans i on of mai ze- or owi n6 no t only t hr ollt; tl
and i r r igat ion bLl t also by Bl'ld coloni:ta tion cf the a ppr c pr- ret e
ghiahwa ni c hee . Where t he f;urapean e)'e wi t nea s e s had elllpha5i zed t he
mi l i t ary, gar r ison dl,lt1eS of tnese colonists, I s t r ess ed t nu r eCO-
nomi c r ol e .
4
In Hl,lMUCO , where e thno-hie toric i nfonllation be
cheeked with both a r c na eol ot:i cal and e'tMot:r a phl c fiel dwork , we r- e t urnec
to a f resh con81deratl on of t he popul a ti on , t he lll l tmag.
The t wo volumes of Init>o Or tiz 's inspec t ion (1gb? , 1972)
provide e xt r emely r i c h ma t e rial about ttl e t wo hund r ed hOLlser.olds
trans ferred by the stat e t o tne uppe r ;{uallllt:a f r om t he i r e t hn i. c
eceee t o t he sQ.u th, eome s i xt y-days' wal k . 1 have alsc ueee otne r
a dmi ni Bt rative and woll.l<1 like t o a r ..'Ue the no tion t uut
,
,
..
r.t $a15 fa: l 111T t o ua I curc ,rl 4
lat., Ink_ of " rlllr of 10010;.10
Co=pll.cl r.tarlt)' whl oh I un oal l l ::1 n 'v, n l cal archl;:el &cllo ' Cl
"e tad, a. 1967 11: ttcu. ,niSIn'!; t lat t ht 11=I1Atar.I OUI
oont r ol of 1Il&n,y 6.Oe;raphl a U e n waf an And,an ItTategy pracU oI :l. I:y
ethni o . TOUp. 'Iocraphi cally QUitl IU n ant f rom . I en other amI.
1n ::IIIIloCraphl 0 I1lnlity or po11t1ca1 anil. e conomi C
organl,.tl 0n. A 11k. t he l .sl
t han t ho"" ar. :1. hoyull ol:l.1 UTOT-6 and l1v l.r-c; on t ht UPJ: l r ll f tl uu; n
of t ht HuRl l&d& river , at only 3,000 11t1tu:l.I , 11&1::1 a t .uch
' vl r-tleal' control bI.It 10 d1d tJ:;.1 Lu.paqa ,
t il. t hor.. of Lak. T11: 1el ol , a t l:I ore t han 3,500 ura, ..ilo Icccr:;li r-6"
t.o ic hl ;u t hlY I hO"'Il. lnllv-ctor Gl r e i :lUI hlll1 n"....berel1 t went1
t hou.aand Il.ear tha in Inka tim...
Aimil1G a t ' ecol ogi c complementari ty ' i n euch d.i ve rse
soeteties i nevitably implied. ra1; ll.er cont rall tirl(; l1'1Ul tu. tional pa tte rns .
I n a socie1;1 like the Lupaqa t he 1nvolnd.
nu. be ra , e thnic vari e t y and in saaller
More over , whe n a a1m11ar pa t t e rn of t e r rt t or1nl or gan1Z&t 10n waa
aFPl1ed. by a tatea l ike Tiwanaku , o r t he to ethn1c groups
and poli ties tna t t otalled mtl1l.ons of people , the s cope ano:! f u:,c_
1;i ona of t he pe r ipheral and. the s tatue of t he coloni a ts
inllab1ting mus t have un el.e rgone proeees ee of polihcll1, eecneene
and ethnocene tic c hance whi ch warrant a C<i r ef ul I t uel. y .
11:1 thie e esay i off e r five cases of I llllul taneoua control
of ecologic tie,.. and. flouriehll18 i n deliberately dl elll::1 -
l a r cond i t i one . 1 sa 1nterel ted no t onll 1ft t he T&ne of thi l d1ve r-
eitl but allJO 1n the Ii_ n a t t' the a od.el.
l
Oovi ot,l el y tll.es e {i ve elUlee
d.o not exhaus t the var 1ah ons wlliell. t ll.e ' a reill pel " o' man1 fee te:1 1n
t he }.nelliS ; nor wl 11 I Oe duhear t ened. 1f one or aore of t ne rave
out t o be invali d. We are a t a 5t ..,e r n Anot ean resesr c n ...nu'e hypo-
t heees r ea chi l'll: beyond the 100a1 pr cvrnce req;;.ire ve r-t t i cat.t en &not
conf ront a tlon t o tes t t nur reacn and their lilllitatiol'ls .
The .pprolli_te tlme fral!e for t he n ve CllBell i e tne eea -
'tuTJ tTOlll 1400 t o 1500: .. perioot when the peoplee of the And.. we ....,
conquered by the l niul. and. i rwade:1 by w ropeana. Tne preee nee of t he
I
j
'.
' v. r 'tic&l arChi!tl&i O' in . .. r lter pe r lOoS. u now tun, atlOdu :l. t y
&r oh.. . ol o, 1U e l it. pre ..nt .4ay Vo.Ucl.lty anc t he lt oU fi c.. ticnll
it t"a und. rERne l inee a rl i n t he f l . l :l. by
Uilr.ol ogian. ' I ..ill r . fe r t o au.cll at1,l.oS1 .. ooc a l1onal b blOt t n.
f1ve e..... a:u::1r.ej, lI.re MV. been cnc..n t o i:' l ulil t rate
cor.cl. ition a pr av&i Ur..;: l.n t he =.Ol:.nt of '.. ropean 1r."I..a l Or..
,ecl1e=.er.t' ..;
tne l1ip-cat n ..Ct.u ol u ra:l on 1Ll'".j, r.\lil.' '-cr
3
10
n nr vaJ.hy
AlthoU6i\ t ne anj, Ya cil. IL car.ly a r
t hO\.UI a.r.d noueell.ol li. a , t r.ey con t roll.3 color.i a
.in of r ..o\l r c.. f ar r elloyed f r o:ll n .ea If.li n poplllauon
cenura. It W(l.e only t hrollLh tn. pr otoeo!t of t he i t p.e ti on. t ilat
l.a rned of t he peman.nt nat ure of t he n U l elllent. 1 .. . Il. re not

deali ng wi t h eeaeeeea IOl..r a t1 0nl , c0lll,llro ial t nl yel e r ll or trunll_

hl1lll ance . The Chupay enu Ill",]' eonUnuoua eff ortl t o . ns ure t hei r
a eees, t o rel ouro. t helll wi t n the l r
0""" n t tl' re du pit' th, ;!u t anou .. ni eh llep_ rll. ted thelll fr<lll: t he
demographi c and pow. r nuol .i .
We atill complete lie t of l acl1a and Chupaychu pe rI -
pheral ee ttlementll tNt we learn froll liU go Or h :t the p..t ur ..
f or t h. lr ca.elide and t h. lr ..l t lickl r . t hr <1&1a ' -al k up-
country fro:ll t lle lr a a in I.t tllcent. a t !. . OOO a e t . re . Thl i r cotton
fleldl , coca l ea f brov.I and h a ber foree ts " ., re 10c l t eoS two, t hree
or f our dllJ' lI ' J ou m ey oSo-nriver:
_llk.oS if t he lndia.r.ll ..:"0 w.re i n t he coca
l., _f we re native t o t ne oo=tl7 and w:oe r atoey
.. . ee f ro- [Au.lca Conder , 10r :1 of a ll t he . r<l ]
aaloS t Mt t he t :lree InoSlana u : t he coca l . a r of
r i Chomaell.a _ere one froc t he t own of P. eta Qroot t., r
f roa Ateor and Qaacar anJ that
"era li e t t l e oS unee l r.ka u .... lIDoS tiuat they
a re r . pl ae. oS when wOCl l>n dh d or when t hey
th8lllBOlY.. died [when} they put lr. h18 flaee
ano tn.. t i n t l... eo c.. l ea! of Chi neha o v . re UTe
t wo ot ue r Indiana one of t t.e'l f rolll 1l0nJ o an;! anot her
f r clll (,;nw;,1ono " (Hit .:;,:) Or ti z [15621 . 19b7 ; 4 3-4'; )
Kur ra
,
Actually , t ile !::ur Op eW1.8 1a>l.rne:l ubo'J t til1E ee t t 'tceen t
pat t e rn e ve n !larl1er . The of t he n:.... U to.,: a vnl1ej. I.,.d pea '. ;'
eon8ide r a 'cl e ree t e eeeee t o E" ropean R: i ght nn u we re r.ot uu
1 542, ten yeare a f t e r t he h ,l l of CaXarr,l!. rOll . So '.o r.er. orde r " c=e 1n
i n 1 549, t o conduc t. t he fi r st pW1.-..ndear. ce nll'"" , t ile en..me r " t or s
Ba r veyed a oount r y" l. o. e only Be ver. ye nr8 a way f r o,"" " l"'l c i f i c r.t 10n . "
MOno; ot her de t a ile record eo. at t nl " oppor tur.lt;:
" . t nl s 'If: r j' 'ley w" ins pec t e j a t own . . I
i' i J fl orr. ac nl rS1.: ] '' I t :1 seven wnc .. t il '
00 ; ', 10.. r WlI1 "'r.o cW',e :-r otl a ll t he ( il1l: hl ar,a:
pI , .I:ee o" 10nt llo,:: t o C,UllOn:lO :'Ol:lf> Or <' " r <!
'1 9 vcr:;' day we 1n" fe cte:l " t OY/I: c"lle'1 <:nl r._
e n:>,," . .. Hil. J J I n,li " n" "no I1 re cocal ea f ,:ro"e r ll
all t he di f fe n: r.t lle t tlenam t s of the Cimpachos ,
t " t:ntJ of ti,err. al r el1. jy 11:"feetej In ";he.r
w!\e re t nel bel ong. ... " (Orti z f15 49J , lS67: p .
From t hl s One Cl1n see tha t lr. 15 49, I n
1 562, the cont r ol of coca_l eaf gr ove6 ""S In tne hal'llla of trlU16pl lUltc d
hi ghl andera \II'ho cw:,(- rrca ",..11 t 'l e ll' l odl v1lll enS c f tr.e Chuf aer,os " uno
were no" r esettled Of. " pe m anent baSH' HI the f eres te d Eas t eIT, "lor e s .
At t he op poait e end of t n" G"o.::rnpil. ic cont i,,' ,:.u:, . On t he eol j plate ".ufl
of Chl ncilaycocha , r. r Hze :i t hei r cur.,el1ds ; aln: 09t fl 9 high were t he "'lI t
h ekll or 'i"anacachl . ... 11 t he s e ac ci vr t aea "en carri ed out by pereaner. ;
col onis t 8 , <: o=teo In 't(.e1r t own" of Orl t:1n" ; t nej' guar:lIlt., cJ
t o both t he vil l ueerH enO- t il.e l ords of t ile '{a e nl1 , Huamalli and C:1"pa;, _
c hu a cces s t o r-eec..,,' ''''' '' no t f ound i n the r.ucl e"r ecnea e t eOlr.e 3. 00C
met ers , ..ne re t he b...l..: of tile popul at l 0r. ,m ,} pov'e r oon tin"e olo t o reelrie .
Tt.s l nspec tol ' dill not lilli t m eieei r to in te rvle.. i n,,; t 'l " H"j,,
a t t he Eu ropean llel><l <:j .J, rtus ; on 0 [o" e l;n.&lIr J. 15b2. I ill O Cr tt z left
i1ll'h1uco an>! bt:.;an t ne i r.sj)ec ttoll I n t,ne f1 l'l d , town 0'/ t own nnolo nO'Ate
by ho" "" . f ol l cwi nt.: Sl, ;ne u I n bj' "hll ijJ II s ': 1;; Cll \ .
On 23 l' e bl'Ull r y , a cccrj.eme n b)' :' r ee k inter,,:-e tt' r , II nmr. 111l te r''-. ' ,c
but 11 good 9vell ke r 0 1 .. '''l e n= , Or hz ar-r-r vec t o ,on.i o. a lOe of to"e
town" l:l en'tl0ne d II bove ty ":"Iea COIL jor . ":'he 100,,1
I'Jl.l. r ra f ,.
th.8.t 'thl ir Ithni c gru..p , 'tne . ",e r oll, " ud be er. oe".. :"tI 't ed by Ic H.t; ' h.U. nCRr
from t he ir oriClnal , YlI.cn", eeee end t r all c f err ed B,cco$nc to tl'.o
I l'IJi: a decima l admi n11't r a t l ve t o r Olll1ti out " wBrUnO.... - r.C'"''' t!,I".l
hou.B8ncl d o ) of 'the Chu.paychu,
12
In nowa e 173 , I i\ l eo cr -e i e l r. o.,c c t ",d
a polu;ynouo hous "'hOld; ir. uJ d itiOll t o t he child rEn of t il e v :o '.viv.. c ,
t he home of Yali , ene nCl e bCU'ld , i r.el uded
"u fl r "t cousi n calhd Juan .:;raart , 12 , .. or. of CUl""..I11
Ca pell a , a v'H7 Qlci "mll who 18 aler. e . .... t the e al t l i elc
of Yan.. cucr.i . , . "
Twenty hous e s later , Orull fo un I no . 19b "r: ;: t:l . ;le wllS to lci tr. " t
" beyonci triO. o l J lI".an l"en t l<;n.. J rC"",llI Ca f C;''') t"cr" r e
'-10 t h", Y3Jl B,cuchi. cult u 1I", " tl c,-.11el I; Orl , r.ot .. d .
JO, l i Vll.[; 110 s i r. wi t.n " I'o01r''-'1' ne nUS '< w..a ll oar.
eiolle.! Ti qu lU.. . :.. ccr-t by ':'.111'1 lndl ;' n ace s nOltll r.,; 6<J:
r::uJnn.; sal t " .
Houoe 181 be1cn.:ed t a = .otne r "OS ant " t ila / a re wa c'n n.;
t he cat tle of t he whol e t o..T. . .. some 513 1111' ''C''1' 1 1'-.JIII1S . I'rol;J t He
l.na pe ct 1on of !louse 167 we I t- urn t"" ncme o f t .1e coc"l e.. f ,::rc" "r een-
h one d a bo ve , r e s1de n t ill w;:o ... i r. c il"r,:: '" o f ree .:: :-c ve "
l onging t o all t ne f e opl e of !(or, J .. : r. i. E; r,WI,e ', ' :3 S' mtll1'; o Co" JOI" ur. J
hi s wi fe ' s ila r bora Lll!.cXltClla t o.
I ha ve concent rnt e u on tile dat n I'r-om ;!on';:o r. ot CeCp.u"e i t i!l lr.
a ny .. a y repre s en t !lti v;> or bll t r-ntuc r- becaaee the
rree t hat oe ttle,"er.t io unus \:ul l)' "etlule,t , tbe r c r;u1 t of t h n
eompi lationo :
I } t he earli.et1 t i nope c t lQr. of t he ",hole vs ce -
r oy al t ;; . Tne 1nfo,-'l.1ar. t w..... .L.llc:l ccc.tcr- , l ord of
t r.e Y"cm. ;
; on <'b Jar..lfir y l5 b" . H lItH.Ony of " lle ,, """... ;;..I1 c<:.
ConJo r , c"n"j do r. Cru,t6t.al " i r.c " rli s b::tJ:tH:". ,
On t i' ll t ec ee he 11: ::1e iillropel!.l'. 'town o f
,.il.. he ur.,me rod t :1" J. " c tor ' s q t i 'mr.a i. ,
J) On 2 3 l'eor-..lary o f t ne san, )' a r lie r e cel V'I<1
H.a .. c cto, 1n h i" " omat"''''' , ...io. ".n"
- (!\)r..;l U" til e 1111" 01""1." 11011, nc.n,e
p
t n.s eo l l e ct eJ t y Cr ! l Z.
we of f er " r " 8..11:1 of oe_ ' . <: 0 1 01:; 1 <: eo::: ;>lero.."U.rlty' ..or ked IT.
daAnacOI , .... Cn " plI1C4 .1 o t :: .. r etfil',l C (: r o ,,",,", I ll. 11." .".... llllt;"
baal n l r.r.aClte.1 a eocplell e ! vall"lI , pocke ti' .::, tI u .. r ll , .. r.r.ll -
Ileal " vanan. of n "'0.1'1 ot
Our wl(ie nt&1l hrot.: of no.. 1'10"1.""' . I!et tl""'"nt s e e r-.. ,.:a f l" t 11.10 ..
81l\l e .ll!8cro-. t r .lc t l,l .... 111; s u n l nuc.lecou.a b i n t il. t ..c"..... t-
t h e pro.aB" (c.a<i e t o t"" :.:.t;.cr.al SC1("n cc . w" H, h ., ..\' ,.- 1_
:l ize:! toe II t cHl/ l t c .... lIrclu. eolo,; ;. e" lly \,c
by t ne wntten 8(ll. reef' , ...... not - c(lt;$" . r r ' ...lrr.. "' I t;;
hi S 196b acccwu, UJ no t o o.. ,,;:c .... " lat t n.. ,.e.'.;..,.:
t hat f ol10w(I 18 i n Wl.I wa:.J a cce...l et p .. ecow. t . i J
1. ADOve tLll.l t e,l'Oll<1 til l" to e""c, l :, L:ux Ut 't'r, o t n " r f<
and peri ,,"e r al eae,l " t :all e .,;ro'.I.o r;-." " r.... e1 1" .. 0 of
popu.l a t ion ..Ol l t1e" i ...", .. r-, 1r, t",' ton .. t nt .;" ;' ''"'' r r.,.-..:;''
t n n"ei el ..-ere r e e.. t pd ... ::' 0'" Jl f; ! . C'OC Ille un t l:r.
ecol o(;l.c c on f ron tllt l.or II tlroJl .. . ..-"'.:"tl el t n.. r ro to t H,<: . ....
p t'O<lUCl r<; { l ei , o r o.IH ze - ... .. til "" "J: ',.-.
a ,1"1 ' " l k f l"OL t ".. n uchar t o'l'T, S . 'C':\ll: ; ... " tIlpOelt1or. o f
t ne t ..o llt: r te:..l t .lr-...l COI:".Fl ., JOI8 .
l
.. l it root ..r:.t 11'1 t ne 00"_
t hem ..::<11".: \.Is.. a111 t r,e r .;lt.. t 1:'" r.'. r:'" Or r.r.e", t l':. e "'':0:,..: .,
1\o1 Den a re bro" n , " rll t, e ..11.1 f)e l ..UI .,., t 1n t l.f
c ase of I-&.,.. e.. r , 0"" uf t t..'" t ....u ,-.,c:"" o r o f I en ... . Ilt' n t ,) 1"
tne 1."0 Cn... JlAyen.. lor"" , tr, .. 1n.uIClt :.nt o f t :lt n',1e111;": co'... l .i
f or hI li acr e/lt. .. 11' :l:Onl" " nt fn-Io. e lthl"r Ilp t o f
cu.l t ll.ral C: llort'1l wit nln a ,anel " .t"'o ' ::'.1'" "u", ItI! t'x<'I"i' t 10ne : fl
Y"clln r " 1I 1<1 ""t 11'
dllY em3 a nal f t o
t,,( 1:- c t ne r
l '
n "u ; u nlS <lolT,ft . l,,,' , '
,., ll.i w., l ;'; f or ..
2 :.r, ,J 3. " I; .. ' . t ... r p ,'" r " a t lel" t t r.o
a J,Jl tl0nal U t M c..- t r." !:.:;:. '. o r t " o
a t Y&r.aeac:n t lo n ' t il" ;>Uc t ",r " 10 ' ." " r }'. " " Cr.l r.e::r.ycoc,.... . Cr. t.." " O'.lt._
Sk l r ta c f ..- mat u; l:. l r. ll",; .. r c f C"r:-,;. ..I" I ..
a t t elll j tt' :i . lsew,e", (1:;',,1: , I .jj 4- !:I .. ; t .. tlLt>;::.te ! ..,l'
o f t tlo:' ;>C;: \oI lt. u'-:1 .. .;, t a " ..Ie,. i "' l " ... ,.:o.l t "-"_" .. _ r.o 1:0 " "
t.nan aooa t
k',l. r ra p. -/
..
total popalation. He r e I .111 ,..i tl ratt or.e ot t he una xpact ed
charactt rlaUu ot all-ch col otlUti t ne aalt w:d t he Gn u: i r-c .. r e.....
ar .1tA eal t .innera . bard. and h. rda r. froQ o th. r eti1nl C
gr oll-p. , '(IIl:' of . 1I0..e hoeaa re f ar e ore diatant t hllT. t ilo of
t he 1acha or Chupayehu .
Tlla .ul t i - a t hnl c charee t a ri at le or t n. &l rc\r.al
duerva. ea ra!\lJ. a rcr.ae olOGi ca.l va r i fl catior. 1 aarv.y an;!
of the . al t . inn. re ' . e t tl elllen U a t YlI.Jlllcachi , .. hlcll GO bacil lr.lU':y
centl.lrl.ea , tJOuld provl :1 e hi a to r lcal deptil r or a"ch ccr;pl elEl entarlty
.. hl eh ell.Jlnot be r eached t nro"", n .rlt ten eecr ee I t " oll-ld a l so
pr ovl de l nfonne.t1 on about t ile l nte r a cti on 1'1l1l 1 UII of lIuch r e sour ce
cent er. i n a r . gi on whe r e t here " ere no l art:e k l n,:dome lYi.I t
emal l poli ti . a wi t n 5, 10 or 15 t hou.and soul n. One i . t empted t o
pr elli et t he. t ' verti cal control of II. ",e. Xlltwn of ecol oci c tiers '
.. i ll t',l.lTl ou t t o re f er not \ 0 a i flt.: le . n o1ated. etlV'l l c e;rou" s
t o nettJOrk of contradl ctory C1. 1... . t elll porary sa t tl ellents ,
tensi on. and bat tlea, ( ol l o.ed by t noce s t ha aeveral
r.al nucl d . &11 of . i1 i cil 8ftared t ne sace IIOJPl at a h lle prepara-
t ory t o t lla of t he e rchaeol obi at
4 . Del e- t ne ... t he Ya ch. and the
o-ned alao co t ton nn.1 peVIAr Tne peo pl e of Ac hiro01 ,
have l and. be l _ , in t he v.. ll ey of Cayra, ar.d
t he re t hey hlt.ve co tton hel d (vol . I : p. lad) .
' olk. f rolll .. t eor , ili ,,;hl anQllro li ke t iloall f r olll Il ondo o r " Chinen,
t ol d t he inspec t or t ha t i n Ca,)' no
" cot t on Lrc.. [und whea t and and pcn-
nuto and Ilumpki nu =:1 o..ee t po tatoes :mel cncilcon
[si c - ?1] ' <lid beano nnd t hey :lad "lIlT.,y
( vol. 1 : p , 19 3) .
On t ne ",odd of the sal t or coc a_leaf 6rovell , t he
cotton or ho t pe ppe r f i el ds _ere suI tl-ethnlc and requl re:1
care take n t o .... t ch over t ne lnteres t a of each coh&. b i t ir.,'\: pol i t y ,
We note a .1 lffer ence , howeve r : rrn81"e t he ner:1. and tilll ber clearl nr.
!'1rn c....
Cburaychu ,
2 , 500 1,000 hOIl r.olo.
I OC&t10f.
. 1111;11
plair.
, 000 Ite't .ra
:l1t!1ta::c'

i'r (Hl '..
CItJ:. l1:1 t.u,J r;
Salt l1ciI:
Fonoe Um1 c

YUNGA , warm f OOtA111B
be low 1 ,500

Cot t or. , no't
t u"t:e r , COCa 1.,,, f
I
Sou rc. I The
r
1nspec l llm . lih.;;o Or ti Z' [ 1562) . 1967 1972 .
"urra p
"there we re fi ve I n<lianu , t wo to
Peu cur- r, Cl ur.lltl [ t :te lord of ene Cnujla.;ichu ] nn.I
two t o l,:arca Par e CUl<l one t ,) Clltnchno ( l'ol'lu] . " .
'.
r eQui r ed t ht cont inuou s pretence of houe ehol de , the cotton
patch n or p' PFer c aN-ena " ere mach clos er to the nuclei r.nd
"ell have been taken can of by t empor ary cul tlvlltore l t ne eourc es
f r eq.u, ntly ment i on "wi do" e- in t n10 cont ex t . Thue , ne ueee ) 15 o.nd
)16 i n t he t own of " e r e on t n" <l ilY l i'l i e o cwr. e
by. He ",a s t ol d t ha t " t ne old " olll on" " no r ell1ded in t hem were
Ilway in t he ootton l one of t helll , Vi. olante ChUlll bi , of
houee ) 16 , " 10 i n Cayra wa t chi r.c t he She . was t he mot he r
of 't a colca, nc uce 292, who wa u t ne l oca l l eader 1l1ld. of ... -n e
brot her .
5. I;ven lower tjvm t :, e cott on h el Ja , we r euch the WSl"l'l.. r-
lowlr.nds . It waO on thlS t ae r that wc finJ. t ile ,;rea teet ethni c
and eo dal diver si ty. In PQl:lal,ll.s ci t he !"o-..r.d r-epr-eeen--
t at i VeO (reI:! t hr ee r;;! t hoUlll1l1 <l- Il OUoehol J wn t e IO'J t of f O'J r!
of t he Chupkychu ;
In Ur no eae re er e
"e a x 1n<11an5, f rom the eubdi vieion of
,' uuea r 1!.T.<1 two ot ller " of Chl l1 cllso
( :'0:0" ] t hey ar e al l co ca- l eaf cu"todilUl S "
(vol. 1 , 1'1"
ileyoml t neee Cnup><ycm.l Ul<l t h'" Yliella enl.ll:: eT"8.te d a bove
by i \llo11 ccnccr , we Iln<1 <.!:lene t ile resi dent s ,n t he cecn_le",f .:: r ,)'I "I<
cus tod i ans sent t h"re from politles m,-, ch f " r t her away. Serle of
t hem came fror. Yarusl'! " oWlt ry , near ce rro de r asco ,
" Pu" h""" oha. , belon.:;a t o t he Yaroo, eolonloto of
don rtlltonio [<ie (iarllj' , one of t he bi G encomen-
'Jer oo of t he retJ .on ] and they a r e cc caj ea r
oustodlaT.S 'they have I e houees , twelve of
tllem of t he :;"ICl don nn1.0nlO and some belon,::ln,'
t o [ilori r ilSo] 'i' lrH' CO v.nd !>ome t o tiareia
wnc er-e VnChl> " nd er-e 1110;0 ecemee r <;Ua Niana
una tne;r also " "rve theIr l ords , wherever t iley
Lto frolOl " {p , )01) .16

,. ,
Thi e mul t i - ethn ic q4 i ty of pe r i pher l c o:l.tl1e rB had b!en
not ed above ,.her. dioOUS81llC paetur ee Wld II nl t li cke . l:tut i t i s 1n
coca- l eaf and t imbe r count ry t hlLt euch cIl:al ,'l "'i.epo lll t i "l:L eun
be f oun (!. i n vi r t ually every ee t t h r.t ent . Itl Il, rchlleol oCl clll ver -rrr -
cation WI ll be mor e di fficul': t han t i".a t of hl ,,;/ll and n tee , l oc at ed
above t he t r ee- l1ne . Stil l , the s urvey IUl Il. exeevat t on of l ower-
l yi ng reg i cna ahoul d no t be 8i nce t her . can provIde i r.-
f om a ti on i naccess i ble throu<;h wr i tten ecur-cee ,
6. The f ores t s . T:'Ie con t rol of r et:i ons
may have been o;ove meJ n tenure ey e-tern eOl:l pnr a cl e to t hos e
descr i bed eeeve bu t car.not a Olle r t t hi ll uein..: only t ile i nBpeo: t i cr.
of 1 562. " f ew detai ls c cme f rol:', the earli e r , rns ..
where woodo nnd ooea-1e"f s eem veT>' close t o ene ;1 ot her. It 1&
qui t e probable t hat be f :lrc 15)2 ",y ca t eor i es 5 1111<.1 6 f OI'::el1 a
oi n;>;l e etlUlo- ellter;or y . I have t he", a t ou r ata,:e of .n j olin
r esear ch eeceuee i t SeeJr.O t o me t ha t J81i11r.,;: YI'! t il. t oo r.lar.y cat e-.
gor i es i s a rene dl1/llfl.:;:in,; er r or t hll.l\ the eenrccren whi on res ul t.e
f rom buncilin.. to,,:et'le r w"nt III separl<ted bj-
I n ll. iJl ll{;1e day , 5 i.U,}l ut 1549 , JUUT. l:or i nnJ t l,e
other cl air!, t o na ve looked over r:or onl y t il e coca- l eaf
cardens of "'-I t at ec of Conn, :.il.ra
"whl cn ill mw.l" up of cllr pen t er ll who bel ont: to
Cni ne;lao rom" and to J';" r cu Fare ; t "ej' nave 11>
nO'cll;eu and I n t iler.: 14 I n.-liar::8 "
" Carpen ter s
M
1 6 II l iteral and ,; rDSB tr"ru,lllt i or. of 9 ' eru kw...
wood s rt1sam' , wno lived in tile f or e!Jt an(\ I::anutnctured plates ,
cups and ot"er cnject s IO I"le of WOOd. The lr,s p.. evcr-e wer e aWaN!
of thi " mi c tr= c1",ti on j on 21 ': uJ..:; 1nEI,ec ud e h=let and i n at.
" tne.:; 111. <1 10 hOllSe3 " l'ill i r, tr,em 10 I Il(h nn s w1t ll
I. emer call etl )'lIoopa " h o two wi dows . Tne.:;
a r e oue r ocf."rq O:l f r o.,-, lUI t1\e IIl,1bdivi s i on s on
t ne s ide of t ile r i ver w'l i e!'! belol\t;"11 t o Pauc"r
"'.,," , 19
, " a . e el'"ll .
p. 10
wa l k f r om
:In IIU11".mary , t h.e f irs t case of "ve r ticill cor, t rol" of fe r e
t ht
1. Wt a u dtu.l inc wi t h Docitt i es and.
poli ti cally IImal l - from 500 t o 3,000 househollit , wi t h 3. j:: 09ulntior,
of eomt 3, 000 t o a It.llx i mUlt. of 18 t o 20 , 000 IIO'.Il8 ;
2. the nuclei of po"er and pc pul.:l tion denll i t y eemes. ee
"i t h t he center s or Bt Bple a.n11 maize pr oducti on , These were l ocnt c,]
below 3. 200 lut e n i n Cha'J.plwan.r./;u und ;!unll 'lt.:a. :;'lclei l i ke Ca url .
a t 3.700 It.e t e re we re e xee.. t i onlll ;
3. t he i r fe l' l}:' hllr al ecnee wen on u penn",:cr.t
ceere , both t hOBe 10eate <1 !l. LOV" t hl] nllcl e :' n" .. thOll e Lel ow. W;\J
e xpl ains the "ver t ical ity" with w;1i el1 t he :;Yllt e" hae beer.
s addled ; a ueh
n) ,ll. J lOOt ventur-e "'uen beJ on,j t ll re e or fo..:" days '
thc nucleas;
b j t he:t WeN! q:.ll t e ""'''11 , >;ol:le tiu.es nc e c r c than
three or foar hcuc"i,o ldc f or llubJivi,aor. of t r-. e polity , on
eaeh ti en
other nghtll
c} these colonia t s mu1n t ai ned
a t the1 r ncce , e t'.r.lc r.uclcuq
mul t i -ethnic .
li ) t he pe r l phe r H s e t tl etl"r. t c were sYll t ellmtical 1j"
I1 . Caae
L......I:e e tnn!.c t:r o' lpS , pol itl ee one " a rN'
it u \Cdorz: a wl t h nucl e I on t ae
eilor es of Luke TI t l CllCIi .
OUr \Ul <1e r st"noi. ne of t He vuri a tion!! IV1t hi n IUld of the
llmi.tations of "vert I cal " ecoloCIC com!'l erz:ent li rity e xp><nl1e<1 natabl y
follo..ln,; the pUbU Cll h on 111 1'Jb4
20
of t ne pro tocol of GarCI DHZ'U
s urvey . The Lupeqa kinedom wnich he I n 15li7 On orde rs
f r oll! gove rnor Lope ;;11' cce eec w"" hu t one of tne "'liI1y Ki r... ,,:110Illb of
Aylllnr a apeecn l nl ar. J froll; til e ohorn; of L..ke
ilut U1l1iKe t he r es t :. f .." e l' 0l l t1 e.. , t Le L" f " 'lU htlu ne ver be ..n
y'uTTa p .1.1.
fOT s lo,c h ennuranc e ,
granted i n enc O'l: len<ia t o Rl'IY t u r opean a<i ven t ure r Soo n a rte r t he
invasion , Charl e e V ha d r ecei ved t he hS ft pr i vate ,
r oyal grant I i n t he wo rds cf t he j:eriod, t hi s poli t y WIlS
csbua <ie Su Suc h prl vi 1ese d e t ll t ulII C\l 8r a1l H (Hl u
vee t amoWl t of I' a pe rnor k , r epo r t i ne t o Hi s Ii" j es t ,y aOo\.lt COT. a t t aone
among t he Lupa'l a nnd tho ir a bil i ty t o provi de t he c r own wi t n
t r i but e bo t h i n t e xt i l ea and l a bor ar, J eve nt ual l y al a o
Onl y t nr-ee pol itie8 i n t he enti r e i\.ndean r ee l on lla;!
been brar.ted 0.8 Nyul 1" lefa = t1l0 i>'.ma h:1 nn<t e!"" H: U.e trol-' l c" l
gul f of Quayaq..1l , 21 tne lnimbi t arltE; er <: ;0, 0 r-i ve mi r. oc c i e of
Chi ncna i n t he dese r t f uc i ne t he i'l:Ic l fl c coa >; t <: 2 arm t ' le
of Chucu i t o, t he Lup eqa ca pi tul o
':'he r eas ons fo r sel eo tint.: t nece three ve ry Ji f f e r e r,t
popul a t iona 1S not di s c ullllea i n t ile conhl:lporp. r y pnpe r-e a Vll i lable
t o ue t oday . I ar" t e14l- t ed t o e'-'bbe Bt , deSjlltl! tne Lack of ccnc r-eve
historical ev i dence , :nc t ora of
l::0ve rned t he enc i ce , Ve ry aoon a f t e r E .)2 'tn c $'u.ropeana had reco,:-
nt eed 'the of corr,!,l,, ".entll.l1' of res ource s
i n t he Ande"l! . T" ey uhlize;\ t lli ll Wl Jer" t.ar,J.ln,; when ,;rhr:t.:.nt eneo-
mi e ndas _ t"e bene ficiary rece rvec un e thni c e:rour , wh" t e ve r t i': e: r
" s pr 1nkl ed" l r: t ue lur.d.il cupe , not a ccnt 1,-:;,,0"1l t e r r i _
t or y . 23
At t ne t i me of t he ,;rar.ts , al l t ll rt: " of t he 'Er.l'eror ' l"
I nd u lJH" .. e re oe a c r i bo.1 r 1chi ''It ;un t ne fI,. ut f a.. eeeecee 01
European rul e t .. c of vne t " ree l-'o11 t l es I l t e . 1<1 1y disap!'eareJ ,
fol l owill6 t he pat t ern of de pepu.l a t r c n el ae.. n" r f in t ne M,e r l clln
t r op1c8. Tne vace r-oye and eno J ud,; eo of t ne .cud r encr ue !'onae red
thi s 1088 but we r e un.. bl e to a.; r ee on nO.. t o "n.em 1 t . In ccnt r ce r ,
the L" paqa , d"ellll\C lit 3,900 met ere neeve cea lovel , s .. rvivpd .
I ha ve exami ,..e'; ele()WnOI'1! 1968 b) SO"" of n .e pxph ,nationl'
,
"CCOTUl.n;; t o the I hll t. lI" l }U compled i n I rJi: e t1mea
wili ch t he LU.PIl't li 10N ll of f e reJ. i n 8" 1. J. ence ill 1<';61, t ile lIu"",:do:::
had cont a i neJ s ome 20 , 000 housenol J!I , e e re tr.= 100 , 000 eect e
All hands t ".. t e ucn aensity Wall ur,e o f 'tilP lI:ar. fe\!th t I Oll :i

~
I

!
o

..... ,..'.
cf I f t n.
of Ca u 1 , 11; i. Fl ai r. t hat con front hf rt u not.. el . Jwq: in t:':
:1' =Cl,raf hl c eeale , of :;.:l rc t ho.r. 5 t o or.e , ;':::1 t n1l
l to l it il only a a)'l'l.,tClt of ct nar ar.,j :;.aJor eeeeeere W'.:1
IH ! ! . rar.c...
M. . tM.i C Group of :;.or . t nB:' . 100 , 000 l rJlabl t lC:.ts
11 ,bl. t o 110 011111 a e r . at. . r r..,l,Chr of F. r1FIl..nL1, col or.l aU, l: 0 r1!
t han t!l.. f o....r t o . U tur. !1ouunoU. nOU1 1r. :laMa co.
eol oni a:o.Jd b ttl.,1 a t much c rent. r dnt b.r. c ( r cl:;. the
.o::!e fiv. , Un, . ven ee r e <lIlJa' Journey IlWIV . :'"e neld
on t he Paci f10 oout - f rom t ne t.l ut &. vallej o n. ar "ri cl1, t o Surnc.
and )!oqu.gua, f 1,l.rtlla r north . Tnare t h.y cal tivat. d eat ee , cot ton
11.11:1 hot P'l'l'.rBl on t he b.flCl, t hey co11.. et ea .::'uano ami ot ne r .
productll .
24
iI.o. nt N!BeI!. I'Oll rav.lll _ t nl1t coca lIaf , t odaJ
i ll grown only on t he .. et , l:ao t . rn , 101''' Il , wa r; in f N!.!.uropean t r e.ea
al,o ealUvllted in t ne \1.5t .
25
ner ea Di n condJ.c te1 hlll i r.8r ec-
t i on he ro.... t l nely rode down t o the t o lnllp.et t he
out lie Ml ; Ile lIu: l uded t ne ar- eeeee i n .1111 rec-=-. ew1atione t o the Love lT.or
in Laa..
Tne " Ull %lltiOr. or lowl and se t t lecen ts llI lltl -
e t hni c , ,"'J.Ch "0 1t lr. :b l nuco . The .. cue , flr.c tne r i.;."-"are
klngdoa f ro- t ne ! l t i caca anorea , held Ili.l lar ou tllllre on t ne
CORll t , i nterdi. c itated wlt n V.OIl. of t ne the ;;aran'la, II.
pol i t 1 frOlll t he nicnln."1.<Js sou th of t M! Iti r..." :'i t Cr... r e , 1>-180 1'e"0.....
ted ocean- side enc laves , r e "chil1t: all f llr nortn lOS
noted l n Cnoe 1 t n... t color-totll rn tl': .. f eriFne rni
s et t lementll di d not 105.. t h,H r ri t:htll in t he nacleas Md cont, nll ..d
t o be enwn. r ahd t ne ee , The r nreree esen \ :;e l.Ujluqll. confl l"1rr!
t hi s aspect or tile Ito<;\el. vnen ') ur ol :ltez 1n:jui red
eboa t - t he CliaSeS of ..ily t he re "ere IClOer 111'11:1n8 t hll.n t here
been in yr" 8 tt" e8 _27 C...ttr: bo , - ..ho na.t t-een t 'o'/e mor of t he
I nd t 8l'ls of tnt s pronnce- e .. pllllne;i :
- t1Ult when tllS Eat" prol/lf,ee \'fila h,)'
th.e yn,,:a th. .. c01.Ul te; r..il ". f'ToJe t illS
I roVll.C8 ..htl had be ea ""lIet tle .t 1:1 t he )'r.,,;a
11'. It..aT.1 ot r,,, ,' .'I:,c88 an . lt "" S
p . 13
t heir. ;, cu. ht:\ <j t he ;' C, OOO ml!r.t l or.e4. i r. t he
':. he eol d [ f u r-away ) eettl er u
eance 'cden t:rMt l J 111. wile r i ve r t hey
wera Tiley d.1 J 11\)1. r et ur-n ee r e <.r..i . e r-e
110 1 cllo; er eou.ntcd \\" 1 1..1. iI: t hia pr ovince . "
{oerca. Di n [ 1567 ] , 1':1'4 : j' . 1'/0 ) .
lOany year e 'bef or e t ile ' m.ter t uk"r. by rJ"r ol :Jlll Z,
at t orn. y JUI<Jl ?010 (I e Or:,j el, r ll<l o haJ. Wl J l" re t ourl t ue di ffennce
be t we en t he twc e..>:tertt! of er. UL101 r .. ti oll 11'. "1. 1. C.ltin t o wae
t o t he 1n9peot or ' 010 b..l onCe <l to tl .; roup o! ,,;ur ope>m ncl.lll l r.l u-
t r at ore Bnd clerlcs who r l!ul i'l. ed. ver:; ea rl..' t i,' , t t ;, OI l r eu r ecu-
erat10 and eOllver810n IU" ' l' 00..... 01 I;.cl\1e veJ Clo r e
1f t hey cade t he effort t o u.ndere tund t ne cJ1ture of t ne
Since t ue ll"tnon ti e::c 1n Li ClIl were .n".:;,.. r e V.'" cc s r e
r eai <jente Were an int ec r lll plO rt of t ne LUjlaqJ, ,a: l ver ee , r elo
an effort t o t nl s ;
thus It iu,p"eneu ... t pr ivate
<1n.:; wer e IT.:\ ,i ,, " i CI. [ t." e Lu;:uq,,! of
t " e peol,l e ;;r. J t:,e l cr. 'J" 1'1,,10;; t he"' hell en b "
eo:.,-t bee.::. u.II '" t he .;ove morll <I I .! r.ot Wl'J""" t....nJ
t ne c rue r- w!li Cil Induuu , f oll owed. ":lIer. t:,,,
ne.rqui e of Cai'le t e l;ovemeJ t.ne ee kl ll;;;iol!:s tn: l)
n.ut t er- Wa 9 t aken .,!, when he Ji"ccverl"l t illlt
"'y r e!,or t ll on 1.1.4 .... ,-1' true " i t '''I... or.fere,l
t i,a t tn" I ndl ar. lI a.r.d t ile l und whi ch
of Cn:;.euyto nel ei on tn" 00'''," yr.c" t i rr: ", r
r e t .. m ed 10 1 t " hn;! t ha t Juan ..Ie San Juw,
1'1,'0 nad ree eiveJ t hem ir, er.comior.,h be con1'l""_
shte:1 WI U, othe r I nJiI..nfl .:no llecelr.e 2. vlli l llbh
I n " r e q'l il'n " {folo 1917 : .. . 8ll .
..11 t rn s hc.pl'e r:eJ befor e l ) DO; !:,. ciI l" f f ort s ::!1.". c to nm.;; il t
i n l a ter eeeccee wncn t he ",oh ey of vi et' l"o;< ';' ol edo to " r-educe" t " "
po pul ati on f nv:u l e.t tnru'"",nO'l t m e :", de!> . :'; "cn ef fo r ts to e ruJe
rnul t i ple ae ee"" 0/ "", cn /:r o,,1' l\ll;.l be..\,.. t.a(J 1! evcn
bef or e t ne a r n val of " nei u.e .-el' "i l t; In 1';;1:> 1;; b"t
I
Utl!l:.ptl "en i ee..l ll:e.: . eo..l j
e=;:11t'l'. of ..eeee a t l eOLiN! t i... : "r:t cr t il t ' ,ni ',
':'01':' _l;C l::" :i ,n".o"':'". hAa ,' c rr .... uf f , " 0; "' l .l e.. t:;: q l: -
l r.! on".t:1 }.a r:;l .....n a : U f 0":0:' 0 e r )o..1:-..c .11 c , ,;
Iiln.or l lilr.e " i1o l!.:IV. i1t \.ld.iej t ha llI 1:' ... . .1lpc r t nUor. ,
r lunll.r4 t he Andean po pl.llaU or. I n all . a r l y ve r d on of
yl 1h .(i:.. b.av trtl "'J. Eu.roFl a::. n..:;I, t o 1nl:: ol' t.cr .:.:'t-
IU r:'t f or t he /t I n conve r , i 'r: OPF0rtunl ti u , e ee..l 0t 1 dll'0;:...l<.: tlor;
or 11 011".' a :llunll1t r anVI 1l<l f lratt vl . I ,"0 1 :1 t o ."'.1 t t tr.llt.'.
! l,lrt he r t i " r . l1l.1 cclor 1. 11ow, d. ;:r i Vlt t f er.e ee.en -
d, rot and t rade rs t>S ... 11 III tr.t roy al t. '1I:Ii n l ltra t Ot'1J t o ;ar " te
t :o.l "Vl ral e tmll C.&r<l"I' S ( r O& tll e1 r oa t l i e n , r.a r : .c;;h.rl : fl "
1Il0re dlllt ant :l:ac n nold1n,;. , even a Ctn ' ':O yeaN c f ;'\l To;:;eL"'l
Nl e , had. con t1n" ed 1n ..n.1 un nWlde una " rov1;l ,d IlP."c r t :.or. Ui n f or
e conoml c nnd ;>oluH::.l 5el f - I:"a.l:"; ,,r.e nt .crt e r- 1;70, .:;' Cf.
beCalte 1nt o:.T1o"ol e . n
.... nd 1n,; VCTlhCIl U On "your n14torlllfl col ::'. " :. ..e. of
eucn " veUlon o( t tle vl<nqal i1eJ " , I " l 11 n ,tUIT. t o cnee ? ,
Lup. Q. a . Eh e..r.e rc , 3
2
1 luive lluu.; e1; tt:<l t !1P of It c r, r eful
,h acnn ml c a t;;1) ' 1n t ue f ll: l d 01' t fle UCCUi . ... t,,'l lltke anore
4-"' ..1n t&l ne" 11'. t r.e ( a reat c or :he a.. eea , or. t ile t euc"
or l n t ile Eaau m
Til" pr<lfue10n fl!l<1 r "4,j... Ul:1 c nl<v l bl l l t,: or til n II.rct",cc-
1 0bl cal &lI ter ialrt t o (iocoM!len t t he r el" t u m (4 t '...'.n t ll" ae k1ntdOl:: ll
ami t.'l.ir 1-lI.C1! U: out 11 , "" .. TOII1ae t o cl Hrofi c l.I. lturul Il....cc'.ncl\
1n t he vall eyo f roc 110 Hr.d t o anJ
1111 "Oll l .a t n' H r 11nka ",i.t a t ne ':'1ti.ClOCIO Mc n: . 'l iVErl tr.e ... o;.,
control e. xereiz8J on t ;1e CO'18t by " l t lplar.o lIol1 t1e.. , tne r"
1. no reos on t o t aa t :h ( fo,n r.CB 1n CJltJ!"al cor. bnt en-
ne ce"..r l l y a r eflecti on of cllronol .. ..; 1c,cl evceeee r ae , I ><111 N
aurpru:ed i f ..e m s ccve r- 1n n c l r."l e yalle.. t;evl!ral l i.s h nct ec w te-
",en ts Whic h ,il. ll j.l&,/ no ,nn..u ficaUon wnn'tevvr- , The;l coul,;, "ell
out l urB of " i . Unct " , ( :-.1"n", "nll\1 .." , ccr.t ' ....fOT1U " but
in t ilelr eomfonentn f t oi a tl! In t ile ! '8id,
I . ",-es t t oat ...n",elUI a r:o",,010;,;)' It, .;; ... 11 ""v" : 0 c,,:or.. e pr. c_
ntl eo and. t ac h es , to " trec 3 t tn " l t n
e t hnoloC)' anJ til. r e u.41 t ll Of t il" s t ' l l} ,, ;"
I
p, 15
- I or",e r O! Q t flat t Hey e eve t ill II t CI'I1l : l.: ni C41,;.JJ:lt ; t o
II, pl.. ce " 1\1011 t, 1100"l t l1:,' 'U1 oJ of ,:ccd cl1mat e ,
" ne r c t t. oJ ...ee J. t o .:" t o p1',r, t a.aU.I , onl j' en e
leAL-ol e e.."')' rrolll t r,e re t hey cculo tc .. itho\lt
t ro\lOlt! t o tne coca-1I .. r fj el de ( p.
The ATolleaT. etr.:-. o c;eol,,", ," r.\.c concep of YUl'\," cove n r.o t OJ' ly
tr.. ;1ry 1 e_l ar. J e t oward t ile i'\&01 f10 tr..t aho t ile f or..u .,! lI::' opea
of t r.e tt:l,rry t &e I1te t or 10 nr.;1
of t i:1t r tla tt or. er,l p , 3J tt _111 N:'l;oi:r1l Itr cl'.... 01Ilt 1c r.l . KCh.
vatt en t o verl f )' tr.a ;1uto of , ;ocr. ru
Dl e l lee' of hi l to t h e
Ilr.Q t :'lera l' e o , v.\. a,r.c, tllil t na t l1. :::. p. rtor.1111 . :;111 r r. -
port lacila t ha nOll.II-to- r. Ol,l. tIe a",r v. ... CM cor.l' <llt' f or the .'{,.m::c.co
",gion , b.a ha lio.a r:. 1J;t.\.cr. "' Bt u tll'lcpr t rnc t c ar. 1l. ecce-
11ll! gr ovel!
II.. . t r.. colonl " _n OBe 10ca tl on and .. t l 0r.
cl olle1)' h eJ t o ' C010.:1 Cool cOn&l<le ra tlons , Cr. .. note t hat
Luyaqa .. ppl lld t ll" ' a r c.<l l pe l 4;O' pr l nc 1
r
l e t o :ul oth. r kin<1 0::' ee t t -,
l'::l:, n t _ i t ll1n t ile n",cl ear t e rrltory. ' I . l llll1'" of a r t l aanll .. , .... "., t
up l n prcplho",. 0; 1" c" 8; brou,.:ht c t"liCtarlen
t o t il, t wo 1I101e t1l 3, t ile 7 -r-rovl nc"a- 1t.1l1 t he nw: j:-. <i.. of cOlt.jiOr.rr.t
11n"8u <.
"
Th' po l t en: frO& l i veJ In
.. nlch the)' a h.. r e <1 Wl. t .. t nose of lI., r t l r. ' .;;'SI ' S hAl r . :,;ha rt 'a ""'l t OI"
Ilna red " I. t ' l t 'l OSO of Kud . '1' 0 eeee r -c tnll.t oue;1 It. ul h _
l1n'Ilf':e , ... r ti san 8r.t t l el:.en ta "'er e l ooa'.po .. he ro rn_ 1IlIlt .rlI11 " ", r ,
handy 18 t f>tDpt i r\ but ... 111 pro ba bly r-equa r-e "re">ll/ olOC1c>l l hetlnc .
Li ke eal t i n Hul1r.uoo , c l "'l .mll. c0 l'l'<, r ....... m.ve bien .. or k,cl. on 14e
equivlli ent of It '!;1.l1 U - e t hn1C bUB... , j-.:Hc n 10nl 11 etll as '.<l U own'
qUi t , dl shnct t o"" , ; onl}' ween i t t o t h" CrR! t IlI t t l f'lIle nts
do tne t "ll COlnC1J, . 311
11 '0. G1V<,n I n' f .. e t, t il "t 1;.' .... 1)' on" of
...;,'JI' ano , 1U nC:.JO&C, "r; . 19 l ncll n. d t o .u k : .eN:
t h'N: va r u ' n t . o f t E EOll' 1 I f". _!ll Cn luOI r oll t }" J I G nOl reach t o
t he eea 'o>... t 11&ltcd t .." ins t ll.l 1k tl0r. of i13 'lab.:>;; .. '
t o the lnt.rlor or t r.e cor. t u, .,r. t ? n
p, 111
I f ,, 11 or- o.u" t of '1.... had Mtllllnr- coca-
l eaf r:r ovea , t nu r r.w.T.o coll ec tln.; st8tl UnS on t ile beach, t helr
n"t pe .,per WlO cot ton Cn l a s , .nlle ...,8101'1'. '1. " Ooocllt te r . ..orked
t r... lr tlllll>er tra ct" , t ne n the e truu c IlC.p o! t " e i>njl!'&n r e':;:l on wi l l
nave to be a new. Unl l x.. ot h. r partE of ..or l d " here e thnl C
c:ro", V I&ll J ttrnt orJ t e n'" t o co.. t n.. ,.n:i.. an csI' . 111 require
n.... t rlls "e. and nwe B t o ..onv..y t ne of holdings . An
a t las of e t hnoCra.I' ,'I C .I1ll t lbutl on . , thin t ni a eoololll.c context
shoulJ. r ece i ve n"[11 )lrl0ri ty I n ..nllean .... sear cn,
To . UIM'.a r I U , t he " eoo nJ. cas e of eC010[ 1" C(llllplellentari ty
diffeors f TOIll CS I!e 1 I n t tle .. aya :
1 ) we a re dea l l DC .. i tn scc ieties on a di f f e.... nt scale
f r om t roose in lluMuCU - t he lal<U hor e poll ti es could rea cn populati on
,J.. n!ll ties of 100,000 IUld
?) t h.. luclei of 1" 0"0' 1' and dense s e ttlement ..e r e rece-
t .. d STOW1 j 4 , 000 .e t ertl , close t o t li. be r c ul ti va t,ion , proces sing and
.. and not f a r lar ce . eal e pas tu re. :
3) '1. 110'11' pe r ll-nera! colon i es , 11k. t ho. e I n !'Iu4nIlCO,
.. e r e Ilettlel! on ve.....anent bfoua , 3.r.J
10e.teJ I n 00' . t o..", rd t he i'aeific but als o in t ile ... tt. r .... lI.ell
lAlI t o\4\1 ien
a) be a t gre. t e r
t ne - 10 and more JOllrney Lak. tl t ie.c.;
b) cou.l d Il. ve 1r.ll.r.:J a. a MhOl,lllM . _
CU.Ctl largeT l.c llll r i n Ha4nueo l
c ) tntl r lMlI bi t llll tB continu. d t o be , num. n ttd
_i t tl t helr and we a esume (wl thout Buf f i ci.nt . vi denoe i n 1972 )
t i\llt t iley mai ntll1nd mOl t ef thel.r . 001.&1 , econom1c and rltu&1
r i f:nt l I n t h. a n lla of etM l e or lg1n l
011 they "en n;u! t l - e t hnl e _ ... . f or I!XlI:I:Jl le ,
t ile o i t Codpa l
e ) could be dltvot.d t o .peclal1..d ( ce ra-
r:; l c. , lu t &11IlTa ) ... .. locui or. n..d n e t have bun n. :rro_ly t colo,1C.
Sa ch l elana.. - hayt :rapr.. 11'. uJl&r.tl on of tl:..
moll pat te rn.
p, 17
;.n I r,troJ uc non to III " nCo I '!
ilo t h t ilU CMI ;'/l.;" On u. IIr. <1 L ,lilLLqn nwl p.e hU ef rowt: r
and d.eneu t pe p,l.l o. ti or. i n tnc n1t: lll llnJe . In t o f oll ow:
won<iur aboa t t nt I' rc $t: nca of ce::l,Ji t>r:f nt :::. nty' i r.
wncee n.lcl oi oltertea t aol r Infl ..e nce f ror.. t r.t coee t ,
I n J wt "IU';,' 1;7<' , ... nen t at: ' &rchl .. e11ll:0' wno f i l'et ui ee...."Uf' ,1
at t he Un i ve r lil t :J of 5"n \.ja r coB 11'. Li el. , Io;H.r f " ;10Ilt'(cWllki ex; r c c!;' ...
her aoabtll . sne t'l o"l:nt t illS "lItten'. "n. U' l' o., r j an t e t ile Cce;r t n."
l\i tihll>llJ pol it i ell . !;u . e t: 1'.0 , I'1. e 1.1:0 <lCCu.r-. t-I; t "i un u '.'"
"
r- eeerv.. U onl:l .
Af t er a c"ro t ar;,' 00all : n1 w ", lmc'" t na t ;.,n1e' .I.
ece r e vree l oc' , tcu or. tl,a f1u'l vne cor. t r,':;'
oi:1&le valle y j whil e SOll,e rel'all m>.:l 1IU:",' ,11 . otnl" l'II co",l<1 1ne1l,l de Ill:
zr:&ny SB 10 or 12 vallHyB. r ne r e i ll Il O 1'e" s o:: t o ir.lH Ot he re 0:: 'rae
i mpor tance of i rrie::t i or. H I t ne ,,""':ttl'. of tr.i e
( Schaedel 1 951 , 1900 j :,ep,rez li060;,; 1965 ;
Sl1c h e eeer ve ll:.<ont l t l '''' of' "... ter r eq'-'i r '3 l1.11:: i r.i e t r:. t ion ; t ne onr.:>. l "
... e r e ol e8Iled l a bor r :' t ..., la: t h..
of t hi s w",t e r r-equa r e a r:, ll "JU a t t o,; n t i or. t o "' !l y s of
nandl l ll(; I' m '" JlII ., .. t co I.nci em.:llr.....: u : t ,J 1" '.; .1 _
valenc es (l..e n:: iza bll l 13'/l) .
Io' h..n ,.ie " t t e"' l' t t o f it t iii>: ''' ffll tli or :. rcnneoloci ca1 11,:'0)"-
mation with q\lH:tione i Ii I:.!, e tnr.cl",; icul fl'l.....l of r efer..nce , ',W I;e l;c:ct
' 0
a Wa re of t il e e xt r e m.. scarc itl of eo a r eee d.."1ir..:; wlth t he ce e.. t. ,
r"e eyeWi tnes s ecce....ntll of !::\l roplI>Ul s uc not refl ec t the Vi ll. bi ...
i lllpor t ance of =.J. of' i r r l j,;nti or._lICtl er:J ent t:' <:l li tio,;E. i ert
of t ne expl an.. t i on of C\l. C.' llcllrcity li e 11'. t i,e e:l r ly . cenoci'; nl
de s truc ti on of l c wl = ." "eo(iel; t nr o'Jt:no" t t.:[I' ,."..o,; 1'IC([lI j nI l t ni ..
!:lakes it diffI cul t t o vt-::l f:i t nt'! pr " 'lel: c" or '. Olwr.ce of ...
eeeee or. t he Ge" " t .
1 . CoaEt a1. c, r c.1aco1o
w
r r It.\le" t>o- t t '"r k:l Own , and B"C:1 cr .o;",
can eO/I.e tiMf> O t . \t" :;)!lQr t",.:c of I'"co"j,, ;
C. in rec... ,a :, .. f ! 4, t I"'" .... .:: iI. r c 1"':"' "
Hucn reccr-de ,
,,", ul ."' . t .:" .,,,,, . tl <'; .c t v l: '" cons tal e r tue-
' ,l on>:: an t ,I.C aJ t l'.:t ' :. !'c r,i "elli!,:OIl' d1<.1 f\4l cti cn
on t,.1l OU':- i n or -le r t o tf' lIt t ile r;eo..:"."llt ca! limlts and t he
.,
of 1S nO rea SOn t o spyl y
It r;; ccil;<r. J,call,;, t ile NH'H; ; r.ll r we hesi tat e t o
lCf; t l. t ,
cece II i : :,;",,,11 " t r.n l " ,: "<>U j <: , wl th co " s t ,,1 nucl ei
l r, 19b1, tllr<:> Uo;;" t hf' CO\1 r t psy 01 ..1ueu,<, r Espi no za , I was
li ol e t ;l s t 1J.<!/ r s i e 11ti ..-nt.r cu over coca- leaf groves
as ear l ) ue 155<;1 :41 i'r.rt or it :IfI S cm ee been published
a nJ s t.J. cile d ty t.a d " :,oe t worowr k1 i n 1967_1>8 .
42
Hope has freque ntl y
been e xp.... aoed t ira t t he wno1e file , now I n t he I\. r Ch1VO de I ndili s ,
wl ll FOr.: N r.y bO' pUtl i Sned , 4 l
'l'ne litlt>", tiOn i nvol ve J. t nr-ec e t hn i c croups i n t he vall<. J
known t oday h ll t tle :;ni l16n C'Ut cuLf ed 'the r-iver- of or t he
' ..,,'!;erB of ennul ' in tile :. Il c<:>" f11ct bet ween t he r:1
wllS old , proba h1J but Lre.. more eeea ee wilen t he t hree
fo =d t "emf el ve e 1n et,e " IUI I & of t ll r ee s ef'arat e encomenderos . The
<:;u roj:ea r,1l soon t o ea rl ier 1nr.<1 r i.::il u i n t he i r
o"n
;:"0 0':: l'o ll tl es an "'e r e nic;hlrmd etnnlc groupr i
the tn i N,. a coast al one lUlu by no l oni Er II r::a j or f ac t or in t he
ame e , " i t r. ue.=opu1 l<t1on , t hei r nUlll bllrB had dwindl ed t o
J"'8 t a f ew ncuce.ic ruc , The Clitlt " one 0':: taB e r o:l.pS, have
l'ce n tne ObJect co! :< " Ptl!.ilf!d 'oBtwor o..s ld4' 1 - they had
t een 1\ !.' I' r opI'1:. te d b)' l'rer.CJ.8CO ?i u r r o for his own l arde r
amI r.1F. tier-til we r e Cj !'ant ed t o IlIl0t i1 e r pr omi nent F:ur ope lLrl r ee 1_
aent of Li ll',e. . :'n" lO econ:1 }'" rty were t ile Cilaca11a , a subdivision of
t he Y":.l)' U, cente red. i1". t " e mO'mtaine above L1ma, south of t he Cant a ,
Li t i .::" t 10n cen'te red On a ceca- lea! l:ll; 1"den
4 5
r.ell1" Qul wi ,
known t oully &II Snntr. 1'<os o. d. "'he thn . nucl e i i n cor. t ent i on
ha l II t temil t 'd t nt centur 1ee t o URe a few i r r 1ga t . d a c1""
I'1" oJ " ci ne; t e;rono. t nll COCIl- l lll.! whion f1C"'1" 1d pr ornine ntly i n R' .lr 0l' ecn
Clll i its als o ne t p' M ut" , r.llLllloo, .....t pot a t o.. , BU'"v" ,
l ... c'.llu e otnc r :' M, i t . On til i Q ti e r of t he weetelTl el opee " t he y

:."1 ' ,r" ,.<. ' . , ... .....
. .
..
! . i'1
1''1, I .." t e 'm I Dppro_
I '" " c " ,- I .,' " _, ' .. . t .-:_ I r O<". t he t ,, "'T.
,..
I ,. ,' .
, ... ';' "'1"" :;8 , 1 n " ,'"1111.::1 1ft til.
I , " J I U-' . l l . ' ..l . " " - I'" t a. '. . " flecU l
ir. ' ,1_' , l i l.l. tl" - 0'": ", , ",
I ..... .\;. In 1;\10':::0;1 , I J YU t ile
..-'-1 .. " .,i."., .",., t Q ";. " "' ,flt,: t t ,t
l .t.. , n-,;.., '.U .. ... 1 . t " CJ'" f.O 1."" : .l r< .. " a l' can.lids .
l eu <l l u "... " 1 1". <: u: e, \ ,.v :< 1> 1 111.1:.'. : , c1 t hllu' f eeBlee .
:;;nwl r "<I'; ,,. I t .,- .,' . .- r. : " l .J" HI !"..,,,..,,,..,, \ "0\1 ,"uel1 " " Il i f -
t ,,,, W t., t ne >.r l t . 01. j ,,, , ,1'" :'C I'I.i (, ! 1'"" " r "S'r o"cll e J
t, t . a . llh:Vlll t I I' l,:" 'lC. ' U" nr.C1 , . l..n' .1 Ill :! t c t . t:r
46
Th. I 1t11;0_
tion "110 r ' I;I .. cJ HI ! " t tlr hle,l, pct cO"J r t I n Lh .1f anJ " BP
otill i.1,I i.ll T tu.. LJ' U," ': o.mnl et t n, InU , . JCDd rtd
.'. 1')10 . 110_ ie .... I t '. '' .''' l one) eo. t1)' ?
':'1l.. '.,t,. , i s " , ...nl f l <: ..n t f ' l Tt or \.h' ' ''' 11l 10n or th.
(" "eiltd 1'f11) . :'IUr;"n'>n io " .... 1I.lc1I t hro.... ,;n
"',"len t o " ........." .. t . ... t n '" . .. h . ;. .. " "o r4' 1 h. w .
ltU ..l I n C" u<. 1 "Ulol 1I (e".'let t n. ee.. U....! .. "ru , . 10 t he dUp\lU
:r. l'ot '; 1'-T. c , .OI' I 0,0 . 1(... . t,. eer.U et t h.. cl.:uu ot oUl. r . ,
t o :):' ',,:,"n.l I n'!' 1!' .._on . ' 7
.,1, :", ,-, ' , '.-0, 11 " ;" r r . 1, r,r re t c,..n '. obou t t he I' re-
".c ,. " . I' l ; . " ,. I:; ,.: : '.c " I _ ' : 1"1; .. It 1p,-,_
H -. ,;:-.1, ' I' :'lll , , " 1(, C . I' ,.... . ,,\ ..1.' I . .: .I. \ U.... ..r,<-l l 'lll r lcnt o
..
.. , ... ._. ,.te .' ,. c-
d ,.e \l,, . .. I, t eci,, . ': . ro-, t .UI " 1:' . ",,10" 1 ,CQO
r r. tt l: H.. 1 n" ,..:l 1I '... "'- ' " . ... .. M r ur 1t t r " (,; hue!
te1 o)!I, e.I .... co,,,. t u1. 10 NI" ot
II . 1.o..1r.n1 or 111n9" t u U c o:t.:t
. t r., u ... r .. few ) 'W. , I< . U ll dty, 1n 1559,
n. n . cl t$ I'-'t ,l t u ' " ( ," : .r " ,' :oh , oi . 'l1 l or<.! " I t ' , h <l l
" ! r, ttl,.. 01'1 u" j't , t,, :'o " e rue r-e wer-e
[ til e 11'::,10 ] " e re r.. n l r.. wnc d t:y II l or d calle;!
C;.t;.crlj.m,a wllu wa c :I "m., " I r.ll>;>.ll and nllJ " a ll a
l l; lts own rlt:"t , t o [Co Il. :
;;" " h , hEld r.nu '-'Jltil 'i'upa 'i T"';"-
r ,,- ; beewr. e t tl.. cve r-t or-I wno t ook away
e ni J. l.lr,"". . . "
(r.otE, 4 9) .
c ee ? " ..11 .;" ....." t 'i , - " y"nM. of t he r.at,/e" " 11 0 now (1559)
res i de i n t ne t o..n of con!i. me ;i. trl" ceeer er on of niB l or d :

" ne kf\:"u l t III' I< mlo.,:;te r ns-. r li.t:.r t o aU t he old

t ,,,l t I>" rore the eneeree t hem, t hey we r l'
ndo u:nd owne:i. R t crc called Col1ica pa and he
t np 101'1 of Col liqup. n18 IlOffi a i n
r ue f r ot:: th.. s ea t o t he s e t tl ement
of nnd he he ld it rund owned it until t he
y nt;ll ClOT.,e . ,,-.-,,{ ue k. ll eJ t ne s a id. Colli caps
M 'i ':.ook ove r thEe saill le.ds " { t . lnr) .
" TiIOl;l,' of Ci;::cll lla" ucce} t ed t ill $ 'Ie r sion : one reccur , of
"v s ubJ ect of <lCn Oll"llltob.l , 101'<1 of til., subdivision of Ch:<_
calla, " c..:el Fl u!,' , knf'W ( kinel G:18i no.ca ua , - eai d l
" i :-: t he Ja,yE ;" ef or e enere wer-e any Yf\gR8, l on;; ee_
t he ':;!l.t:ler ed mer. of war- ene
",i t tl t hen. t he;)' r eeeeee eaeee t o Coll ique and t hey
re t llo rr.;/d ,;, p- r i ve r t o t he t o-..n of where
t ile r", w::n: II. l ord c l> l l ed ChaWllBca xa who tri bute:l
t i;e l or u. of Coll i que call ei c ot t r ce aa , l:i:e e:aJ
(: nlOVl!lICllXll. re ce rve a t ile eaid. Yauyu of Cll l eal la
pt lllll fv.ll:r IU'Id t l:e:o ei f t l M d
and th18 18 how t he fO u d I ndi anl er.terld
t ll e eu ::"J, land.8 of :<u1b1 &r.:i I llt s r C&ll".S Tope Yncll
who comp . r e :!. t lc. It " ( t . 149r ) .
COl;;! or , of Cfl.I,YI. .
re,;l on Wl t r. d iu
o.n oct0t..mll r illl"l wl t r,s n , wl:oo lived i n t he
anJ o; rel< t _.:; r llnduon8. n. n r u d. t hat
j). il
.. " ere Wet. in ',<lI r , f l e b t i ni",
t .ll .! t "i ( '"m" t,,, f or(> I ne ... "'l ent e r .. (1 " ( f . 1 39r ).
'r:.l c "e , "f Cnl,,, .,.,a:c,, , W'\O " ,v, c! """lr:l or t he sald
I an" ", of 'til. rla J own c r e..;:: e t""re ..-hi. ef. ne j,st!. pl an te 'l
n ne!! tn" ciaiC 01" ,;, ,,,,r. in..;" YIlj)a1Iq",i " ( !. s t ll.te:i t he t
tile er.tl!rel t,, "8 t encs , t he s"i<l
in" i ull lI uf ll "; Q ...or., for t I:. t o cor.p e r
t r. e l W"..Js of .." 1M ,,it,\ I'l cnj' ,."rrl or s ana t hey
rel1c nNI ><1mo&t t o Colliqul' bu t t hen they t urnl' d
'<;"el{ r.:,J " l l i eCl ti,elr.selvee Wi t h the I ndians ..... ho
c. t tile e ae.e l1ve-;> i r. of ..ho
...e r e ;, Ill,q!1 1nd1om8 , t o n l ord called
l.:o1,l.l c lI." , ' m" rule" i r. hr.:! t he y
0:(1<11' Illl ,..;rllel:l"nt " l t h t 'l &e of Chacal lR.
Hlat t"",y no t be ccnqut,I r eli. th&. t t heir le.nds
b'l r c v - and tnl!.t w'!.-Y e",,,h wow. 1. know wha t was
<'llR an": t i,ey .. oul J no t ficnt IUld t ilus , he eaye ,
t lley 01ace1 in tn'! lands of Ii. mar ke r
an:! t he r " tne '... s ndt ene settle:! t he ir
J" eop:i. e ami t hat t hey hRd held. and owned them for
' i t le,,"' t t v.o lIves unti l i t pa Blled and Ynca
Y\ll,unql,l,e e"". e (ff . I b9r - v ).
e . :One teut lltlony of t llose f r om cenee ,
I f we t,u: t ect l t' O!lj' o t' t ne Ye.:l,)' ''' wi tn t na t of their
1'8 fi n'" t ",.t .>t l vl te 11.11 t he n,IIlCle n , l ltlC; lltion . 'lCId r ees-r -
g' l r... t i on euer-e WI.& IllcOE< t r,c <;liff e renci bl!t ween t ilem a l t o wha t had
na lii/eneO a t I n tln.e t' .
TIle l ord" of I.:ll1I t n ,.t1',I, not u""" "'r i r. .. e u on i n ccur- t , They
t' e nt or.. ".lon t' rro-. el . eo " rc:os" ..... /10 could s'U 11 r ecal l
lO1Id t ilS y::.,;o ," lie
p , n
" j' r.f::l3 , l on l ll or t nt e kl nedom. had
arn ved In , "'1' >1 t lle r e wa ll a lord in ina
n e at '''"Hll ... .. s,-,cJ ect cf t ro e Chief s c f
Clin t ", WHO W>.l S ca lled CnaCU!lecaxa Hl'ld wafl
.. c t t o "ncttL.. r- lard , the l;oll icapa , l or d of
..:olliqlle t o wllo t he m. id caeue ecaxe gave tribut .. "
t r nov) .
I'rotl t ili s ce , hI S tea tlll".ony dif 1'.. r e.:1 f ro", t he Yau.yu vers i on :
"':'he lrd i nz", f ro", t hat C;ui bi be
thei rs , brouc ht t o.; etne r c;,...ny wllrri ors t o a t tack
t it.. eaio Chli Wll ecaxa and t he salll CollieBpa
! p" rni llt' of t he t;r e nt strerlGth brought by , .
t a os e of CIl.:l tn, t ChbUl: ,e Cbxa ] was "ca r ed and as he
fa"'"hi hUlSel f I n t r.e middl e , di d not know whe r e
to turn and " e c r e t l y ue s ent t o .. . eeeee
c r C...ur e e Xl'l u r. 1T,l': t hat he a fr iend ..
Collieapa ca t he r ed Gl !il'l1 wa r r i on and :l:oved t owa r ds .
t ilose of ';anta who r e treste d and t ook cove r On
ti<.>::le nill .. , frolll whe re t hey sent mes sengers and r-e-.
elllvea e then: llfld t.ney Be t tled and t hus the
8111<.1 Colli e" lIa it t o them and t hey agreea
on t he bor de re o! Col l ique rmd Cantli and iii Jr.a r ke r
""11 pl a. ceJ on a hi ll .. . " ( r r , 210v_211r ) .
Tn1. "1tn' tl... , "rl;l OB, fla B one of t he fe w na tive8 or Cantil. t o
te etify . Nlot ile r Wa\! "tooo , i dent i fi e d i n t he t lllt1mony S8 an " in!i. de l " ,
a ecee t ook nis cutn "In a I:lnnne r he llJl.iri t ile o\letom i n hi. 110" 1"
" t ne oui d Col l icB.pli intende d t o oonque r t oward
t nll hi c: llJ. r.nl1 li1 , in Cur. t a lan<.l . , I&ll I1 t n. Cant. want ed
t c t, oV' i nt O t r. t landll of the and thus t he y
COll.II II.I'Id paued thro"'6h t ile eaU t own or (;l uibi.
II.I'Id t he lord who 11vsd t lle re raoeh .d t h, 1lI ....ell ,
wi ':h girt . lind othe r f ood.. . " ( r . 21Bv ) .
It h not our PUrli oUe n. re t o verify whi cll or t nl" vlnion
....... niBt or i oally llCO\lr a hl .
50
It may b. lI".! U e hnt t o not. that t il.
t nr ee att.ni o 6:rO\lPIl "Cresd on l
Kur r o. p. 2)
1 ) "betor e the yr-<;IIo " til ere haa f. cOlllt al "' ltll
i te nat i n Colli el".Ie ..nd. rul ed by II. Collica i'fl j
2) t illl.t t ili e couetu.l ., oli t y oon t.ron,d rt llC\lrOlie 11 0:1'. 0
k.il ometer . \lp-Vl,.n ..y f r c-m lI':'8 n'.l cle\ol DI it W1ll 0 Po te r r a ced, irr l.t;"tcLI
ilar den, plllZlt ed t o coolI._1I U( , 51 I,o't po p"cr lJ "nd frui t ;
3) accne !<r,d cont r ol cf e\ol cn inl llnJ r ellou.roes by t MI COl>,II -
tal people req, \ol1r ed mill. t.!l. r y vrot ec tion to f nce h18'hl nn.:l t ilN!nt B.
ne ee lOl l t ili, ... oJ.J u.p til one ,"or., c:t"e .nt' comple-
ment ari t y" or- "vor t1c,.l cor. tral " '/ 'rue aocve
111.ltlgae t i t bat .:I oubt" remain, T" . 1nfa rT.. l<llta l<cr ee1 t nnt. l' co;:le
of Qui "'i wert :t ung" , ll V1l'lt\ .. t ece e l ,OL'(' 'M, te n "lti t '.Idl! but we
. t i ll don ' t kn ow if tOl e;.. "'e r e .. l u", ttll!I,:ent o .!i..!.!ll f roc: Cal liqu e ,
i f t hey continued to U .&r Oi llll tr.ei r n ,;n t ll 1U\.l pa r t ic i plltian In t ne
s et tlement8 an the beecn - to conditioI'. will cu 3eS,,"' 8 I n<i 1s Fens a ble
in de fi ning 'i'ne Col 11Cbj:b CG., l ,l nuve exte:--
nal , pol i t ical control c ve r '''l WI , " l thaut ill;plicBu onll ,
since t he wi t nes s es de ecr -i oe Chaurneca xl>. all "a l or d i n hl S own ri{;h t " ,
wno t ri bute " t o Co Ui,p.s , 'tl,ia "",bival ent tes t i rr. ony , t o " ". i on U,,,
',11 : .' eeee ee :..l i n a f or e i. ,,""n t On<,.II1 , r each s" us t nrauOJ, t ne
double f il t er of tile t r ..m:;l a tlon enu of t ile selec tion exerCI s ed b;;
t he scr ibe , For these reaocne we cannot 1;" cer-mr e t nat tr.e coca-leaf
gar dens af ul wi Wto r e worsed oy cc a et e.I sent J.n f "om Coll i q\le .
To help us cle ar up nucn <1oubts abo"t - ercnr -
pel8.{;oe" 1 a'"t;c ellt t ne flll iowi rlj.; tuctical wni eh way t um out
t o be hel pful :
1) hrcr,,,eol o/\ icfll s t e pu . Tne coca-leaf culti vato r I'
:... ",.., 1 0r :l6, Case III , lived. i n a ZOlle wnere we have ..- i t nes aed
" s ys temat i c excavatiann in recent decades . ' illtnoucn I n tne pr-ece -,
di n/; pao; es I illJ.Ve t rm vec my I'''''..lll t o emruc crol.lpa tnllt fl OUrl ahed.
be t ween 1 41>0 un;! the Il,, -,.'er i nfonnanon On coaetal It. r chaeol''t':Y
lS so l ns t ructi ve t na t i t ce se r-vea e pec r a'l. a t t ent ion ,
In 1911 , ('. Pa t t erson llwr.mari;: ed t he ehlm/;Il In
hUlllan occupat i on I n tile bet ween Chbnoay and Lurl n , oovenng
II pe r i od whi.ch be;::nn l ong 1<,0 lind r-encned to atoo'-lt 1<; 00 of our e r a .
-
" I,e i mpor t a",:: e of tile c r opo c ...l tlvated. up- a- r ve r- c rew and between
1':lOO and U'JO SC t he co!: cUlnpt i on of :lor:: es ti ea t ed plants eeeeee an
i lllpor t ant ..n t t o t he traul tl or.a l di e t , ri ch 1n se. pro't e l ne .
AroWld 1600 tIC, when eeee-aeer lIIl&kes lts a pl'" arnnee .
53
i t is adde<1
t o pean" t s , ....e" l r.ot Louava , 11m-. bean8 - all
of wll.l eh _e re kno..., 1&ll;1 utl l lUd ear lier . Ir. s'lFe cos8tsl valley$.
t ne ;118tanee bo! t ..een toe t Ul: e r e"Ourcea and t ,." inland &a n:ier...
" aa no t c r ea t ; i n tile L", r1n val l ey , f or one eoul j SKplol t
bo t h zene s f l'Ofll a slJIc::1e set \ l_en t . i:!U \ ln t ile CIl.l116n , r i ve r
of we are t ol d tll&t lar,;.. r I'ro porUor. or \ he population
lived i n cO&$\ a1 , !il' t11ne: vl11 a.e;n and tne Bl:.a11er proporUon near
agr i cul \ ural lwntts i n 'the low valley th",s expl oiting res ources
of he ui1.at s .
!IN'' waS one t o acquire 't he "roQuc.. f ro= t h. Yu b1S '?
How di d the s eaf ood. reacn iuland '?
At f i r s t si Lht , bar ter , ceremonial , xchQn6's s s wel l a s
tracie, a r e al l possl bl e u.newsra . ucn of t h..m, a t 1.1mea , haa probabl y
provided t he ..e r in t he 3u. t t he excavat iens . umms r i zed
cy !'attereor. e ffe r I< new ellpl ana 1.lon , t....aed on a compa riaon of
r:l ll t erllll ccecrexee ( Illld. not of isola t ed el elr.ent e ) , ..hich .. s re t cee-
ted. bOl n on t he coast and up ths val l ey .. . Batterson s tat es l
anaient r ol'lll of s oa i al organi za tion in t he Andes
is or. s of cOI':InWli ty self- s uff icienc The mos t
illlport l\ll t ecneeqaeeeea of tnlll f ol'lll of or&aniza-
tion l S that t ne 1ll"lIb"rs of a cOllllllWli t y IllUSt s i' s c"
th"ll: s el v. e l n an et't l clent mBnT.e r t hrougllout t he i r
1r. oraer t o acqul re t ne r e. our cestileJ
"eeJ . Ar. ... " ne re t hes " occur IC& be Leea-,
t u Ul do.. pro:xilti t y t o ea ch ot h. r or ..t co ntl-
d. .rablt Ili.tane.. , d"pendi r.g on t hs .eQlogieal
patt.rns that pravai1 in their 'te rTi 't or)' 5
4
It 1s ..,Uen"t t hat til. t . r.denc1 t oward.e . ..
,P"' ...: Hli 1n'to a 11.ne:1I 1101111 . 1I1. 1J lepara1t4 't un'tor1.., .Met.
a ps-aNnUy pNvailid. ove r 10m. 4, 000 yea" 11 qui ts coaFarabl e t o
t he ' ver t i cal a r chI pelago' des cribed in the wr i t t en ec ur-cee of
t he 1560s . 1 do not i nsist t ha t a model of s i multaneous utili za tior,
of many, dist ant t ie rs by the same pol i ty endur ed wi thout modi f i ca_
t i on f or ) , 500 unt il we run i nt o it among t he l iti gati on
r ecor ds of l;luiwi . But even adllll ting t ha t the re were change s of cl i -
ma te or of poli tical organizati on ( the Wa r i conques t , for exampl e ) ,
whi ch coul d have affe ct ed t he or the Ma r chi pe l ago" ,
i t s t ill woul d be interes ting t o modi fy aome of our current archae c-
logi cal pri or i tie s: we could i ni t i a t e t he s t udy wi t h occupations
whos e ethnic i den ti ty has been verified, l ike tho se of Oui wi , to
reveal eventually the antecedent s of t he s i t ua tions des ori bed I n
t he t est i mony or t he l ords of Col l ique or Can ta in 1559 .
56
2) Ethnohistoric steps . of t he mate rial s used
a bove to suggest s Mthird csse" a r e drawn r r om the litigati on recor ds
of 1559 , a classio ethnohi a tori c source . Other possi bili ti es are
not excl udsd .
The S8me court r ecords quote many ot her wi t ne s s es, s ome
Af r i cans and othe rs from Europe, who had a stake i n t he a rgument .
Even the Andean testill:ony r-eac nes beyond t he t hree ethni c groups
quoted above . Finally , one can l ocat e cons iderabl e pUbl ished and
manuscript evi denceS? deal ing wi t h t he peopl es of t he Chillon
valley at about t he same t ime , but where the f amili ar li t igants
i n quite diffe r ent cont exts and somet i mes arg'l e an unfami _
liar point of view.
I will begi n wi t h the testimony of a f ourth ethni o group,
t he GIl&r.cayo or GIl&ncull o, 5
8
reei (l.er.tlI or t he u tile val ley , only a
r ew l eagllee away f r om the coca_leaf croves i n di spute , One of them ,
"don Piego
M
Ch\ll!lbiqlli by
M has heard it f roll! hie eldere an d t he 01<:1
t hat t he s a i d (l..d not bel ong t o either
t he I n<:li ane of Can ta or t hoee of Cn. call a
t o the yunga . who ha(l. had them an(l. owne(l.
an(l. t hey alwaye had dieputee wit h the
I n(l.1ane of Chacal l a about t he l a i d lande
until t he entry or t he ynga " ( r r , 119v, 119
..
Anothe r , Caxallau x8 , whos e t e&t i mony is i n confirmed t hat
"befor e t h e l o..... land I ndI ans who live i n the
t owards t he "ea . came . . t z.e r-e wa s 8 Chief and
lord called Chumbiqulbi [ no t to be conf us ed wi t h
' don Di ego' , above] t hey ..... ere all the same [peopl e)
and wer e called yunCas .
of
was a l owlander and 'lowland an cestry
and wa s a lord in his own r i gh t who ga ve cotton and
cooa-l ea f and maize and other t hi ngs as tri bute t o
a l ord cal l ed and t hi s lord rul ed til lS
l an d [all t he way) to t he s ea .. . " t r r , 191v-98v) .
Fi nal l y , "don Luis" Zacal l a , l eader of Guar aui , 60 added t hs t
" t he j ur i s di c tion of t he l owl ander s wa s kept spa r t
f r om t hat of the highlanders of Canta and the domain
of the l owl anders reached above t he t own nOW cal l ed
Qui bi , t wo l eaeues hi gher , to a place cal led Chuqui -
coto . " ( f f . 190r - v) .
Early cont rol of t he coca_le af groves Up- r l Ver by t he coas tal
pol ity a t Col l i que is thus confirmed by t he hlstoric as
wel l as sugseateo by rue a r chaeol ogy . SUll , tile origi nal que s t i on
whi ch l ed me t o on t hes e mate rials _ WSs Qui wi oontrol l ed
f r om t he coaa t , on a ' ver t l cal archi pelago ' pat t ern ? - has no t been
an swer ed. Since i n 1912 we coul d not ass er t that the " tribute" of
cotton or coca- l eaf turned over by Qui wi t o t h e l ords c f Coll ique
waa s imply t he normal t r affi C between t wo of t he same s ocie ty ,
let uS apprcac h t he ' ar chipel ago' f r om anot her di r ection.
One of t he non- AI'Hl ean wl tnesse s l nt er vi ewed dur i ng t he di spat e
wee Rodr 1go , who was al r eady a on 14 Oct ober 1559 when he
t ook an oath " t hat he ha d f r e(j,uentl y been t o t he au d l an :l. s of c;:,..i bl "
whi l e et11l a slave Of Fr anc i s co de
" aoon af t er t hey ki l led t he mar qui s don Frar. ci eco
Pizarro [1541] he went t o t he ea1d lands ami 8IIW
t here col or,i ets sent from Chacalla and col oniste
from Cant e whc were t here , all mi lCel1 t oget her "
( f . 23v).
I"" 27
f' e r.r: e.l r.ot BCc"pt . . f ..c t t Ile U' f,l. c.tlor. of <liIJorJ.er
1n t he '1:. 1X. "'. .... p' (....hU t y of <t ne ,.ttle.r:. ent . ....1\.11. \ n e::: or vIL1 ..:.1l:le
In t .niB Vlry .arly t " U lkor.y 110 U..II. \ cotto n ; ,;nl ou:d. lItton le .;r o:.l;;C
"orr l Fra l l nt i n t he ce clO-l.uf . ilO <t n l:.ul n t"1r.C'1 011t U e r l , t nr fre:::
t il.orlr r el p. c't l v, n'.. el a1 , wmcn unlOn Cl. t ne .. r o..l ..l Ct1vlty of t :le
gardenl . M ol t ney wr. ra not al one I 10 from ;; '..I11raUl tee t H i e' l :
't nB h.. ", 't he of t ni e
lerd t nl Y ea. l l d lULl of t hem liurv1 vaJ. kr. J.
t r.ell. weI'.. er,..:-.U" U <,l aZ". o yHlIi ro e<l of f all I r.lli -
....,s 0 n ot "oJ l "u"" I""':' 10ae t " el r l :.noJ " w
( I . 1';Il rl .
':'n.e 111I..i.l t ....eo.. 1O use e f " rel .. u,.0L11 f a n::. oy t .. o
"enel:ly" etllnl e (roup8 , ,,1.. .. tne clllll'.oJu!<tir.e preaence of II. 'tt.:. r.>. .
lIIua t have II t ruCk an ",Uen c be e r-ve r- lI"e ,ien iiodr i go all a r ll t lle r
"m1xed_upM f1 e t t1ement . Tna a ctuul f1 nll r i nr ef trl " ac r-eage a t
.. a ll e ven more t hun he t no......ntl Cllxal llHl x" t est1fled. t i13'L
t he n .. e r-e
- l o..lan.;i co1on15tll " en t t y 1;nt! nat :l. vell e f tnl ll r-e-,
t.l;r. wil e r?r.'ur.e.J H. t nes e l anj" " III ch "oor-.:e r
or. t nes .. of r.wtr. cayo I&li l t Il3s e of H.e Seeoa Il.'l<l.
t :.at Ull ,otl.... ;! y.. ..yo Jmuu.>: a re Ir. voeee l""d,; 1;1:-
s nl ll nearby .,.0. t he &a l;1 I nol ans f rom c..nta
also oor <:l t r en t ile 1",, <:111 of ;;", i. Cl ani [ l l ve) In
ethe r fi e1.. u "" u rn nl, (I. t ee n 01' te. e ll<lid l owl un d
Ir.Jians " f 1:0111<: 1.1 .." . " {fl . 1:av-l 25ri .
>lhat 41:1 this II tn. lOa on oorllt rs
w
/!l eW". t o WI tneln,ell
a t t fl e t u: of t <l.e :: .. ro,,"&T. II'V" a I OI1 " '<1".<:1 nO" had t hea..
OoNerB
w
beer. ae t "! I:.... "r. IIUPP'08 1r'll' _ ' hil t e"' eo. e tnnle ;;roup ment1 cnt ':
In t n. l l t1t:at10n oa3 It. O"'ll e.. t" rJ.31 e-...J t ur.. , "e woul"
a_I t careful /I1I j "rot rac t "., I! XC.. Vlou or of r ue t ern \ ce a an.t
i n ols pute eerere "e eO\ol l <l no.. e t o ><Z'.l1 r ,,:.Cn J.:.nr " ' l e
aOme prel i mi na ry llonelu.. l en " (' D. .."r- rhfl1;" l . ... f: UIr.l rIF. tnnt tne t -
neli ses conve.Vl! u SC'.," of t ne ,,18t orl.C ""'1"'" n;" . orl t:1nai1y t ile
coca-leaf nau " l>e l ollt, l!<l " t o 'tOne", ,, of -" " 0 , ... t 1I0lll a pe i.nt
\>e fe re t he rierlzon , nll '>' t:le t errace" t he

. ..e n ,t . "'"... r.,: t"" OJ 1; n" Wrl. '." r " f t l<"C;;l l i 6,..
.ery ea rl y on , it mus t ha ve t nl s r i ver dl d
no t t o t he al one :
" ' nell t he ..a te rs dl d not :rl o.. 10 the sai d r-rver- of
of droaght . t he Ind1ans of Cants and
t nos e of t oe a ent 10ned l ord [ o:r Col11que] would Get
t oge ttle r and lOOul.d open sOClie lues .. hi eh a n> :rol"ll: ed
from the anO" t hat fall. up i n t he mountains . They
cade thia water eoce t he aai d r iver
of Quibl. ( f . 2<l6r l .
We aa" above , from t he s t udy of Cas e I (the grove.
of Chineha o or t he s al t l icks of Yanscachi) and Csse II (oas es of
Sams , If. oquegu.a or Ll uta l ths t faraway resources had t o be s hared i n
the l ong nm .. i th ot he r ethn i c Sroups , A vari e t y of eeologi oo-poli -
tical pr... urea were e l<e r ei.e' d on whoev er .. a s the fi rl t t o establish
t he out l i ,ra. The of t he 10.. l and l ord. of Col lique . quoted
above . t hat of the Cant. and : t he fi rs t . whO
well have been t boae .et up t he garden had t o gi ve i n
and Bha r e the irriga t ed Boi l in .. i ..ith t he highlanders .
It t o . , e 1n t hi s quarrel beyond
or... core t r l bal conque s t . Even a f t e r t he lo.. lande rs gave i n . t hey
did nOt loa, t heir t o t he co tton . and t he f rui t .
The bord ers draMa up ra wi t hi n Qui.. i - t he ae t t lec ent .. oul d
apec i f y whi ch !Yr r o hat t erraces and ho.. much i r r i gat i on .. at ar
.. oul d go t o ,ad: ethnic group 'harl r.g t he given acol 061e t i er. Pree
tima t o t i me the i' arti tion i. al te rad of tl!mporary hagemonha
( t he I nka f a vor , d the Yauyu, tha Eur opeans the Cant s ); pe ae . 1n t he
cooa_l eaf COWl t r y was alwaya a tensa ail d pre cari oua truo, . Yet t here
wa a ord ar and purpoae 1n t he comp, t i t i on . At any gi v, n period , al l
wer e f ami l i ar wi th aaeh ot har 'a r i Ghte .. ithi" tlta , srd, na. Ae one
Andean witnaae cor.mante d whan a.k.d t o a, t prie. f or Qui"1 1
I f t hay war a hi. , h not 6iva t hee f or
8Il:ount of !rooney or ar.,y oU.a r t h1r.g ha :::'a:ltt be
6i van
p , 29
ce ee I '; : l .. r ,' e cc.. sv.l f.lt.,. JC1:. E,
tf t ile t hird case r e sel: bled t ile fl re t Sl nc e i n both we
aealt _it n amal l ethnic and tne1r e tnnic out lier s , t he
fo "rth may be El ald t o match the ee ccno, \.;uch as the Lupaqa , t he Nort h
coaa tal f requently powe r f ul politlea , wi tn popula-
t i ona 1n the hundreda of lf t he se were a r ohipelaeos
a t all , t hey pol nt ed i n the OppOSl te dl rectlon: t he lrri
6at
ed
val l eys , l l ned up perpendl cul ar t o t he ?&,cl fio o.oas t , harbored
nucl el downr i ver will I e thei r col onies , lf any , would reach t oward
the CO r dlllera s and beyond. Sepa rated by s t r e t che s of de sert ,
these groups r epea t edl y l nc or porat e d i nt o l a rter , mul ti-val ley
and contederat ions , - of l ocal or or i c i n. We re
t iley a rcnipel860S ?
The answer is MO, l t lt were a mat t e r of ga r risona
up-ri ver , cont r oll in& t ile canal aya t ems or t he narrows
a bove t ilem. l rri gati.m being lndi spt'nsa ble f or large_scal e agr i cul _
t"re on the North Coas t , nyd r a ulic Installations woul d encour86e
tne bui l dl ng of defens i ve works , hi gh up on the river 's course .
Suc h gar r i s ons .ere par t of h.ydraullc t e cl"onol ogy and not peripheral
- i al ana,, ;- " e know t hat n ee aT.:i 8ain hlgnland s tatee c oul d brir.g
coas tal pol i t l es t o heel by of f t ne wa te n des cendi ng
from t he e l a ci ers , Tne pre sence of s uch coastal garrisons up- r i ver
ne i t her s uppor t s , no r weak sns the probability of cOUt al archipe-
l&os .
I n 1972 we a r e a t l 11 unabl e t o verl fy t he presenc e in t he
il. 1gnlanos of percanent outliers wnlch would allow coas t al lOrds
direct accese t o pa sture s , ooppe r ore, PA;ak an cha fo r t helr t ubera,
or coca-lea f , honey on t he &astern The
evidenc e s va l l abl e today doe s no t pe rmi t s aSJertion t o thi s
e f fect Md t he f oa r t A ea se remains nypot he U esJ. .
W. st 111 l . ek 111 pr1:ary ecur-c.. f or n .e l'o r t". Cout
l ike t he li t igation or inepecticn prot ocols eited .bove , Jet t he re
i s hOpe f or . : he 11ttl. th. t t he . y. w1 tne.e
aeeount s by Ci e za , Cab, l lo VI l boa or Calaneha hav, t e offe r has
b" n eombed and it nes da no elabo r a tion here .
- -._- --
p jo
To I:j\lo te I. Unt;h PlltHlI.(; t f rllll. ClI.cc':'.l.o 'l Nl oo rt , . 1'1 ' 1'\ t n. 11'"';".. n ilto'
..a. nOrtr.W:lT.3S,l t "If. t c: o..r '&t;eo",1. ..... :1 r eal ltnr:c, "
:.n C.. ; _..::. rl: l. , .1101.. l a d .ll bU.t for ill <l. !r= t n. a1r,.; er Cr.lt. .. :
lLT.:J Cnao C. ......e , ..1; 0 . .. "...11)' r-e..'l)
t or .....r . pnlVlc.e :1 " 1t r. .. ! l&.T r.=ber c!- ,cl-
ou r ::'011. ca;tal1; ..II. I II. Cr av, 10;.1\:1, lil a o..-r.
b..t , "entaol ly t n, y ".r. :1.r tl:1
( Ca eello \' w bo, & . III , en . XViI 11 . 317 1.
;';vl n .lon 1lll0, ,Uh.nce B Jo not 1l'\.11 cflte
pTtaenea af 1 0 01 0 6 1 1: c:oc; ;lhlT.ent llr i t l . It.i t t :l' Y !" Il,)' poi r.t t o II. T1i;l cT.,
Chiml,l_CaxlUll llrcl , nil an ar-ee, or pI l'l\Ul l bl r eea t-cn ,
t o Julio C. '.' . 110, t Ole re:ntion be t w.." n the
Nor tn Cout IlZld t he tl.i.;."llanul 1r.l!,eul a t ely East " fll ;ul.lbte rltl.
AlthO'..Igh 'rello Sd/t.1tt e<1 t nh t " the ou.!m1 n u. t ior. of ccunt r y " agnc...l -
t ....Tal can be OCII U''V. <l or. tt. e Coa " t , ne a rG\' e:1 t :lut
.. l l t ne cu.l t lOrell e t N r.., &101"":: t ne Ill!SlmOre lo r e
me re br ar.cne ;; :If tnl of t l:e i.r;:1ee )
&rtl! or 1al l nn , Luc nl . e re
I l t"er :l1 r ec t l / or ina l rectl , f r= tne c .>.1 t "ree
or tt.e ;";'rd.Qor. or f r<L {no te ..
I f . ..on 01 cor. flr:ooeoJ . .. Ofen a
pa r en thea l l 1'0 .. s lol ., n o. t ..... co", t tol vlIl l eys " eople "
oy lU' ..r.de>m nll c lt, .. " t h e L:,ul. -lIr, . Tn la " o-uoi "J;J, ,ye t tLr. o t ne r
na t ion t o ne i" \la un..ie r llt" n <l tile f 1 o'.." r 1nc:- .11",1 n:l-1'. r.E10r.
of t ne Rar1y 1 1e.. ve t h i S res .,arcll ni.r. t in t " e r,and ll
of tne
Shi f u r-o; t o l " l.er perllN8 , we .11"''' 01 t ne ueee r-t i cr, of
and. r a-ue ,1IUcn1 ., n (19';'1 ) trw l. H ' tnr t:>ITe .."r1lel' l. 8 l."t; es of
of t ney f owl'i e c r .. 1" t:' c" wIH,
t n o s e o f til e :-lortll Co.. Or.l;,' t h" c(: <o.a t ..-ne ll: va " ..<t t y t:t..
iUg hl=den o f t ile j" l'oU C .rc r-t ecn, t , rt peue tr-e re t n.. Ca;unare"
r e gI on ..-i t r. t""",
,,,. a i lle. __ .... o.. l e l rc.oo tr U"rtr. ';:o. MO."
t-ro-..v' t " l tn t1:eRl VI_rl o_<, c",,," lal . 1t I S
.. t Ci l'lliA" SOO N" I !' . 0' .le .. l _I t'; ..
R111:l'>. t l on <1 , ' to. O: li' tl<r,y OGR<! ""lIt
.:'\
on, oloa. r rel at i on.
b. tw. en t r.o of and
- they do no t e= t o h.ve ever ha d any gr . a t ImpJ r _
t an ee ar. d in no e. ae do t hey r eprea er.t a
delcent or t he popul. ti on ( pp. 481- 82) .
: h. arrar.ce :.nt of th.a. : a t erl al e al : ew! ne
t heir we carr-ot
hew ext enl ive t tle: ent l cay have be en, nor hew
enclav e. hav e in
: he point ed al . o t o the ce:;le=enta ry
or eol en i e. on t n. Coa. t , dat.d af ter Cnavi n
;re- I rJc.&1
Thi a deae rvee mor e a t tent i on than I t haa r eceivedl
if the =odel of m\ll t1-ethnie "ill. ndl" 8llalyzed i n t hue ; Il&ea ;:: re_
va i l ed alao in t he a rea , t he ment i one d by
t he Rei chl e:'" could. r eprea ent t he poa tul. ted u ttlelLent pa t tern.
Going now beyond ar chaeology , 1n s ltUl tion whe re the
wn tten SO\lrce. I " lIinll':al , 1t t o llr-eJ i e hc

and ethnograph1c da t I , even when these are f r ag=ent a ry .

=he eVl dence f or t hl l regi on has beer.
by Rowe (1946) anc:l Rl vet (1949) . Her e 1 will 1111li t Ilysel f t o .e. t trlo. ct
t he a ttenttOn o f the r-ee de r- t o an obe e rvat ion of Fernando de l a
Ca r r era , b7 who i n making a lil t of t ownships _e r a t he eo. et.l lar. -
g\l&ge wae 8poken 1n 1644 1ncl ude l fro= t he CaJama rca
Santa Cru z, Rep08 , San de 1. Sierr a and San alsO t ne
of t he Jo: a r ai'lon r er ee , Cachen and othe r t owne 1n t he pr cvr ncee
of Guambos whe r e t ne sa id l an..-uaji;e i s Ilpoken an.r.'fuany ot he r s ln t he
. "
mounta1ns euch a 8 t he val l ey ef Condebamba ( 1'1'. 8- 9) .
C1t i n;o t ile .... ork of C;. rcllall o, Car rera explalr,ed tnee e
coloni es a e be1ng of I nka or lC1n:
t ook t nem t o t he highlande keep1n& them as
nOltll.fle ll 1n t owns . ever Blnce t ile)' nel d
or. t o and al t hou&h t hey kno-
t ile hiGhlar.d [language ] they ape ak t he1r more
freq.. ent l y

Tra' late '1",o1.e .l b)' C.. r r-e re, coul ci be ve nfled by
excava t 1n
b
a t t ne he SInce I t IS not i&COnCe lvsble
1. nat even In t ne r e Was I n the
of coa s t al a. by t he ae l chl e"a.
Cont e",po:-s r y and recent has been used by Ant o_
nlO kodr!glJ.ez S... (l9b9) . U81 ng t he netwo:k of f a i rs t hat
eXI sted as l a t e aa 1940 , centered on Si c bal in t he vall ey of
itod r !glJ.e z ..u.gge &ts tns t in the pa st t he r e used t o. be "an l nte r -
r eGi ona l thro\J.6h the dr a i nage s of Si ncicsp and Ot uzco"
whl Ch f a Ci l itated t he exchange of hi ghl and and cos tal pr oduc t s .
On his p. 151 , fl
b
2, he offe rs an "ecologIc lI<a p- on ""IHCh he s ke-
t cne s tne 8cope of - . pos s i ble SOC lo-econ0Q1C nd ean rel at I on under
t he cont ro l of t he Cn,"'''' wh1ch 5fons oreci 8
SymbIosis" wi th troe ne1gnbo r l ng hi ghl ands ( p. 143) . Such a
can be explained ut il1z1ng and .il T*tOT,T move.ents
(Antonio Kodr ! glJ.e z) b\J. t 1f our concern I S wi t h tlmes ,
ar. alternate i nt e r pr e t at10n i a no t e xcl uded.
The t r affi c be t ween coast and highlanda i n the r egion of
Case I V at tracted the a t t ent ion of Paul Kos ok (1965) , whos e pos t -
WOr k on the No r tn Coast i s f ul l of s ugeea t i cns f or f ut ure
r e searcn. Noti ni C1eza ' a observa t i on tnat the peopl e of
-exchar..,e a t nlt.ea w11. n t ne h1Ghlande rs" ( Blo: . I , en. l xvii ; 1947.
p, 418 ) . Kos ci< f on:ul ated a '1u..ati on whi ch eeeae unaVOidabl e if one
lr.qulrt! s aoo1.i t >.ndellll econolCi ca ; 1f t he t wo ge OlT*phic ZOneS
Mea ch d1a t inct raw ",at eriala ar.d
gool1s , a condl t1on t hat undoubt, dl y
led t o an exter. Sive exchar-t:e be twee r. t he
twO regl onl wny dI d of t he chroni c_
l era f a i l to d' i cribe of t hi s t r ad. Or
ment i on ths t rad.rs , (p. 99) "
'Xhe answ. r Koao k off ers to h1a own " ulltion i s usefll1
u nc. ha bellina by a.parat i ns t r a dl f ro.::. oth. r f Ol'll:1 of t r aff i c ,
Ye s , t.. a's . t il. r . ... al traf f i c tr", t r.ot al l Itovell'.enta of goodl ar e
I f or sxa::pl s, ean be earl1er, can oOlx1n aT.d
::: &y ev. n rsplace t rade . Ps r aonall" I woul d 10 ev.r. f .rti:lrl in Itar.y
p , JJ
pre- capi tal i lt eo cl . tl , of t he on. locia l
ge.nt t o anoth. r through of r.c iproc1ty, r . 4i .tri but l on
or trl but not An .li.n obl. rv. r can .alll y
of t t.l abovi proc wi th ba rtlr or tr. OI. o
9
KOl oit not. 4 cothlr unu.Y&.l f act , t hl. tu:e frolt tro.
;c. n c.nt 'J.l'1 , but Tlhrrir-e: t o an oral tra4lti on t o . illch w. t-..d
no Icce 111. larli er . 0ur ce.1 Calancha ( Booit I II , ch. ii )
tilat t h. r. b. 4 b.en 6, 000 I ndiar ho - pai d tribut e- bri r-e:ins gold ,
.ilv.r, coppe r and other hIGhl and pr Oduct Th. f i \olr e of l ix
t ho'J.s and m.y 11 bl . xagger a t ed , but t he " bri nging- .voked a
t.lling lluut10n fr om KOBOill
" . nO chroni cl lr me ntiona the Chlmal a s h!lvi r:..:
oominU"d t err i t or y i n t he a r er-re e ,
I n t he l ight of t hi . , how oould t h.y obt a i n
from t he Si . r ras 1" ( th. at r' l s i . i n
t he or 16i r.a l ) .
The l ate histo rian ' s SOlution t o t hi s t o
luggt tha t - t ile rul.r ha d a t rade tr. a t y WIth hi s Si erra
alli" s - (ltr ... in t he OTl:u.al) ; pruUl:1&bl y t he t ook
plac" wltnln t hl.
can think of AnOth. r .ol ut ion : t h. r a. traffi c and
" xchange bet en the hI ghland. and t h" coaa t , but t hi . t ook place
unliung p.nr:an.nt per i . her al col oniea . " t up t n t il. hlc;ill ands
by coas tal polHlI l . I can even contempl a te t he pOl u bili ty t hat
highland 10Cl l t i .1 nad t hei r own outli.rs on t he coal t and t ha t
t he t wO aet -upl funct ioned l i mu.l taneoua l y Tnl! t o-and-fro 'toOK
placl! withl n a gaven s ::!lt l!m , a lIngl e macr o- or,gRllll'atl On of people ,
s pace and r.s our oes. Such an explanation woul d KOl ok's
n on , quoted above , and . ould . xplai n why t il" European eyewitnes se!'
coul d find no me r chant a or marke ts , deapi te t ile I nCI! . ...n t t raffl c.
Case V st<>l11 ethnIc c rours , WIth t h. Ir nucl .i H I
t n. wlna &Kl t . TTl alopel , apparfntly w1 t ho" t
arch l pe}agOI.
Thl! f our cas l!s above ba ve I n an
) 4
r eat lOre l in e l.l on. 1I01l 1 01.: 1 C t ile "o - c" l l ecl ' a r cn1-
pel ago' . 1e n !' oui oh e xp11<l'\utton or obuer vecl n c ul nr i tu8. I n
con t r al t , tnl f 11 tll il a r.1' llt l. ve i r.l, t t<r. cel t ue 1r.I.' ICi tlmtll cl tnl ed
lIa vir.G Wly IIcc n . t o r elo:. rc ell O'J. tIUQ" t tlll l '
tne re we re <m I y ;:> 00 lIO"wenol l1u i r. t ha e t hn1 c
l oollt eci in tne yun qa of Ll.I r nz , i n t he va l l eye Sonqo .
The ine., ec ted in Ayrr.a r l'
OOIl'.ell t o our attention cOI. tro11l1<1 e xeene i ve ccc..
grovell.
70
Q;L ven t llll e uey cOllvert ib1l l t ,Y of u.c 1111<1' cn t ile
and t he s t r ong er.-.oti onl4l Iit t",c,llLer.t . t coca ll.cq",ireJ " 1'.01'-
I:IOU8 i mpor t ance i n trle col l.'lildl n:i.llir.C e conomj...
71
F.r. 01 eS5 M.Our.t !J
of pa perwork in tne ""rcr.i vce i t a CJ. l t.l'l"tl O!". , p.roauc t i vr t y ,
oeci 11a t 1onll l.n pr ioe Imd cue des il'8Qllity of it& '..I.e e . In cont rast
wi t h the l i tie a tlon a t Qui\Y i , whe re tile dlsp"'te , at r ea ee on t ne
eurrece , wa s be t wee n Ano. ean Crou.,s , i n So:'!'!. " tile qUIlr re l rnvca ve a
Eur opean5: t ne nea r -a of a not ee encor:Jendero , tl. e 10ea;' off10i ,,1
(oorrecidor) and t he royal court (the euu t enc r al ,
115 tne i n5pec t i or. of the '{ac,""" , lr.ent l Oneo. I\ cove
i n Case I , ttle inspeot or s wen t f ro," t c wn t o t own 1U"l..i fret l noue e to
house . A.ltno\lt: n ttle lllu:.le t.<l S1<rvc ye .l ", e r e qlolt." and tne .,,, opl e
i nvol ved we r e few , t tle r ecord cc ver-e Jr. ere tnun u tncusanu j)&l;es .
Tais refl eots , in pa r t , t ne repor-t ance ef eo02- 1 N.f ",nen compar-e e
by t he !>'uro"eana wr t.n or ee r- ere-I'll O'..l. t trlI' Oilll r te& of corr t<pt. o"
;-",ga inst tae flrst l ot of Ttle AWile' lci a or'l e red a a eccn<i
i nspection I n 155-; ar.<i tile new llur ve:.o r 5 or o.l{; ht b:J.ck new ..
For t una t el y , we llIlVe our ;:1 12.;0.. 0.1 hot h eee can CO"' I'"re
tnelr
;. '101'(1 oout t ne dat i r.", ot- H.e '''' ve ",l
incluJed in t tlC ';'" e s.e t "'Hl """te l' 15,,:0 f er t nt> Y"cnr:
unO. Cnupaycll"' ; - t oe l,.up.. q,q _ a re conteL'pOr"l'.c o'.
But t ne..., are slOlific"r.t dlffe renc.. ,, : til" cn=;; es H e te" 0:"
La sine.. 15}CS , w.'Er. the r;"rOl'eLllS f 1r s t pe net r'l ted toe
were more pr ofo=o. elsllVlfle r e . il r ae tl <: <:n"ncell oocu rred
out t ne nn<i es ; 1-n li01ne places , notabl y t ne m eOlls t , t he pOFc;-
1atlon was co",,, let.ely f;OI.E bi l ':H,O. :'r.1'.I." '.... re r. ot "II J.: sas t r c,. e I "
the coca- le,.f ur cvce , but t,'e cr :,'" l eaf in
I ' ;;
" ,_ 1. ' <: ' ; .,., . : ' ." '1' .". """ I '. ' '' ' : 1,.,, 1 0' " t u",t " \ "e . ,: , .-
,. , 11:1' .: ." ., ,,, ,. , "re "", , ' " tt'..
" ''' ' ' ' ., 'I. ,",, " ' _; . / . 1,4. ' " "..,. " .:. , 'W'<" " 10 I n ' * I!:e;.
- .. , _, ..., .. l i . : .r .::. ' '' , ,, ; _1- t "" I. ..
.. ": : J : , .... " " , ': c: ,: "j '. l l. <UP. \ r..r. ..
1" 1'" ' ' ;' I'l l , I I f ,,,,,, .. .. ..' "" Ic: e n,.. .. ..,
t I"" " " 0' : ' .-:" h""l' ;! i>-... H . ;;" t n , r f l cclr. i nt; 110<"1";
; , ... 1 t a t, .. ', t f SF-"U1 u. r 11J
"" ' " nQw ' I,\' .r H., .r ..1f ' . anll. t r lrt(
t"ol .n" t,. 1.1, .. kJ:j J: otat c:r ll
" ... ... "
>Il l .. ll \.110 r,ll.' 1!I1nc: t
"t.,,, , lto,k.. IIot, " d I..' e r r o:' t t o pl ant t to... 111111.
[ . c "c: ':.. 1"" 1, t-t .t rt1 J b. fou I f f. 221 v-
tetl t h .g,.y 1.JrO f " "111 .. tin ce nhtlll ecl. by h 1r o
" f' . ...n l nz.. , In" II...i . l.n " 1" ",, <)tl tlf t ne c: h" r c ,", ani
, n nu .. Cll" t J.l ll'l1l wno .. ,,,: 11!.C' .1111lr wi,th t nt r 'I:10n f or
' ..-t n t ;, t .. t "" :0 fe r " l . _!!t fo",r C! r f i vll 'yea n
,,'Ie t an" ... .... ; n . 'sue n,.l on t!or .... \1. he
Ilr.o*_ .. \ .,1tIriUr V...y " ere ""7 J: 0o[' . ncl. t ".l
,1<." " , I! It. } / 1" ." , ..II t nt y do u::1 t h.., h.r-
'a c t I. " '" .. t i ,'. n llf{Vlll til e S".nl :,r;. e
" " , .: '.. .. I Lt .. lrt l .. . ( r ,' 1 1)
. . :', t c. ...i ' il ......." ..:. ' . " .. .. r r SCllqO
t n:o l "t t " 'Jt t\r. h/ l"t t t " l"!' ,li ll. n o t CO'" Il
{ .. d Ul l1! ..H II cloln or a.rtJ' flU." r t iur-Sll oo. I f . jOld.
A\t"O.oQl tlnl y 3 3 )' e. , . n.. '" d.pu"- d nc. .. . . U n t
,;rant . '" in t neQLlfn,11l to O.brid 4.. lIoj , t t.. 10.111' ul . ... ha4
n,: ro " o unr l" r UlI lpa.Ucm tn the c: ol onlll.1 f:II. rk. t Il
1 J
,. " -
.."I ... .., 1' t"ey md pl ar.t"" rt ei ue 1n " i be
. . 1n On t e r to p><y " ' H. t t ney owed the ir enco-
'-"'fluero "nj i. t Is a ho,,,t t ..n yea r s s ince t hey
""J pl lU'l t ecl i t . " (r, 3161') .
5"c r, mcr-caee tt,,, t::"r Cacl' t o cocll- leaf was un1('r-
takl' n the " " U ve to and the neignbor ine:
and I:hall:ma "a.. <I '11 lrl c11 po . ',' ;-,e only 1l01" t i on eee.... ed t o be
,:; " t " 10e l:d)or; t ne1r I n to t " e hail pr ofoun d
conseqCl e"ces. co f eucn ni!l!l1:ul" 1eo"le had a l ways bee"
!,1'" Ben t i.r. 50h'10 , outl i e r .. of "l U"lLr.O like t he Lupaqa .
In r i r.,; tile s ecor... 1n8I' e c,;ion , 15t>S/ . t ile pmil's,,-ry s en t by tne court
re.e.c i r. 51r.a co
" col cr,i ;:; t s . Wll C :Jre not " ClbJ"c t t o c bl ieatione
f or tne encomende r oe t:ley ha ve l and whi ch 1S
us'no,e'l to t nenl ana ti... y are subJects of t he
l ON S of ,;nl! pl aces t h,-, y C, W;o' f rom. , . " (f . 5651'.) 74
I t i s lIos",ol" t .1lt t eue presence of eucn hi ghl and eot enr e t e
w.. s tne t n" y .. s ed " ""e n , t ceceee nece euar y t o i mpor t labor
f or tile new Crn v",; :
"t" o ' (nlre] t ile Ile1p of cer-eem I mlianll known ae
".;... rus v;no CO", ,, t o """I''' tue ecce- Leer i s pl anted
and th""e "1''' Jii r ed t o help i n t he ha rvell t and
pu t tin.. 1t ,n c&llke t a and t o take i t out and t he y
"I'll .,ui" 11'1 coc:l-leaf . . " ( 1". 1981') .
"hio;tll'm<.l ers wnc r eeve Lcadeu with very great
b rallne ... l1ll J. .. a llris of cooa _l ea f t hs y carry t he ..-.-
eer vee ena l oad on t o 11lllll!tu ... .. ( f . 2291') .
'.i e OlU'.not teU i n l ':ln if s 'Clo n a cvee ent e and t he
ui n ng of f orelt,n l a llor hltcl pr e-;';UL0t:ean en teceuent. e , Fut ur e s t udi es
l i ;"8 t nose W'lde r tl!.ken by J Ur e: en GOlt l (19701 p , 473- 74 ) wiJJ. have t o
flr.ll out if euoh altenlatl Vee t o t.ne a r chl pl 11t<lo u:htl d i n t hEclI-
h a r Ilarde ne bet' C:'e 1 535.
Wne r e t he re i e nQ dOubt , nor heo1t a t i on , 1e i n the conei s t ent
et", t ..mer. t o cf t ne J. or de of 50r.'1o, t hat t he y di d nc t ha ve llny ho1dlflt; a
I' j ,
1 i .
ua :l ,;" r ,fen!! 01
:;0:. 1 ,, 8 :'ej,orte";'
.. ,; t." f, H " ' '' '
1 ) tIlt (,"T, ."' I," tnl'l r ncme s a,, -i ee vv-.
",,, .. n , t".., ..; rr ", n , l. 'cc , n.:ilze , ''''''' .c,\e n"" fl""l.ll t s.m: "
" t i l l .... cr:t . tl- J'l "" or"lomos" . Sor.-.e of t n..
"ml'1e t " a l eo pot li t oe >, ;
J) at 1'010 J i ll t " nce frOI" n.e resitlencell they s ll
e"en, }I"t c h n'let i ve own nal:l e . Al l hO'Js e-
..
" ' HIIlt;' ene r r- OWII ,;Ur :lenll , e ven t he ynna of the Lor-de ,. " "
...n t i nl: t ile t wo
,;, ,,., wi tne""es <10 no t ' It, r ee e cout the distance Ilepa_
t10>r" . ' ,:.l repe"" ll l nt e r es t pJ lr. t ne reeve clalmed
" t hey were el""e to the i r t Olm s , the,)" ean ge t
to tne ,; roves i n a .lily's .. al k , anJ e ven t hoee
f a ra....ay cr.n be r-eaccec i ll t wo dR:f s . . (f . 268 r).
T" e i r OH,cr-ents ,1l.t\"G, 'e eu : one , .. tre."er , wno Olfliml!' d
'\.n:>.'t i.n t e e C1dnt ,j'l!' urs ne na J known t he l o..
ne naJ neve r- s ee n .... ue r e tne reer V.lI e 1; 1' 0\\r. l f growl' very
far f I' or.J tuee e i.nr.v. bi t an t r, also it .. "s far and
e ven da n,;e r ous : t ;',c t.: r oves were UOVl',, _rlVCr , nea r t he ha bi t a t of
f or es t d''-ielle r s MIO treqacnUy .. ana. Kidnapped t he cul t i vatore .
7
t>
I naVe oeen to Son'!o II few yeu r- e bllck b..t no one knew whe r e t hey had
nnce 6ro"", n.e lu.(.
,,"nt il e r di.l<.eno i e" en '/\fIlieh t here wall controvers y
wer e any r .. acur-ee u tee Son';!o I:"."y ha ve controlled in the highlands .
:>e!'pi t e e ener al <le nh.l!\ , t.ne i nllpec to rs report II s t a t ement b}' t ne
two 10rd>s of Ciudl"n.. wao cenreeeea t nat
" in Chtaoora , whi oh ie II t own nea r Pucar a [Lake
Ti ti cHc,. r e r,l on J. they hnd 1 , 700 head e! Cu t l -
I Han Bnee p whi cn wn. I'lerded by t he u o! ce t e-
oora , ",nom t tle y Jiay i n oooa.lea:!' and t he y had
110 ot he r ollttle be it from Call t ille or o:!' tr. ie
... ( :!' r . 75r-v) .
Tne of t n, .. e eneejl Willi ol a r i fi ed by LluJ.la Ee t e ". , a wi t -
C:l.aCIl>lLl I 1I11 of t r... 11ldu lno of Sonq, o , t ot:'tthe r , " owned"
t ne an1l:<ule )
t..... rra

"to " 1'tn 't" .. nerJ no(; tac) neve a i r ed lor.. lr. :llar.
!rOlL , "UC3rtl ItJ'l 'J "e 1 8 I'ftlU I n eeee- aeer IllHI. t hey
nav.. no :'I Uelr.e. [col" n l &tI: 1 I n t>l .. .lllf')ll ar. ds , nor
d ..e . (I f . 14 t.",_14'tr ) .
of t nl " I S t he eas.e
t of fe re.l f or t tle .. r esence 0 1 I n t ne lWl g,a hd pu'll: o"t
., i t o t.r.e leAf t...It ,,I t,,O... t lI .. ttllne; 11'", t he prelleuri' s 0 :
t "e L.. -roi' ean l:;lIrket eco no.ooy . 6.J.t .ner e 1 cannot prove t hi s In t he
case of t ne ell t::rf'_"\ t nerveeee ee , f or tile ch eep a t Catacora "e nave
t ne t elltlmon,y of Il wi t nes :I ,:er.enlll j nCBtll e t o t he s cnqc cause :
" t,le rer ce of :;onCjo Iillll. toe otoe r t own. , IIllve <' , 000
C'l8 tl l l i nn anee p ... nren they were eree eeu t o t "ke by
i,loii" l\11.a ae ver e e e e ( tl.e not.ne r of t ile encomendero ]"
( f . j 02V) .11
Si nc e tl. e ne rc a t l:tl tllcoru ..... r.ot t nel r own i de.. bllt an
I nvell ta. ent t.,)' dUM "".. , 1 Ilue.:eet _e .. ccei-t t n" IlCcuMlc,)' of
Sonqo 0411l1Je of t nelr nouse and t oe coca-leaf
i: rovell l.aa no " ccellll 1,0 otn"r ero" s , r.or t o L"'I1 ot !ler ,geo,gra_
,;!HC tle !" . I t . aB t nil> .. of \t,e t hat
Coe t o u : el ", J," : i1 r:::l ner e , uS .. f ltti, ceee , I ."'B nop l r..:; f or B l1l:::1t8_
:tor. to tn" ...::IJ,,1-
nO. 10 elt "l alr. "t IU.., Bc""nc", ?
" I' rdill.1 r:ur i ot.ll ervBtl or, : t i:r nuelei B"rve,)'el1 tf t he
t or e of CII. Be w .. er-e al l loeOl."t8l.' 11. t nc : .e.IIl tern lowl andt , t he hUlll i 4
y::r.q(\, Ir. Ill l t ile f uu r I' r e n ouo C..Bt lll , t Ai s ti er WII.B oO!lt rolled
fl'om ..1 t uout . h ' t ne r- e " 1"1 r efl ," on ...ny r,....cle i native t o t hi 8 zone
cou.l", not or " er e 1I0 t l. n>;e ret ted 1n con t r ol l ll\l r n ouren els elVhBr e "
tnt' II.r.B.. e r or anBWBr o t o t hi t 'iue-e tlOn _ill be delay e:!. 8ineB
t r.e J Bt a u ove r tnt r oll! of t he Bl opel i n t ht l1evelop:;ent
or ,.r"h an c1v111 r.aUor.a n.a r.o"t "'tn reUl vBI1 .
76
II:Bar._hll I
woo,;.l:i 11k" t o or r t r a !'l....t1blt but ve ry lilt1Ud u plar.aUor. or
Cuet V. It hat u.r. ot n" r Sor.qo . 01411 10" 1U u :c.p-
tlonal , r."'ClIUVt poai t i on ta rt 1n t"crau J ir. t h" "nll'a.1 Ar. <laan
!,a n " rr" OU>; l l r., \!. a bove .
t ne ovee
rc " I: .ver. of
, .
abi li t J of
t askets cf coeb-leu;' ,
t "" " ' " Fee t er ''' " .. : e;i tile r ":' (1'l en', r t "" k "n'i t " t ,\ey had
,; i ven t,\e :tnl;" ' " ','"c ,.l ,n ' ''''',.r. t " ut t t' er- <le t "i ls bu t there r e
c vcr,tl l
"1..,, <\ 1. H. yu,; " tlm..s t "or '1 of s cnqc we re ll:any more
1r.oi"",:: til " t r i b lte they gave h im i n any one
ye"r " er C tell r ""an aeo" of eoc"_.l e..r , each guanacc
..cu'l u <>'1 otout t i,ree bask"t" , and e'l ec t hi r t y
" "COS of coca- lsa :' ur.<.i- " e,en poco is about a eee -.
11'1 1. and,. "aIr c.nd oleo 1.0 ledtOE of co ca-l eaf
w"l{' n wue >l bo'''- t n oeoxe i e of t he ki nd now i n use
' al ;:' t ni l' tney f;uve t o ti, .. I n an.Y &i ven year
.. t t "" t, m.. w" "n he s ent wor ,1 as ki ng f or it and
It " a Ll to hE '0)' t he of don
C'lllt i , t ile pr i ncipiI Lor-d !t1ld t hey
cur- r -reu ). t t Co Pcona wr.i ci". t e t hr ee league e r r om
i,;;l<.lq" i ,.lJo [ 1." " n'lt.',e of La :Paz ] and mese who
owed t r i bute i n t hone days were rrom twent y t o
fo r ty " ( f . 72r) .7'J
;,'ner e 111 t rion no QO'J- bt aoout tne link he t ween Sonqo and
t ne 1ma state : tiley mm<.led over co oa-leaf , in kind and i n l arge
'....lIm ti ti ee . tlc,t "N" know t hat me r-e wae no " t r i bute " I n ki nd
i n t nat econom.y
1
80 t "e r evencea of the CUllCO nlltllt eeee from the
Ilcr eace wni cn in alici, r eo;ion waa a i r ene t ee aud cultivated fo r t hi s

p",r;l0eo . 'rha' l",c81 ni1ni c pr ov i ded tneir enlltrgy but OWIlt<1

no t nine rrce own llir<i erl t neir tra.;!Uional lor.;!. continued
In lIaminutrlltive cll lLrglit and apparently oontinue d. t o have a con l
to t na of tneir arcnipelaeollt . I n addi t ion, tnl
stBt e nttfl!ljltea to cnate new etllU r l Vlnun t hr ough Inginuring
worka t erra eee anJ irrigation canal. , tran.r.rr i ng peo ple
Into nlW r egi ons ar.do i mpor ting un hmlli ar rllouree. , l1kl OM l l1d
r.ITdo, t o newl y i r.corpO rlt,tll1 ,logr npn i 0 tilrl .
" ._, ..
' , l V" " !-r:.,,,eW01'J; . l:-"f "t t.: """ " (an:i 10
,.. ""C;:,:",'1.10n "' 11 ,,' 11 1''' 'l u i '''' '' 00 1. 11 nr ",.", ,, ol o.:; i cul and doc..ll:J er_tar:,'
ve r-rt'r cnt r cn) I s t n"t t ne coc"-l "" ( CI-o"Je& of were s tat"
Ill an t >l t 1on8 ; 1. " " 200 no"e"noills na <t c"en ,,",Il oat U"r of Cus co .
u st"t " l.IlEt><ll"d an.1 " ".IUnist En' ,1 frorr. the capi tel .
aoee not jJI-ccl ,...de til" >,o"si bl l"t; of the In:Hlbl tanto ce ln,;
na ti ves of t ne a r en , f-.t.L11iar ,n th l t r, ccnca t rcne and wltn lar,; e-
" ""I'" cultivation oJ f t ne len!'. l;atives Or ne W"olr,"rs , i n 1532 they
we I''' creatin.: r eVen" e" fo r t he l r.ka , unue r- much the SMe
conu r t r one ,-<3 .:;ove n,e d tICe eo tablisr_"t.ent of ecus e not oe r r ee
Cl.IlICO in ";; ; e .l\.4nuco r-cgaor;.. I na ve :J. e'llt e reewne r-e wl t h thes e
e t Bt e cOl onia t s .
3l
',;11."" 'He "ear "r t"e", i n In" ';'''-,; '08 0;- t he i nspect ior4 of
1ffi<1 10wh.n <.le re '13<1 as R
aelJarl1t e etlmi c C;1"oll >" witn t ne Lr- own ,: ,Hope,m encoaenrt ere, The p",s t
on ::,...000 III 1;,,1. m ccen b" t neitl,pr t s i.t s t r essed .
kn ow tha t ill tal! ear l;r cecc.re e a ft e " hlP.r.y ethnic gr ouI'e
to ok over t ne s t a te h010.i",-,s In t ile i.r ;, e r r i t or i ee _ after
al l , 1:.o,,1. of tl1.n"e I n e t ul 1ll t ior,s hlt'i beer. Hl i t'lla. t ed f r om tf,em by
lillri awar'ene su t u.. t tile we r e On t he lookout f or
""e8 t i1""" a c r e".,,, . ccvo teu t o tn" S,,:, or t ne lr.it a c r-own wo;.:1 d
e nco'..l.ra,;'e '" "I' :'""1.,, by t nc lc c'-'l ,. eopi e e ve" of f i el de
1.11" Bt Dt e nllO Cr pa tl"l t nr Olol ,) , .. or ks .
82
r ,-,e I nk.. ' tnt] tree of ecol cr i c com!!ler.;rr.t!lTl ty.
In the pra Oe<.l lrll; f llt, es 1 hlLve barely Clenti oned t he I nka ,
11 0"" :>:m llle li t ile a r cni "ell<E: o etrll.teQ lnhe r ited f r om ea r l i e r
"ncle"n 80 0ill 't1 l1 a 'H:J. Wl,h t t l';e;; pl..nne:1 c r- were f or ced
,, <109\ .. t ne lIca le of ope r ,U i ons out C-r,..... .orlS kr.own pr- cpcr- t.i one ,
Onl y 1r. di tlo;;'SSl llt.: ua ee V j i d I hlLve t o refe r t o CUIICO lIB a lIecisior._
make r I<ll :l nuol e'J e ( Qr ae n ll!F..ents of the eeeee ,
::'ll 1955, lJefon I bs oWll e awnr . of t ILe impor t ance of . col ogi c
compleclllr, t a r ity 1n t hs ..nliu , 83 1 d1ec\lued s ome of t ht chan, es
t ile :" nlw i ntI'od"oll<1 i n r it.:ht e-in- lllr.ds , t he ad,mi nil t r a ti vt handl1llll
or t ne e t nni c t.: roups and I< S well a s
llnl< l\il ell i n t h. lIoci fl1 Without repel<'t i ng wt a t I
Ii "CO , 1 a i n. t<: " ur v":J to e cr",r.;:" " I n Our und er-
.. t (lnlii r.;; o f ;, at'" i r.lt:l IOI lIt or y J'H' ceLJ o" t by Our awa renellll of t he
ret f.. l " LC8
I ',,,, 11 "e,; ll. ",i t" tnl' CIlNl1101v/;l C [\lIsUIl pt i on , e t nt e.,
i n t hl' rt r ut J,r, rlc,.; J'O" n ot t n l ll ""ct lon. ',:e " " VI' Illl yet nO i nd epen-
u.. nt a r c,meal"",:lca.' cOHfi r.,... tj ,m a:- 1'1"e"enc<, in
pre-1 M:' tucer: - r c'lnnot e Xj' Vn;. the " ,l 'Jc t,' mce to t es t t he nypo-
, c.; .
tne" l :l t n1"o,-,o, e xca va t i on nir." e:act cct " 0 nor, ti li ty to the exple -
lmt i on l t lle :; l r. c <: t he of s on." kl n'.i of "ve r t i ca l " e xc tlan.:e
t " 011 in ".n'le:m li t e r a t ur e .
85
thi l: e""" J toas empnll.Bi11:ed t tle rea s e-
t rtb" , t tve , tn t e11,al , WIt".r c of' t.m s e xc"f'J'lC;e , r e j ec ti ng e xpj.ena t i orc
," u c" 1" r cei vc<1 i t lll'< "ccemez-ce" or
;'I1'.e r. t ne urclllVela.;o Wfl U t trs t i,resented t o coli eacue!l
l n 1'000, "erna:." l U,at a uc n un el abor ate
system of pe r iadi c ca ravlUl " . mul ti - e thni c outl i ers and endu.rine
bonae bet\o'een tlUcJ.eCls IUId tlot' pe "" Vheri es 1m indispensable
pre_conditlon : t'le pr e Vi 0'.15 e xr a t ence of pe'l ce- kee .. ing states . By
s't r e1. c;llq ; a ;eace- e"for cinr; ,-,,;:br ell'l over 'the .,,,,1 t i _e t hn ic cone l o-
t :erlt t" , o,; \;3CO or so"'e ot.ae r- , '!Ul'l i or , f! t " t e could deal wi t h t l,e
,:i r"-t e;o pr e:flnti on t r,e oa ravlIIJe , ..t e nOW pe ri phe rlll s e ttle-
r.. en'tB 1n 01" '..Cl i l:. i "ere t o be s h:. r eJ "n,j f ieure out how t o lis e
Sis a", f or new purpoeee , : r. 19'/0 , lli cha r d ? Scnaellel ,
"'.. 0 a ,,-, r.o: knew of' i'ue:u aii" " '\l c....t acn.. r;r 'Hor do, made the sM, e
pou,: I n " J;ere'lwl co,nmuhie"ticr> .
Cnl y ur clllloo101.'..7 CW, reecrve t he all- tlng of til e early
s t".:; ec c r I'c olll[; ic ne r e I 'Nt 11 only r e pea t my
r.ohor. t,w t !:l" C'l com.. It old" r t he Inkll , wit hout
,: uells l r.c; t t il.. ec t uut o. litf. However , 1 will ir.1I16t on my intuit i ve
f ef' l i roG t :'la t t ht 1Il0del , tn0\.ot:ll Ilel >:e <t by t he .. r eeenee of a a t ror.c
e t ll, t e , <ioe8 no t re..:wi. n it . 1 t lUnk t lll<t t he vertical archi pe l ago
" r0 6e ,ma ';I''' ciual ly J <lv,l Oile d. in t he nn;iee ae n reepon<le t o a n
of and lin increased f umi l i n_
ri ty wl t n tae When ul e plirli t .. t i e r e eRn be broUdht togethsr
1nto a prod",etive and un1ver8e .
87
I n 11.", of
!:/te i n: t il" etat e ntl n 1'1'e- Clln' (lti Oll cf t he aron1jielfli; o , I prepc ee
t Mtt t ue noll ti- atnnio prod"otiva .':lJ. ll <ll!lin 1, : r nt 1v, e xpe ru e nce
"Il ined t l: r o"'i)l< "0010(;1') co'".,l eu.ent lil'i.ty was ll- elil ient f fle t or
I<. UTTU p.
"
Lt l. V1T"; t f. C .. t. on of '" .lll" r-n,
t ...r ..l .. nl t o ... " .... n " rc" ...o l Oj;:f hr. .. t r,t '.1'" o! _r i t ter:
rt eoTJ.t wi l l be e.cr-e el ot ol y eooHlulht 'H , 1 r e t ..n. t o t ::c c..r.t .:;
f r om llCOOol t 1400 t o 1 51>0 , wn l Cli 111 t ,a c n e t lU; t er ..r. ee Bt\da.. I n t ,jC
.. r ori1vn . [,I t n. (,: ..BCO II t"t e 11".K" (now r. , e t " f
twO Cly:l.IlBtitl ur:'l a lso :I ol hl c ) C' I>Tril" t o t roe .. l
peopl es ......1. t u -r 1 t llr i cI f _ ..-,0..et or "ve r-t r c-.. ':' ocr. t r ol ' 1!. 1r el"'J !,.",-
l 11r t o ';:Ol t of t ".r. t .... r o . t.ll , ::'.'\t t;. ... I' c., l " c ;' O(('rI . t.cr :.
.a f f er er:c. 1r. t nt cor. Uf.t ';l" " r. t o t " , . l". o.
All "lti t ' '''.C+; I:.. :-..("n I,; " "co l .1", " til o:.tl;. lr..: t:u:
(ir ew t o r 1 1 nc t ",,,.,..u,,",,, o( t.l1" r. , 1: ce c..::'.e :::.c r e
t o r t he col on i 8U t o e xe r-ei ee t , '''Jr n ll: i J -l.:.l 11.;;,tl:' i n t liOnr onc, -
n81 hon,f , t e t ll i " n,'. trI MlIl .J. ', l , cr ce ree.enn. i .
','ae yooial W , .l e c" r.<>l... l C cont en t of 1 .,ju; t r : bOol t l"" n-... lll .. 1..l;
lUl.o. Cl\W:","" ; t uo " x. l 'H t " t u m of" _II .1JEt::: l ' u , ,,- , , . , ,, ,
Lay lI.. .. e ...r - In i. t u tl ." l .... nr.; i.ow I t ,,: ."
o f tle r.1" " f o r "r.<l:'Lo, .. :cr... ( .... .. C'"",(.I .. " f10cl.f . ';'..,
Crcr- l r\t. o!" :'.c: , . ( ""r t<. r",."t". '" tf. lr.I ,. :"
' co l o:.. zts ' . Waf< '1' -'1' .. .. <:",r.:' '!1. , ''r.c <' J ! hn .
J lIt fl1l t a r cil i.::du,:ce .
Inen >ie t nt' Ir.kl! c t ,'tr '.r'.' i ':: 01 c !
,.
.l ls;>er " e cl >, e ,. tne !'It ' or.ccl '' :o r
.. t hni c 8e t t l tor."."t.t r ccee c I. ,. !n ,,1 r e t c v..o .. , ,s r;
tr..ot uro.. l rJ:'.,)l"oto t"n:lI t r., c :oer 10":" p ...-
.; OIl" 1 n.w::. t ,
b, e" of t"', " .JJ..... u.!' . ec t ....:'l : ,H,: '
CI" \<& '.i 72 ) " .\<' V.1 t'!, . U. : :.(" __J:.. r .,t. r: of " .r"f'r.-
"tin t . o f >(1() I.e .' .1::0'00 ;; .I'CO r, r .... , ....." . -_I.( U
Lefo r" T,\.. .. ll .. ".ll' .. . r N.Il': 1. " ,oIC,' ;; :
anJ e .. t: "" .. ",.,> .,'" ""',ll ,- l eft ..-
.-
W&ince t n. dayE of I nca 10pa father of
Gaayna Capa c t o cuar j t&1 DOur.try In _Illen the
recently reconqu ere d t he Chupacho , 80
would not r ebe l h1m ag. l n (ff . 14)v. 175 v) .
The Euro pean sour ces , botn hiat or ic and admi nistrati ve , us e
conai at ent l y t he te rn -mitlmaes- when r efe Tl ng not onl y t o faraway
ga r r i s ons but alao to t hoae s ent a way t o work the coca - leaf eardene
nea rby, on behal f of t heir nuol eua .
90
The que s t i on whi ch a r i ses is :
wa a tiler !! any hi etoric and a't ruc t r ual co nhm' i t l be tween the ' i al a r.ds '
cont r oll ed by t he YacnB, t he LupaqB or t he coas tal people or
"",<1 t he lu h 'tal')' esta bll sllllitmts .. n l c h t he I r..ka l nstal ::' ed t bro",,ho:.lt
t he i r territorls.? Or 18 it s i mpl y cOnfus i on ?
in Huanuco, t h. Cusco s a r risons _ere not the onl y
One hears i n of herdera t he of t he
Ba i d they came f r om t o t he nor th, t hei r
St i l l othere came f rom even far the r to t he north, from Ceyambe and
el aewhe re , i n what today is Ecuador. Wtrnt t heIr functions in t he new
coun try may have been i a unclear ( 1967 : p. 402) ; t suapec t that t he
of s uch nor thern colonis ts differed froa t hat of the
but am unabl e to docu=ent It .
The aout he rneT8 were &nd t hey we r e t he re
no ot he r pu rpoae but t o g...rd the It ia nota ble
that even in such mil itary cont exts , the ec ologic dimenai on is not
a bI ent . The fortificat i on. wer e " three days ' walk" eas t ward . Who di l1
t iley gv.Brd aSBina t ?92 To what extent we re auch s ettl ementa on the
eaatern elope s fo rtr e llse. in t he Eur oFean sense?
_e are t ol d t hat t he garri a on. had no f ielda nearby "becau ll'
i t wae i&poeeibl e t o hav e t h. 1: ec t he eoldi ers weN grar.te l1
al ier-at ed from t he Chupay chu i n the 01 HuaTa, B,
pl ua &nd cotton " to harveet cr oFe f r ol: the
al ao coce-leaf 6ar dene in the hot country. I n t he oonquer ed t err ito-
ri es the Inka atate r epr oduc s l1 t he ecelosi c whi ch t he
eol on1at a expected, in apite cf t hdr cor-.pl et el y new 1l'. 11i tar y
f wo,et i one .

?ne not onl y cf aeeeEJ t o con t r ol
of a vs r le t y of out h e ":; ; 1t8 l<.leol oL)' t hat t he eol or.i l'! ts ,
en m ..hen r elu t t l ed on a I'e=t&nent USIS , did not l OBe t he Ir aCCeBB
to t oe nacleae . anere toe pe r1 phe ry I B very froc
noz:;e balle '?
Toe Ar.ar.qul enaas s ent t o Huanueo Teaehed t he i r ne_ 8et t -
l e=ent onl y a f te r montns on tne road. How di d Bueh f a raway colonl l"
contac t _ I t ,, t oei r orl Ll ns! ethnic group ? Ho. t hey
exe r c rae t he i r r l gnt a In tt, e nuclel l ef t hWldredll of 1ll11e l! behi nd ?
There IS at l l l no detai led answe r to s uch que s t I ons a t t he
s tst e l evel . aho ul d be ready t o ent er tai n t he possibili t y t ha t
a s the I nka . ta te e xpan<ied ita us e of t he a rchipelllgoll , t hes e began
t o l os e some of t he i r cnar-ac t er-t et.t ce r i e hts whi ch ea rl i.er r:.ny
have e ppe.. rel1 i ndi llpensabl e .
and GarCilaao ha Ve bo t h t r ied t o classi f y t he s eve T2l
ki nds of mi tmag and t o l1 i s t i r.<I l Sh theQ from other groul's
separat ed f TOlll t he i r origl nal e t hnI C Groupa , l i ke t ht ..011a Or t he
yana . I have analy:r:ed t iu s c ate rlBl d Be.. he ..e ( (195 5] , I S80; 1964 a )
anl1 .. ill h ll:.l t lI:,Y ael f here t o ins atlr.g that t he t.aintena!lce of one 's
rigr.t s i r. tile nllel ear re{; i cr. was til e dlll t i nc'Uve i ndl eat"r " f r:it::e;
II t8t UII . Thla allo.. e<i f or t he maIntenance of an l Ink betwn
t he l ocal arehip. l 8o , a tll l l iter al l y ' vert i cal' an4 t holle of t he
II t a te whi ch hac t .any ne _ f = e u ona and ,.. a C;I. d i nt o t .rritorilPlI
cont ils away from By 1532 , belng .. i th one 'll
or i gi nal pol ity I:'.ay "ell nave e eeee e Cl or e of a legal f ornaU t y t ha::
6 aubBtar-tive link.
Ther e we re c tne r t.enaacn poi nt 6 in til . Inka s t ate; t ha ml t ' a
. y' tem ins t,a4 of t r i but e t o iensrate revenue. f or t h' . tate; t he
incr, , t n. of t na t ot al . xt raote4 f r om
i t6 , t $ic cor.1I&t t o b! VBT. Il. gUa or ll:a!'!ar i , 4e:l.i cat a l1
or. a f ull-tic. ba ai a to atat. purpoa.a l t he ef f ort by . tat . r adiat ri -
i r.atitat ior.a t o l:: onopol i l ar. 4 ot her traf fI C i n
Each of t hus i nBti"l: uti ens f ur.ct i or.. :l in 1r.t1.zc. at .
.it h t he v. r t ical archi p'laeos. I n 15)2, . ooiati.a, t h. ir .co-
r.ocin, a:i :::. i nU t r a ti ve ST.Q. politi cal al';: ..... t ua, ..... : 1 or. t he
t nr e aho14 of prof our.d t r an e! orcat l or.. whi ch t he i r.v... ior.
1' .al t t4.
1. Ill.lrra 1360 ; a lat er , re, i s e<'l vernor. car. ee f o:.md 11'1 Cross 197) .
2. kurra 1966
3. Or ti z de Zwhga ( 1562] l 1967 and 1972 .
4 . Aur r s (l355] , 1380: ch. vrr r
5. Espi no%. . 196) ; 1969 l 1969-70 ; 1970-71; 1974; r eeee 1970 ;
1977 ; Ros t worows kl 1967-68; 1970; 1377 ; 1978.
6. Aurra 1967; 1972. See and cri tlciaa voiced a t Interna_
tlona! Cong ress of Americanis ts , Far is 1976 .
Symposi Ulll edt t ed by Jor ge Fl ores Ochoa in r- re eee-
dines (I f t ha t Conerus , 1978 , vc t , I V.
7. As ear1l as 197) I noted of t hese e eographi c l i=i t . and
s t ruct ural a t t he f i Tlt Chi lean
Cor-e;reaa of' Andean !Can and Cul tu.ra , held at Ar i ca .
Publ 1Shed i n the f'i r a t i aaue of' Avancea , La Paz ,
1978. See alao articl e in tlla Bame i Slll.le bl
Ramiro Condar co Morales .
8. 1972) 1974a ; [ 1969J 1974b; Lynch 1971 ; At encio
1976 l an d Dil lehay 1979; Lorandi 1978 .
9. Boni no 197) ; Brus h 1977; Ctcer es 1976 l Caro 1978 ; 110rea 1970a;
1978; Fons e ca 1966 ; 1972; Harr i. 1978 ; 1970 ;
Platt 1971 ; 1976; 1971 ;
1911.
10 . Th..... d.r will !'ind det. l h d mapa of' t hia r egion, 10e. t Ula"
Bettl.menu and e t !lJlic groups , i n t he pocke t
incl uded in voll1Jl1s I of I il.i ,go Or ti z 1967.
11 . Tile names of the ea ver al l ords and thei r .. ill be
f'ounel. i n t he s ame pocke t , vol U11l s 1.
12 . Addi'ti onal detail s ..bo'.l.'t 'the and 'til. eI..eill:al e;odel of
ad=i nl.trat i v. in
'the ay of Gor don J. P.ad d.n in Or 'ti z (1562J .
1967 1 Fp. ) 69-80 .
1). Til e f'ir8't B't't . mp't t o eol l.et d,,'t8il . of t il
of ....11 . .... "aa Jav1ar Pul,gar Vi dal ' .
(1946) . 5.. al ao For.Beea 1966; 1972.
"".., .-
14 . An early a t tempt to contrast these t wo compl exe s wa s ):l.l r r a 1960,
wr i t t en a t a tlme when ' ecol ogi cal complemen-
not understood.
15 . Fonse ca 1966 ; 1972.
16 . Garay, Ti noco and SanChez were al l early enCOffienderos in t he
Hl.lMUCO r egi on but the ir holdi nl;S were not
included i n the parts of I i5. i go Or t iz's inspec-
tion whiCh a r e acceseible today . All t hr ee wer e
l one-time res i dents of t he regi on and well
i nfonled about "yndian" aa t t e r-e , See also
Va r allanos 1959, ch . VIII ! Esp i no za S. 1975.
17. On t he a rchaeology of t he margi nal zone r ea ching i nt o the
l owl ands , s ee Bonavi a 1967-68 ; 1969.
18 . Hel mer was t he f i r s t to publ i sh t he text of t his ea rl y
inspecti on . For a compari son wi t h other frag_
ment s of thi s i nspec t i on , see Murra 1982a.
19 . For the g' e rukamayoq and other arti sans s ee oomparat ive charts
I I I and I V i n t he poc ke t , vol . I of OrtiZ's
inepection ( 1562] , 1967.
20 . Diez de San L:iguel , Gar ci [1567J , 1964.
21 . The wr i tten s our ce s f or t hi s r egi on have been s t udi ed by Dora
Le6n Bor j a de Sza ezdi ; t he archa eology of t he
island of Puna has been surveyed by Pedro Porras.
22. The i mportan ce of the dwellers in the Chi ncha valley has incr ea s ed
s inoe !lostwcrcwski pUblished he r " Aviso"
in 1970. Thi s souro e docu&ent e Chincha' e r ol e
se t he t ermi nal in pre- Eur opean l ong distance
t r af f i c t o t he warm Watere or t he gulf or
GuayaQuil . Chi nCha apparsnt ly also
exchange r elat i one wi th t he altiplar.o.
23. Th. And.an r a ctore taken i nto ao oount by Fr an ci 8co Pizerr o i n
g ranting encomie naae betora 1541 when he wae
killed, a es erve carerul hia torioal atuGy . Such
grantS or ethnio groupe Pizarro hd neve r ..en
i nevi tably depenaeet on the i nt ell1gence he waa
abl e t o t a p among Anet ean 8dmi ni e t r l t or e ana
ethnic lorde. Ther. i 8 t hat he
whel " pol it l e s , nO how uncont i -
guous t he I r terr itori es . See Porr a s
1950: p. 1 36 and no te 36 ; Lar edo 1958 ; Y. urra
19"19 and 1982b.
24 . The cont emporary use of maritIme r es Our ces by al tiplano dwell ers
has been docurr.ented Fl or e s Ochoa 1970a, Nunez
Atencio 1971 (per50na1 communi cation) and Ma s uda
1981.
25. Ros t wor ows ki 1974 .
26 . For Pacaxe , s ee vol. I : p . 338 of Retaci ones de
Indla'" [1586 J, 1965 . For Kar anqa , Nurra 1979.
27 . "Accordi no; to sai d qui po all the Indi ana who were he r e i n ynga
timea were 16 , 151 Aymara and 4 , 11 9 Uru , whi ch
makes 20 ,270 Indi ans i n alL " ( p , 66) . Duri ng
his i nspection uer e r Di ez enumer at ed t he "tri but e
payi ng mal es II , 658 Aymara and 3,782 Uru ."
For a debate a bout the s igni f icance of t hese
f i gur es i n poat- Eu ropean t i mes , s e e Li ps chu tz
1966 and Smi t h 1970.
28 . 1970a : p . 148- 50; Wacht el 1971 ( trans l a tion i nto Engllsh
1977 ).
29 . The 1611 dict lonary of Sebast ian de Covarrubias t ranslates
" r edu zir... e S convence r s e . Reduzi do, convenc i do
y bue lto a mejor or den . " The 6ubj ec t is literally
" re duced" t hr ough conve rs ion t o a "be t t er-" or dt r .
Duvi ol a 1971 1 pp. 248- 6) , ha s stUdi ed the system
of r educciones . '
) 0 . V,lIer e coloniu administ rators a f t er 1570 had no qual"'9 i n
9pli t tinS 9uch holdi ngs f or t he benef i t of t he
gr ant ee , t oday ' s l and_r ef orm bur-eaucr-at a eene r ee r
t hem "inef f icient" i f no t ii1'l a &peet of "e baent ee
landl ordiflm. ' As late as 1661 t he people of t he
5ama vall ey , on t he coas t , compl ai ned a bout
bei ng governed f r om t he nei ghb oring por t , Ar ica.
ThlY i nflill tld they ' be l on<;Id ' t o Chucui to , ten
dl YI ' walk I way , in t hl hi ghl and
' :ur r ll ,
I
31. COCl pare t he rel:o=endllU ons of GlI. rl:l Dalt [] 561) I:onl;e rr.lr-t;
_lt n t hos e of Gutlerr e z Flor es [ 1574; .
Onl y s i x ca l endar yea rs s eparate t he=. tNt t l:O'y
belol"l6 t o diffe r ent pe r- acds , Whe r e Da * ouH
reJel: t counsel Whl l:h t he
abl e t o "gi ve " much ".,or e . Gut i er rez s anc t i one1
t he r ne r ea ae i n all t ri but e owed and
t he l a bo r draf t t o t he Pot osi llI i nCII , even
t he populati on had. decrea sed.
32. ,"urra 1968 ; p. 124- 25 ; 197011. : p , 143- 46 .
33. Th ie rry Sll.1pl" 1978 ; 1981.
34 . Cupi hi the allllplifi edo aFellin;> of whi ch Ir.eans pottery ;
s i nl:e t here are sever al s e t t lement s by t ha t
nue i n t he r egi on , "'e ..e, e net abl e t o
l ocat e t he _orles i n 1973.
35 . Sun i cay a hall. been idoent ifi ed a ll. t oday ' s Plater!a. 1970b: 59.
36 . Di e z doe San Mi guel [1 567J , 1964 : p . 291-98 .
31. El pinoza Sor i ano hall. publ i s hed a wi t h cl a i m. t o
i n the East e rn 10_1ando , by e thni c 6rouP. who
appa r en t l y did. not con t rol any l andoa on t he
PaCi fi c s l ope and coaa t _ l i ke t he Cha rka or
t he i\arlika r a ( 1969) .
38 . Ro.t.. oro.. aki 19711 1918.
39. Ro_e 1948 1 hoaOK 1965; 196 6b .
40 . l,....r ra [ 1913] , 1978 ; Cbere:: 197.91 Sdc: or. 191.9 .
41 . Archivo Gen.ral da I ndi a. ( Sevi l l a) , fi 1, J u. t icla 41 3. Thill.
aource hal bean UBed by 1'. Di llehay, 191 9.
42. "Et nohia tor i a dl un val le COlti ftO durant e al Tahuantinauyo , " i n
vol . XXXV, Heviata del Nacional . Li ma .
43 . It. r , cOllllr.endatlon t o t h&': eff . ct wa e aBl r oved a t a 1I: ..t1'"' i n
t el d in Nova:: b, r 1978 , t o
t t e . oci t t1 e. ar.d of t t. e
Andea .lI':, eo- kurica. S.. Rev1tta da III.
no. 111 . Xa dr i d 1980 .
.. . Ro 8'tworo" ail: i 1918.
4S. 1I0l two rowalc i 196168 , p, 43. Th' dOll<i r.i can lI'.onk Cl "par dl
ltatad t ha t t hl ga rdln W81 11011', 1 2, 000 pac.. by
300 , it 1. =c18ar 1f all of i t wa e i n
4.iaputl .
. . ..
' 6. AGI , Justi ci a 413, f. 331r .
41. J(\lr ra 1970a .
48. 1980.
49 . AGI , J ust lci a 413, f . 127r .
50 . These and t he by source on t he
I nka occupation o! t hi s r egi on a re discaaaed by
Ros boro.. alr.i 1967- 68: pp , 21-24, ,37, 39, 48, 56-59 .
51 . Ros r-oro..slr. i has s t ressed t he value of such coca-lear
groves on t he .. ell te nl s lopes , -pa. r tleul a r l "
- i f . e take into accoun t t he distance and
t he di f f i culti es of rea ching t he gardens i n the
e aat e m 10wlllnd" .- (1967-68: p, 8 ) .
52 . 1954 , 1958; Pat t erson and 1964 ;
1906 ; 1966; Lanning 1967 ; Tr imborn 1969- 70 ;
Patters on 19718 ; Di l l ehay 1979.
53. The fact t hat . e f i nd coca- leaf in coas tal a i t e s does not nece-
s s a r i l y t ha t i t Wa 9 cul t iva t ed on the .. es t ern
sl opes . Some pr obsbly came f r om t he 10" -
l ands . Dat i ng t he moreent when cul t i vs t 10n begins
1n t he we s t ern valleys may ha ve far r eac hi ng
import anc. (see St ur.,er 1958: p, 14-15) .
54. Patterson 197/ .. . s - 317.
55. TC Pat t e r s on and RS Mac Neish were kind to 1.t Bee
t he of a book compar i ng vari oaB re-
a l ons i n t he Andn , where -interacti on sphe r es "
coul d be de te ct ed. I t i s eviden t thet i n di f ferent
epochs and 1n di f f erent BO C18l and politi cal
c iroUllls tSl:l.Cee , t he - i n,,:e rac ti on" or t he "s r cnipe-

lago would be or ab. ent , i.ould
di s t i nc t f orma sr. d values . I t hank Patter s on
f or l e tUr.g 1<8 en t nei r t her. unpubllBhed t ext ar. :i
r e, ret t na t t hei r " i th t he pre s ent
., did not er.couraee t o coccent .
- - _..._. --
- . .- - - - -
I
56 . For of
ae e Lorand l 1978 .
57. Ros t wor awsk i has asaembled mos t of this - aee
pa r-tle ul a r ly the es aay of 1967-68 ami he r
1917 . 1978 .
58. Thl. e thni c group afioul d not be confused with t he modern ci ty
of - eee EspI noza 1963. I n 15' 2 t he
wer e granted to t r eaaur er J uan de
edee r-ee r et nee you have no co a stal Indiana ,
STant t hese t o you f or the s ervi ce of your
nouae s t Udy of t he ut il i zat i on of t he
by Europeans , f or t hei r o-n pur po-
s "a will be very n! vealil1. see Wur T. 1919,
59. RO llboroW8k i 1967- 68 : p , 40-42 , 54-61,
60. Thl. re-appe ars i n t he i nspect ion of Yoar t i nez Renclfo
[ls n l . 196J : p . 6J-65.
61. In 1969-10 Eapino:z.a Soriano publUned an a r h cl e cl a illli r\6 t nere
wa s historical . videnc e docum. nting t he estab-
in t he hlhlande of of
eel onies i n Inka Thi a evi dence 1a not
BV.lla bl
62. In r . cent ye ars t h. re haa be er. an ineres se i n eoa. t a l
t Ol'J. C wor. - . .. . d.. 1& Gal:s 1974; Ii.therl;
1977 ; Ram{re z_Hort en 1978.
ti3. TeUo 19421 p. 712.
64. Lathrap 1971 , 1974; 1971a ; Pat te r son 1971a .
Th. Rei chlens a tudi ed t h e rel a t i ons at t he site of C. r ro Con-
dor.b Th. y t he =oa t
and vBrled .rch oloi i cal t o
a coutal migr . ti on ( p . 496 ) .
bb. t he mentiene d comple x eee e e undone onl y t owardll t he en':!. of
t he Cajamrea III peri o':!. " . t hrough t he eudd..n
of ! i wanaku Chi mu
whi ch can t hua t . d. t.d 476) .
67. Art. d. 1. 1. n6! l UT$& [l b44) , 1939.
.. .. . .
I
6a . COllIpare C.. lls t .nt:. t l.a t U", ... t a 1909-70 , p, 21-2 ; .
69 . 1 ha ve de-.l t ln aOllle de t a ll wnll t he qUeftlon of a:arket a l n
t he Mdes . [ 1955] , 1900 , ell. VII . Por II. di ffe rer.t
eval ua tlon , see Ha. rtmann 1968 .
70. The ba Bi c BOUrce i s a f ll e , Justlcia 651 in t he Arch i ve
of t he Indl eS , i n Seville . I firs t eaw i t ccur-t eay
of Waldealar Es pi noza . :::ol te (1970) ha s also lltuclld
t hl a source . a, has BouyB.a-CasBagne .
71 . Other Andean good, which ear l y a ttract ed t he -ent reprl SB of
Eur opean t r ad er s were clotn 1962 b)and t he
mul lu ehell e (Murra 1975 , arti cl e 10) .
72 . Unfo r t unat el y t hl ' t e xt unpubliahed.
73. The co ca- le. f f ields of Sonqo . ere cona idered Wthe be at- pa rt
of t ne extenaive land grar. ta r ecei ved by
Al on, o de Alvarado. I n 1568, after hia death. hia
heirs cOl'lplai ned t hat they recei va d 'only ' 900
baake ts of lea f a year. Nojaa ha d rtcei ved 2, 700
but by 1549 t he 8Qount ha d been r educed t o 2, 000 .
74. It i s a notable f act t ha t her e B.ain t he coloni al regi zr. t r e s-
pe cted t he l inea of highland arcbipal B.oa. Si nce
t nes e t l ny -islands- f r olll Ha tun Qol l a an d
elaawhera on t he a ltiplano cont i nu ed t o ba governed
by " thei r own
w
l or da , t hey .are not given i n
ancolllienda t o e i t her Rojaa or Alvarado, even though
t heir e"cla vea wera within t ha t er r l t ory of Sor.qo .
Zepi ta, a aUb-d iviaion of t ht Lupaq a , of Caae II
c ontrol led a aingle houae hold l n t he coca-l eaf
t ht f a ct i' r eCOrded a. a aeparata i natal lation.
75. On r i6ht ' i n l an d a t Sonqo aee of Gal t . 1970.
76. 1ht obl1 /> at l ona o.. al1 b,y t he f olk. or Son'!.o includ. d lllany othe r
o od. beyond coca- leaf; honey , timbe r , al l
of which o_ a froe t ha f onat a , peree1va:1 a.
dar.ger oua .
77. it ba t oo .. t o t hat Ar.a wa. 11mpl r f ollowi r.,
t ha Milaan pa t tt rn of - cont r ol l1r.g- r n ourcn in a
of t1er, ? Of hi r ! ni t ht httilars ..a a
a 1Il0at un-Andean t hing t o 110
' .. ... lTd.
91 . c re ee ment ions such " f ort r e s " " c" 111 several ~ l a c e s On t he
EaEtern fl'Ql1 t1er : Bk. II , en, xxi.i; 1 967 :
p , 76 .
92 . Se e Iiheo Or tiz [ 15( 2) , 1967 : p , 400 and notes 5 & 6.
, . ,
ve r Sl on of 1972
Bloli ccraphy


19b7- 68 " I nve s tiga ciones arqueo16"i cas en el L: edi o ,"
Re vi e t a del )juseo Nacional , vcr . XXX" : p. 211- 94 . lir:; a.
1 9b9 de poblaci6n en la ce j a de sel va de Ayn-
cccnc, in Ha r doy and Schaedel 1969 : p . 75-83.
Boni n o Nieves , Its l c
197) "Ve rt i cal i dnd eco16t:ica v es truc turas subyscent es
en Qollans lasag ." Thes i B, Un i ve r s i t y of San Antonio
Aba d , Cus co .
SubBi s t ence atrat..gi .. s amI. v.. r t ical ecologY i n an
Andean community . Th..sis . University of Wi s cons i n .
Jor6e
El cont rol ve rtical e co16gi co : sus t endenci as e
influencias en d altiplano puneno. Thesis , Uni ve r -
s ity of San Antonio Abad. Puno.
de 1 a
de la l eneua yungB. Argent i na .
Car r e ra , Fe rnando
[1 b4 4J . 1939
Cll.ce r ea-Olazo
1976
Brush , Stephen B.
1973
Ca r o , De bor a h
1 978 revi e w of as Or l ove , Alpaca,. shee p and men in
".nabs (ESC) , vol. 33 . no . 5-6, p. 1214-17. Paris.
Ci e za de Le6n , Pedro
(155)J , 1967 <:1 eeno rio de loa incas : Seeunda parte de l a er6-
nlea del Pe ru. I ne t i t ut o de Ee tudios P.. ruanOB. Lil:",a .
c cnaar-cc Morales , RB/f,i ro
1 970
1 978
El eee..nar i O andi no
"Refl e xi ones ae.. rea
y el hombre . La Paz .
del .. eo-siat ..ma ve rti oal
Cul t ure i n i>l a t or y . Es says in honor of Paul Radin.
Col umbi a Uni ve rs i t y Pr es s . New York .
andino ," Avances , no . 1: p. 65- 74 . La PIIZ .
cc vec- r -a e r e e , Sebllstill.n de
[1 611 J. 1 943 Tl!s or o de 1.. ler.gua castellana 0 e spanol a. Bar ceLona ,
Diamond , 5tanl ey
1960
lo: ... r r a 1972 Bl bl i og raphy p. 2
!l a s de San I.l1gud ,
[1561 ] . 190'
::l il l eha y , Tom
1979
Pie r r e
1971
Care l
V1B l ta neen. a l a provi ncia de Chacui t o
1,; 888 de la Cul t u r a, LlIllS
"Fre-hi s panic He. our c e Sha r i ne 1n t he Cent ral
Sc i ence , vct , 20 4 , 1'0. 4 388. 'fI8 sh i!"lt on .
La l utte contre lea r lliGio r.s _... t ochi cn dar..
I e F4 rou 0010n1el . I n8 t1 t u t d. ' Etudes
Andi nea .
Engel , rrl!d4 r i c
1966
Sor iano ,
196J
( 15821. 1969
1969-10
1970- 71
1915- 76
"Le complexe pre-cl ramlque d' El Farai . o,"
de 18 50014t 4 dee yol o
LV. par t 1 : p , 4 }-')6 . Parh.
Waldel!lar
"La gua r anga y la r educc i 6n de Huancayo ,
flevi s t a del Musea Nac i onal , vol . XXXII I p.
8 - 80. t aee,
"1 melll or lal de Cha r cas , " Cantut a , r evi sta de
l a Uni verai dad de Chosi ea ,
re N .
- Los mitmBa yungBS de Col l i qua an Cs Jamarea ,
s i gl oa XV, XVI Y XVII - , Revis t a del Mus s o Na-
vol . XXXVI : p. 9 - 57. Li ma.
-Los huncBs ali ad os en l a eonq ui a t a , - Analss
Ci ent ! !icos , vol. I : p, 9 - 401 . Huanea.yo.
-Los ml tmaa caftAr en al r aino da Ya re ( Pascol , -
ikl l e tln , Ins tituto de rsfor:a ag raria, no. l O:
p. 6J- 82. Li mB.
I
110r eo Ochoa , Jo rge
1970.
1970b
1978
r ei no lupaqa y el ac t us l cont r ol vert i cal
da l a aool og!a,- rsa d at the XXXIX I nt a rnat i onal
COn&rsaa of Ama r i oani at a ,
aobre an l a visita de Gut 1arret
Plo rsa [15141. His tor ia y Cul tura, no. 4. Li mB.
i ns t e r ea de puna :
I nst itut e de F,ruanea ,
,-
- - - -
Fgnaee. , Claar
19t>6
1972
GallIa, Sebas tian
[1 540], 1974
1972" - - bi blioGraphy ,
MLa comunida d de Cau ri y la quebrada de Chaupi _
fts r ang. , Cuade rno5 de I nves t l rllCi 6n , no . 1 : p.
22-33. HuAnuco,
econ6mi cos en las coeuni dades campcat nas
de l PerU. ThealB , Unlve rsl j aj de san
de l a
' 181ta neeha en el vall e de J , yanca . - HI11 10Tlll
y no. 8
ft
; p. 215-228. Liea.
Gol t e I J Ur gen
1970
MAl cuna B cons i deraCl one s aee rell de La pr oducc16n
y di at ri buc16n de la COCa en 01 eetado 1nca,
Ve rhandl ur en . XXXVIII of
A=eTl cani a t a , vol . 11 : p. 471- 78. St ut t gar t .
R.
PeopLe and Cul tur es of South kroerica . New Yor k.
(;l,Ii11l n
1974
Guill'n, ECmundo
InCa de l a conguiata, LiEs .
Gll t i er r e%Pl or es , Pedro
1910 - keaulta .:i. e 1& vill i t a llee :-eta let;:a que hi zi.eror.
en la prOVi nc ia de Chucui to, - Hi . to rl. y CUlt ura ,
no . 4 : p . 5- 48. Li ma .
Haaden , Gordon J .
19b1 enaayo oe demograt ia hlat6r iea y e t no16gi.ea
en 1n [1562J , 1961 : p.
J69-SO. nUMl,iCo .
:larooy, J orge E. a.nd fl1en.. r d P. 5en&.ede1
19&9 The \J r Da..nl za t ion Pr oce lls i.n Am, r i ea t r om i ta Or i lii!:!
t o t he Present PRJ . Ai r es .
OliVl&
I
iia r r il ,
1978
Har t manTI
1968
- Xi r.shi p and t he Ver t leal Economy ot the
Ayl1\1 , Norte de Pot os i , - Int ernat ional
ot A: eri cania t a , Actea vol. I VI p. 165- 77. Pari a .
Rc 1i t h
Kll.rktt 1m II I ten Peru. . Bonn.
):ur r a 1972 3i blioe; ra;:hy p. 4
lie l ..... r . bri ..
(1955) , 1961
RLa vls 1tae16n de 108 pueblos d.. los i ndio, en
1549
R
I n Ortiz (156 2) . 1967: p. 289- ) 10 .
!iuMueo.
" os Ok , Paul
1959
1965
REl val le de AetBs y TrabBjos , 2dO
Naei ona l de liis torla del Per J , I :
L11M. .
Li fe . Land and in Anei ..nt Peru. Yo r k.
Lannl ng, Edwar d P.
1961
Pe ru bef ore t he I neaa . lie .. Yor k.
Laredo, Ra f ael
1958
Les r e par t e Li ma .
,
Lathrap,
1970
1971
""
Donald
Th.. Uppe r Amazon. Lendon .
The Trepi cal Fe r est and the Cul tur al cont e xt
of Cha vI n.
R
i n EP Bens on , Oak s Conf e-
rence on ChavI n , Washington.
RThe Koi st t he Ar i d Lands . and t he
App..aranc.. of t n.. Cr ..a t Art St yl es In the
ko r : d , In Kino and IR T8loT, Art an d
i n Amer i ca. Lubbock, Texas .
RArqutol ogis y I t noh1ato ria I hac ia vis16n
t otali : a dora dll ar.cl. i no, R Obra del csntt-
na r-io dtl ds La ?l a t a , vol . II I p. 27- 50.
Plata , Ar Gl nt i na .
Le r-and1,
1978
L1ps ehut : , Als jandr o
1966 Lo que a prendI de l e s 1nfe:n:;ant ee del vie1tad er
Car ci Di e , ds San Revi ata de
C'uJ. t\olra , vel . VII -VII I : s , 258- 69. L1.l:a .
Ana .:arta
1969
1971
Dt 1 08 pus bI os, 1.. cul tur u 1 lu art n del
anttlrJ.o Psr.1. ( Sn al ao 1974b) .
Pa ptr about CnavIn, rlad at t ht Pr1mt r
dt eorrtlaci onll ant ropo16g1 cal &ncl.1no-mtaoams -
ri eanaa. Sal ina s , Ecuador .
l,m br e raa , LUIs G. (cOntlnucLl)
1972 on ' ver t i cal i t y ' an d a rcnaeology pr e sen-
t ed t o t he col loqul U= a t t na of t he Uni _
ve r slty of San Li ma, J anv.s r y 1972.
19748 re l noa poa i -Tiwanaku en e1 rea al t1pl 4n i ca,-
Nevl s t a del yol o XL: p. 55-B6. Lima .
1914 b The Peoples and c-wl t u rell of Anc i ent Peru ( revieed
edi t i on , trans l a ted by Betty of Lu:br e ras
1909) hl netOn .
19"1 2
p. 5
Cal 1eJ6n de Kaayl sa,-
no. 2, p. 139-46.
1n t ne
Tranahu:ance
Al:>.. r i can ..r.tt 9' u itl , vol.
HallIi ro
- El per f odo i niti al en 1_ coa t8 _. ent ral
del Pen1, - " ct ae Y .: ..lIl ori as . vol. I of XXXVI l n ter -
na t i onal C0n&r eIl B of kmer i cani at a , p. 509- 18.
Jo:a toa kendi e ta.
1966
Lynch, Tho::;as F.
lOTI
Sevi lla .
Me ggerll , Bet t y
1911

li:endi zaba1 ,
1971
iVna zon1a: Ilnd Cultur e i n a Coante r f ei t Paradise.
Chicago.
EIU U O
y f unc16n en 1a and1na I !!!t
Thea i . , Uni ve rsi t y of SIUl VAr eo Lima .
X:.L r ra . John v.
[1955 ] , 1950
1962a
1962b
Tn. Eecn0ll: 1c Or Ea::i n t1cn of t he I rJca St at e.
J AI rr Greenwi ch.
and Crop 1n t ne I nca St at e , in S. Diamond,
1:". History , f . 37, -407. Ill " Yor A.
- An ArehAeolog1cal of an Andean lthno-
Anti9:.Li t y. vel . z5
r.o. I .
Cl oti1 and it. P' ..nc t1cn. 1:; t he Ir. e. $taU ,
Ar.ter o; c: cg1at . vol . 64. no. 4.
N. .. " t a on ar.d S.rv1l. 1n
-ra.. ant1n. '.i,Y' J. , Act.a, y ):e:::o r1 .., XXXVI I nt.. mat i one.:.
, of Sevill a .
"",.0. . ... ,.
"",rra , J ohn \I . (Cor.tln",ed)
1964 0 a;>ree l a e i6n etno16e;l ea de la i n (ia rtl
[1501 ] : p. 421_444 .
1906
1967
1 9bbb
1970a
1970b
1906a
- 1 Ir.Stlt",tO de Inves t ieaelone. kII dl naa y su a
es tudios en Huw.ueo, - Cua:ierno8 de InveBtieaei6n,
1: p. 7- 21 . HuAnueo .
- Vl da , t i " r r a y agus en el Pe rd ant l gl.l.O," a reView
of K080k 1905. " eTUana de Cul tura , \II I _VII I :
p. 270- 13. Lics.
vl s ita de 10. enupaehu ca.o fu"nt" "tno16g1t a , -
I i'l i f; o Onu (15"/ 2) , 1907: p, 3Bl- 406 . Hu4nuto.
- An l n 1561" , vol. XV,
no. 2: p. 115-151.
-Cur r ent lles earl: h and Pros l-ett a l n Andean Ethll ohi at or y _
Latln Ame rican Re.earch ReVi ew, vol . V, no . i : p.
3 - 36.
etroo16e l ca e hl. t 6r l ea adi ciona! Bobre
el r"ino lupaq,a, - II1 . t or i .. 1 Cul t ura , vei 4: p:
49 - 02. Li lli.. .
19/ 2 "El ' cont r ol vertI cal' de m4xi mo de pi808 eco-
16eic08 en 10. e conce f a de l a 8 eeeaee..des andinas ,"
Ift lEo Or tIz ( 1562) , 1972: p. 427-476. Hu!nuco .
(1973), 19/6 - Lo. H mi t ea y h mi t a ci one. dd ' archipl Uago
ve r t ical' en l OB Avance. , vol . I : p. 75- 80.

1975
1919
1960
1962a
La F.. z,
f or=aclone. econ611l i ca a Y polf t leaB del and i no.
Ina t itut o de Estudi oB Peruanos . Lilllll .
-La t emprano. per cep ci6n europea de l a compl ementa-
r i dad ,,0016gica , " pap" r read a t the XLI II I ntema_
tional Congr e98 of M.ericllnhtB. Vllncouver , Be.
a laB t i erra B en 81 Tawantlnu8yu,"
ReviBtII de la l"ni ve r si d. llj Cg", pl ut enBe , vol. XXVIII ,
no . 117 , p. 273-267 . ""'d.rid .
- The mi t 'a ob1iga tione of e t hnr i c gr oup. t o t h8

I nka sta t 8, - George Col l i er and Renato RQBal do,

The St a t e in V- eBc- Amer i eB and. t he Ande Aead. em1 e
1962b
European of Andean
Pat t ern. , - i n hcnor i na _i l l 1&= Sea ra .
Ne t herly , i'at r ic1a J .
1972 Bi blioerl<phy p, 7
1 977
Nunez At encio,
1976
Nllilez Atenci o ,
1979
Oberem, Udo
1978
Local Le vel Lorda on t he Nor th COallt of Fe ru.
Thelll s , Cornell Un i ve r lli t y . I thaca .
Lautaro
y t rafico de caravanllS en el des i ert o
ohil eno ," i n volume hono n ng Gus tavo LeFa i c e ,
publ i shed 1n Antofacasta, Chi l e ; p. 148_202.
La u t a r o and Tom D. lli llell8.,)'
c: i r!ltoria , amon!H social y della rro110
en'loB Andes ; eeszsase de t r a fi co
e i r. terllcci 6n e con6rr. i cn . IU'ltofsea e t a .

"<:1 a cce ec a recursO.. naturale s de d1f er ent es

ecc j.ogf a e en l a ., ia r r a ec ua t or iana (sigl o x_ I) ,"
.. ctes of the XLII I nt e rnational Cong r ess of
Ame ricanis ts {Par-aa 1976) , vol. I V: p . 51-64 .
Or ti z de Zuni ga ,
[ 1562 ], 1967
&: 1972
Fa t t e r a on ,
1 971a
1;\1go
Vi lli t a '.I e ' I ll ;:r on nc t a 'ie !,e6n de Huhmco ..
;;> volu:r,es . HUW1UCO . Pe ro.
Thomas C.
"Central Perl ; its .t'opul a ti on =d Eco nolllY ,"
vol. a I-I . no. 4 ; p, 316- 21.
1971b "The Etlergence of I' ood I'r-oduc t Lon in Cent ral Fa ro,"
i n Stuar t Struever 'll Prehistoric At;nc"lture .
Patterson , Thomas C. and r. Lanning
1964 " (;hant;i Il Se ttle",ent Pat t erns on the Central
Coas t ," i1awpB Facha , vol. tI ; p, 113- 23 . Be r keley .
Pease c: . 't , I' ranklin
1970
1978
Platt , Tristan
1978
"Hota s obr e l os visitadores de ChUCUl tO en 1572."
"i .. to n B:r Clll t ur !l, no. 4 : p . 71-76 . Litt;n .
Del a 111 his toria del Per l . I nst itut o
de l>a t udios l'eruanos . LI mn.
en lI11 roi r : Ie concept de Y!lnlU1 tin
c hez t ee xee ne dOl acr r vr e , Annales (f;scl , vol .
J J . nos . 5- 0 . i'lIrlll .
78 . La t hr ap 1970 ; 1971.
79 . The wi t nes s es f r om Chal lana decl ar ed they gave 20 guanacos ,
20 pacos and 40 maltos ( f f. l41 r - v) but they
carr i ed i t only to niqui , "which wa s about t wo
leaeues from t ni s town . " The equ i valenci es of
the an imal-named contai ne rs are still be es tabl I sh ed.
80 . See Murra [ 1955 ] , 1980 , pa r t i cUl arl y chs . V and VI I I .
81. Orti z de ZWl.iga (156 2). 1972 .
82 . Mur ra l S80 .
83 . Compare Rurra ( 1955 J 1980 : ch, II and 1980 .
84 . b:acNeish e t a1. 1975 .
85 . Tri mborn 1923-24 ; 1928 ; Tr oll 1931 ; Condarco Moral es 1970 .
86 . Fuenzalida . 'pe rsonal corununicstion ; jrur- r-e 1968 : p, 14 3, note 29 .
87 . I f we a s s ume that t ne a r chi pe l ag os arose only when an expanding
s t a t e , be i t t he I nka or t he ea rli er Wa r iBni Ti -
wanaku , provided i h migh ty prot ection __ t hen we
wonder why it en dur ed i n so many pla ces af t er t he
s t ates vani s hed. The r e is ample evi dence f or its
enduri ng t hr oughout t he COlon ial cent u r i es despite
pressur es against i t by encomender os , haciends_
owners or royal edmi nis t rato rs and t hei r stt et::pts
t o " r educe " the populat i on i nto less di speres d
There ar e pl aces eve n t oday wher e
the population attempts to or de r it s l i f e
a ccording to the standards of s ool ogic compl eeen-
t ari t y, r e s i s t ing t he pr es s""res of :r. os t Il&ronorr. i st s .
i n te rna ti ons.I devel oplllent experts and t hs burea'-l_
cracy of I an'" re f orm ( See Fons eca 1972 ; Harrh 1978) .
88 . Frank Sa l omon ( 1978) has s novm that a r chi pel ae o, w.re mere-
d""oed by t he in t he northerr. An"' ss , a :-ee l on
wh.re t he PO.lT, a is aOs er.t . See al so liur r a (197 ); , 1978 .
89. Ths record. of bo th inepsct i onl , t hat of Ort i E ( (1' b2J ,
1967 and 1972 ) and. er Gur e i Diu 1964 ) con-
t ain many U .tl,IllphB u.n from bll ew. S.. d. e
I::spi nola Sor a M
90. Th. var b llliti y Juant er i B1nally ' t o leave , te escap. ' .
--- - - --Kur r s
J aan
kelaClon de l oa f and8ment oa . ce res del
da.'1o que .... s a1 t a .11' n O c ... nl a r a 1 011 in:holl
BuS ( uero . Col ecei 6n de libras 1
r et er ent e. a l a hi a t or i s del s er les I ,
vol. 31 p. 45 - 168. limB .
Por ras Bar r enechea ,
1950 eapltd Revls t a lli st6ri ea , vol.
XVIII , no. 2, pp. 117- 48 . Lima .
Folo de Onde6ardo ,
[1 571 ] , 1917
P'.I1gar Vi dal , Jan e T
1946 Las .... " s taTal!. del Fer j. Lima.
R&lIl ! r ez- :!or t on .
1978
Re i chl en , Henry
1949
Susan
Che r r e pl' en 1572: WI an41hh de 1. v u lt_ gen.. .... l
del .. 111'...., Toledo ,- Hi storia 1 C1.ll tur. ,no. 11 . Ll lll.ll .
and pau.le
"Recher ches ar ch' oIogiqul' a dane II' S Andl' 8 de
Ca j""".rca , J ournal de Is des
ve , XXXVI II : p , 1 ) 7-14. Paria.
Geogr a f 1eka Ann_l er , zone e Br i d. e du
I . Stockh olm.
"::...
ver ,
RdaCHlr. u a lt06nlH cas de Indiu
[1582] , 1965 'nc-ee vol =l'a Itditt i 'by Kal"eo, o;! . le
republ l ehed i n Bibliot eca d.
Eepei'lolee. J,;adr 14.
R.pe rBz , Gonzalo de
1955
Rev1Rta de 1, Unl ve r n dad CO:&Fl utenn
1950 Enay. rea "- a t .ympoei= on - Eeor-o!:! ' ., . oeie ia4
en 10' And. a ., i n 1975.
x e, 117, vei XXVI II . l:ad. rid.
Rl vat . ra'.1l
1949
Rodr I &ll.a & :Suy. uy ,
1969
"L l angua. 4a da
J ournal , Soe1h' 4.. Am'rioan1Rt.. , vea, XXXVII I .
Par h .
Ant on i O
Char. Chan , el udad da a dob Obaarva elon, a ao bra
a\l. ta" i n llan o)' and 'ehad al 1969 _
p. 1))-52. 3'",anoa Ai r ...
'"' .
,loa t ,.-a 1'')''''' 1
l 'Jb'!- bS
197C
19 1)
1971
1978
I..... ,.!"
ue ."" valle cos t eil:o durl1Zl te
.. tiel L"Ileo Naol 0nal , N1 .
., . , - bl . 1.11:;&.
..l.e1 vei r e Je Chlncha en I II Epoc" pn--
ni ...,6nl ea : un y un
..l. e "zaro;:cl o,. [ n Amertcltnll. . vol . V: p ,
135 - 1 /d . ktt dr u .
de coca en l a ver -
t l pnt e de l .... c ffieo . Efevl!lt3. j " l ro',.,,,o lIa ci onlll .
vol . x....xlX = p. l 'H - 224 . t aee ,
J.. t r. [ a y ecc r eueu , Cos t a peruflna pre_hi IlPtl.ni ea .
de reruanoa . Li ma.
SII"Or [oll indr , ,, naa de y Canta. Inllt i tut o
<Ie Ell t udl OIl Peruanos . Li ma .
I
I
il.owe . J onn ii .
1948
T;l1<' rry
1978
1981
SalOClOr. . Frank
1973
of Ameri cana , vol .
'", I , no. 1_2 = p, 26- 59 . H xico.
"i.le III r i ll ati or. 11 La rtls idenee = In et hn1es
dKll B I e. de Lar ecaJa ." Annal e. ( ESC) .
vol. 33. na p, 1160_1181. Par i
\' . s lu.,eqa lar,s les etnniell ari ental es de e
..r;"ee = r ra.;:-entati on l!t hni que e t. colo-
d.p Ia Call a oe )::""l1 ril1 .
pol1 t .qUl! ve r t ica ux marehe e de
1 ' <::;.,i re Ar.r.el ell (:;sc l . vei 3) . nOli .
p, 9b7- 9,.c . Parlll .
LOll lIei'lore8 Itl".i cos d.. ""ito en l a 'poea (I e
1 01 i n oall . In,tit:lto Ot a val ei'lo dll Ant ropol og!a.
Col e ee16n h n j onerllll . no . 10 . Ot . val e . Eeuaje r .
" .
---- 1 .. , E
Troll , Carl
1931
19&8
uDi e geoGraphi llchen der Hoch-
Ne iche3 , u
Archlv, no. 5. ser r r n,
Tr.e Geo-!;colocY of the l :o=tamous f'e[lon" of t he
Tropical Ame rlcall.
Ll onel Vallh ,
1971
Varallanoll ,

uta ecologf a s ubJetl va un element o eaenc ial
ae la verticalidad , u Revi s t a del Iil,-, ,,eo IIac10nal ,
Vol . XXXVII : p.
Josl
H1"to rla de Hu4nuco. Buenos Aire a -
Wacht el , Nathan
1971
La vl ll10n dell va i ncull : I e.. indiens du Pl r ou devant
l a conguf te ellFagnol e . Faris.
Webster , St e ven S.
1971
"Una oomunidad '1,-,echua indfgena en l a
de lll Ul u pl ea zonlls e co16<; l ca s ," Wayka . nc .
cueee ,