"Discrimination Towards The Maritime Female Students and Its

“Discrimination Towards the Maritime Female Students and Its
Effects on the Academic Performance and their Well- Being in

Selected Universities”
A Research Proposal
Presented To Senior High
Department
University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue
A.C. Cortes Avenue, Looc
Mandaue City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in
Preactical Research 2, OJT/3I
Researchers:
Bestudio, John Denver Y.
Mahilum, Christian Jojet G.
Regner, Louise Anthonio S.
Santillan, Lester Son N.
Tampor, Lorenz Abet A.
Ms. Marites Caspe
Research Adviser
April 2021
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Dedication
This study is wholeheartedly committed to our adored parents, who

have been our source of motivation and gave us strength when we
thought of giving up, who persistently given their moral, enthusiastic,
financial support.
To our companions, relatives, instructors, and even strangers who had

given their words for us to keep moving forward, this is all for you.
Finally, acclaims and thanks to God, the All-powerful, for His showers
of blessings all through our research work to complete the research
successfully.
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Acknowledgement
First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for His
showers of blessings throughout our research work to complete the
research successfully.
The completion of this undertaking could not have been possible

without the participation and assistance of so many people whose
names may not all be enumerated. Their contributions are sincerely
appreciated and gratefully acknowledged. However, the group would
like to express their deep appreciation and indebtedness particularly to
the following:
To begin with, Dr. Severina B. Chin, our school principal, who

designated us all the time that we need in completing this activity
research. Who instructed us all her mastery in this endeavour and who
gave us unending considerations, Ms. Marites A. Caspe. Your support,
guidance, and counsel all through the research project, are greatly
appreciated.
To all relatives, friends and classmates who in one way or another

shared their support, either morally, financially and physically. Thank
you very much!
3
Abstract
Seafaring as an occupation, and the maritime community as a

whole, is still a male-dominated. According to Fidan, Gunay, Akpinar
and Atacan (2020) The maritime sector is one of the sectors
considered to be more prevalent in stereotypes of gender roles. It is
thought that this discrimination is applied more in occupational groups
that require physical force. It was aimed to determine the perceptions
of associate degree students in maritime programs about gender
discrimination related to maritime profession. This study aims to
determine the effects of discrimination to the academic performance as
well as to the well- being of the female maritime students under
discrimination. The goal of this study is to find the effects of
discrimination to the academic performance, interest in seamanship,
and social life of the female maritime students and on what could this
variable may affect their well- being. The survey method of research
was utilized in this study. Particularly, it used the descriptive survey
research method. The target population comprised from Grade 11 and
12 STEM and Tech-Voc Maritime senior high school female students in
the University of Cebu Lapu-lapu and Mandaue. Due to the current
circumstance and difficulty, the researchers were able to get a total of
25 respondents who were accessible to take part within the study.
Data was analyzed descriptively using tables, charts and graph. From
the result of the study, a number of pointers revealed that the
discrimination had an effect on the aspiring senior high school female
maritime students. The study suggests that the school administrators
may conduct a program that will support gender equality in all
maritime sector and they can also conduct a seminar on the male
maritime students, educating them about the effects discriminating
female maritime students, so that they can prevent Female’s
discrimination and they can improve the awareness Female’s
discrimination in maritime field. The findings of this study will provide
the recommendation in improving the awareness of female
discrimination in all maritime sector and serve as a guideline in
improving the school’s academic values and to foster quality education
among male and female maritime.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION
Rationale..............................................................7
Theoretical Framework...........................................10
REVIEW OF STUDIES AND LITERATURE
Review of Related Literature....................................12
Review of Related Studies......................................14
Statement of the Problem......................................16
Scope and Delimitation..........................................17
Significance of the Study.......................................17
METHODOLOGY
Research Design...................................................18
Research Environment...........................................19
Research Respondents..........................................19
Research Instrument.............................................20
Data-Gathering Procedure......................................21
Data Analysis.......................................................21
Ethical Considerations...........................................22
II. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
Table 1...............................................................23
Table 2...............................................................24
Table 3...............................................................25
Table 4...............................................................27
Table 5...............................................................28
Table 6...............................................................30
Table 7...............................................................31
III. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary...........................................................33
Findings............................................................34
Conclusion.........................................................36
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Recommendation................................................37
DEFINITION OF TERMS...............................................39
REFERENCES............................................................40
APPENDICES
A. Transmittal Letter............................................41
B. Research Instrument........................................43
CURRICULUM VITAE...................................................46
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Chapter 1
The Problem and Its Background
INTRODUCTION
Rationale of the study
With the increasing amount of female entering the field of

maritime, stereotyping and discrimination has come into action. As a
senior high school student studying the maritime strand, the
researchers have noticed the inequality and prejudice behavior of
some students which could affect female’s perception in maritime.
Since maritime strand are comprised of mostly man and females are
distinct from others. This study will determine the effects of
discrimination on the academic performance among the maritime
female students in selected private schools and what kind of
discriminative act did they experienced. The major problem of
discrimination and its effects on maritime female students are
observed in terms of; academic performance, interest in seamanship,
and their social life.
According to Mukherjee (2019), lack of support is one of the

reasons why women become upset, disappointed, and eventually step
back from taking seafaring as a career. It has observed that females in
this field have experienced discrimination over the past few years.
Maritime profession has known for its physical work and heavy task,
where masculine best suits for this kind of field, and that woman has
no skills and strength which man possess to do the designated task
efficiently. Due to the discriminative act females have experienced,
this results to depression, fear and anxiety which would lead to serious
behavioral problems. This needs an immediate action to reduce female
discrimination in maritime and empower women in this field. Findings
have shown that men have a higher employment opportunity because
the companies have less acceptance to female maritime. The study is
conducted to find data of the effects of discrimination to the females
and find the best solution and action on setting equality on the field by
means of education, skills, and opportunities.
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The conducting of the study will take place in University of Cebu
Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue, this place was chosen for knowing the
productivity of the study on the discrimination towards the female
maritime students and its impacts in terms of academic performance.
The study will be implemented on the maritime students, particularly
the Senior High School female maritime students. University of Cebu
Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue is one of the biggest Maritime School that
holds a substantial number of enrolled female maritime students. They
offer courses in BSMT, BSMAR-E for college, and STEM-Maritime for
Senior High School. Since females have entered this field, there is a
greater chance that they will be discriminated. Moreover, this setting
will give the researchers a desirable outcome of their study, which
would help the researchers to analyze the situation and formulate
actions in maintaining equality in maritime sector.
Female discrimination refers to a situation where a female is

denied to an opportunity or being judge by their capabilities of doing
some things that mostly man do. In our time today, there are some
people who sees female as a weak person or they are not capable of
doing manly things. In relation to maritime, we all know that this
profession is dominantly for man and with that fact females who
entered this field has a greater chance of being discriminated.
According to FIDAN (2020), Female discrimination is a controversial
issue that is being debated around the world, independently the level
of development of countries. The maritime sector is one of the sectors
considered to be more prevalent in stereotypes of gender roles. It is
thought that this discrimination is applied more in occupational groups
that require physical force. It was aimed to determine the perceptions
of associate degree students in maritime programs about female
discrimination related to maritime profession. This study will
investigate the current circumstance looked among the female
maritime students. The discrimination faced by the female maritime
students causes a huge impact to their current academic performance,
thus the most efforts of this study is to evaluate and show the results
of discriminating female maritime students.
Discrimination is unfair treatment based on a person’s sex.

Unfair treatment may include promotions, pay raise, or even sexual
harassment, according to (Harrington-Sullivan, 2016). According to a
poll conducted by TNS Research Surveys, 68% of women in America
say
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they believe gender discrimination is something that happens in the
workplace. According to Harrington- Sullivan (2016), discrimination
may lead to one or all of the following issues in the workplace:
Lost Productivity: if employees have to focus on dealing with sexual

harassment, the attention they are able to give work may be
significantly diminished.
High Employee Turnover: A hostile work environment may lead to a

high employee turnover. Employees who do not leave may be
overburdened or distracted by having to train replacement employees.
Damaged Morale: A hostile work environment can lower the morale of

those directly affected, which can also lead to widespread discontent
throughout the workplace.
Personal relationships and reputation can also be damaged by

the discriminative act females have experienced especially when
sexual harassment is the issue and can even lead to mental or physical
problems. Gender discrimination has been associated with worse
health outcomes for U.S. females, according to Ro, et al (2010). From
their article, it stated that females who experienced discrimination
used a maladaptive coping process like drug abuse, smoking, and
alcohol use to cope up with their problem which is discrimination.
According to the (ILO) or the International Labour Office, women
seafarers frequently face inordinately tough working conditions
including discrimination and sexual harassment as the maritime sector
adjusts to the reality of women working alongside men. According the
study women represents between 1 and 2 percent of the world’s 1.25
million seafarers serving on some 87, 000 ships. This is why this study
is very important, to eliminate the belief and norms the society has
perceived, instead let’s empower woman to be part of the ever
growing group of female seafarers and improve their conditions of
work and contribute to increased participation by women in the
maritime sector.
This study determines the effects of discrimination on the

academic performance as well as to the well-being of the female
students in the field of maritime. This study will also investigate what
are the effects on discrimination to female maritime students, what are
the relationship of female discrimination in maritime to their academic
performance and what could be propose for the good of the female
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maritime students. According to Stepanikova (2020), This was robust
to
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all adjustments for co-founders that could otherwise increase risk for
depression such as level of social support, and gender role inequality.
This strongly suggests that perceived gender discrimination is an
important factor in a woman's mental health. According to Munhoz
(2018), Females are discriminated against during education in terms of
access, permanence, completion, treatment, learning outcomes and
career choices, resulting in disadvantages that go beyond schooling
and the school environment. The presence of female discrimination in
curricula, textbooks and teaching processes; the violence they face in
and out of school; structural and ideological constraints as well as
male dominance in certain academic and professional fields are factors
that prevent girls and women from claiming and exercising their
human right to education on an equal stand. The findings of this study
will provide the recommendation or implementation in improving the
awareness of female discrimination in all maritime sector and serve as
a guideline in improving the school’s academic values and to foster
quality education among male and female maritime.
The maritime profession could be a developing track due to its

promising impacts allowed among future cadets, however, female
rights have been prohibited and values are ignored. The reason of this
research is to show the effects of discrimination of the female maritime
students to their academic performance through surveys with the use
of researcher made questionnaire. It'll also be utilized as a basis for
developing ways and strategies in empowering gender value within the
strand as well as into the profession itself. The positive results of this
study will be used as guidelines and way to cope up with discrimination
to those female students who are likely experienced discrimination in
the school environment. The administration could benefit from this
study in setting disciplinary act and equal treatment of female in the
field of maritime and to the future researchers, this study will be used
as their support to make their research a reliable one.
Theoretical Framework
Discrimination has been the main issue in the field of maritime.

Many would say that maritime are for men only and that females or
woman has no place in this field. In fact, female professionals
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encountered question like; why did you chose this profession? Can you
do the physical work in the field? Are you not afraid to be different
from the group? These questions had been proved that in this field
men tend to discourage females or woman and that discrimination
really do exist in the field of maritime. Here are the theories that best
support the study that the researchers have conducted (1) The
Feminist Theory, where the power to lead has been the struggle for
women in a male- dominated workforce (2) The Patriarchal System,
states that men have power over women.
According to the study of England (2001), Much of feminist

theory contests the claim that women are inferior to men. The liberal
feminist tradition. Contests the claim that women are innately
unqualified to fill well-rewarded public roles such as politician, soldier,
scholar, manager, or worker. Liberal feminists point out that many
women meet the qualifications for these positions, and many more
could if provided with the same education and informal socialization
men receive. Some thinkers, called radical or cultural feminists, make
a different critique. In their view, the sexism in our society is not just a
failure to give women the preparation to live up to the proper
standards, or to judge fairly whether they meet these standards.
Rather, they argue that the standards themselves are androcentric.
They see sexist bias in our notions of what qualities people need to be
in important positions, and the values determining which positions are
rewarded most. In this view, what is seen as valuable has been
socially constructed around what is seen as masculine. Examples of
traditionally male characteristics highly valued in our culture include
independence, abstract rationality, and repression of emotion.
Contesting the valuation of these characteristics over traditionally
female characteristics, these feminists ask why patriarchal and liberal
views have elevated the spiritual or rational over the physical or
emotional. Where patriarchal views revere the bravery of risking one's
life in hunting, sport, or war, the cultural feminist reveres nurturing for
its preservation of life. Whereas patriarchal thinkers, classical liberals,
and some Marxists have revered humans for their domination over
nature, cultural feminism reveres harmony with nature.
According to Alexander and Taylor (2012), Patriarchy is a form of

mental, social, spiritual, economic and political
organization/structuring of society produced by the gradual
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institutionalization of sex based
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political relations created, maintained and reinforced by different
institutions linked closely together to achieve consensus on the lesser
value of women and their roles. These institutions interconnect not
only with each other to strengthen the structures of domination of men
over women, but also with other systems of exclusion, oppression
and/or domination based on real or perceived differences between
humans, creating States that respond only to the needs and interests
of a few powerful men. In a patriarchal system, the oppression of
women is emphasized. The term oppression means to push down or
restrict; therefore, women are not allowed to rise up to leadership
levels or make decisions. Women are also not allowed to demonstrate
independence or suggest changes to any social order. In essence,
women also have a role in a patriarchal society, but only in a sense
that is submissive and subservient to men.
Related Literature and Studies
Related Literature
The maritime sector is one of the sectors that is prone to

discrimination, due to the fact that females are rarely seen to take up
this course. The information or data within this literature review
includes the concept based on discrimination to the females in
maritime, and the need for action to set goals to provide equality in
this field. In this literature review the researchers aim to determine;
when and how did discrimination came into action. The information or
data gathered serves as the support of this study.
Researchers come up with different literatures related to the

study they have, which would help the researchers to gather data in
order to determine the effects of discrimination to the females on their
overall performance as a student taking up maritime course.
According to Fidan, Gunay, Akpinar and Atacan (2020) with

their thesis titled “Gender Discrimination Perception among Maritime
Students in Turkey” Gender discrimination is a controversial issue that
is being debated around the world, independently the level of
development of countries. This discrimination is tried to be prevented
by legal regulations. However, it is a practice problem rather than law
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in business life. The maritime sector is one of the sectors considered to
be more prevalent in stereotypes of gender roles. It is thought that
this discrimination is applied more in occupational groups that require
physical force. It was aimed to determine the perceptions of associate
degree students in maritime programs about gender discrimination
related to maritime profession at public universities across Turkey. The
result of the study reveals that the perception of gender discrimination
is higher among female students than male. Especially Underwater
Technology students’ perception of gender discrimination is higher
than Maritime Transport and Management, and Yacht Master students.
It proves that women cannot find any job in the industrial diving sector
due to restrictions of Turkish Labor Law although they have education
in Underwater Technology programs. UNUTKAN, GÜÇLÜ, ELEM,
YILMAZ (2016).
Another literature that supports our study entitled “An

Examination of the Opinions of the University Students About
Feminism and Gender Roles”, Gender discrimination adversely affected
women in all areas of social life, especially in the fields of education,
work, marriage and family life. Feminism has emerged to draw
attention to these impacts of gender discrimination and to reduce its
negative consequences. Social transformation is necessary to ensure
gender justice. One of the important steps for achieving this
transformation is to educate the youth and increase their awareness.
Data have been collected with using a questionnaire and assessed with
percentiles, Kruskal-Walls and Mann-Whitney U-Tests. 43.3% of
students defined feminism as “a style of thought that advocates
women are more superior than men” and 31.9% of them as “a style of
thought that advocates the equity of social opportunity”. It was
identified that male students have more traditional opinions on gender
roles related to work, social, marriage and family life. This study has
revealed that male students have more conventional opinions in the
fields of in working and married life, while the male and female
students have egalitarian opinions in the propositions about social life
and family life. Besides, the results of the study have revealed that
opinions of students on gender roles related to work, social, marriage
and family life exhibit statistically significant differences among the
departments for all of the statements given. It was observed that
midwifery students have more egalitarian views. Also, it was
determined that upper class students have more egalitarian
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opinions. As a result of our study, it has been seen that university
students still have a traditional perspective on social gender roles.
According to the results of the questionnaire we can state that the
youth do not understand feminism with all its aspects and digest it.
Therefore, the awareness of the university students about feminism
and gender should be increased. It is also considered to be useful the
creation of student groups advocating gender UNUTKAN, GÜÇLÜ,
ELEM, YILMAZ (2016).
A literature that gives a great relevance to our study entitled

“Violence against Women and Gender Equality in the Philippines” The
Philippine Commission on Women furthered campaign in promoting
gender equality in the Philippines which has been a socio-cultural issue
over the past years. The strict implementation of the law may have
caused Filipino women to speak up and report abuses against them.
The study determined the model for the trends, a sample forecast for
the next 10 years, and relatedness of the reported crime of violence
against women and the Gender Gap Index (GGI) in the Philippines. The
symbolic regression analysis provided a forecasted relatedness of the
reported cases of violence against women to GGI. The reported cases
of violence against women have a 73% positive association of
increasing GGI. Such disclosure supports the necessity of
pragmatically real social action from governmental and non-
governmental organizations which prevent the occurrence of the crime
of violence against women in the future and increase gender equality
to promote social welfare as part of the sustainable development goals
Deguma, Peteros and Case-Deguma (2018).
Related Studies
Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and

differentiating between femininity and masculinity. Women
discrimination has been rampant especially in the maritime industry
where it consists of male population. The United Nations Development
Program (UNDP) Sustainable Development Goals, has been on the
road of achieving gender equality and women empowerment where
women are account for only two percent of the world’s seafarers on
the maritime sectors.
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In order for the effects of gender discrimination to women to
be known, researchers come up with different studies that have same
problems that may help distinguish the effects of discrimination among
females during their time as students.
A study entitled, “Empowering Filipino Women Seafarers in the

Maritime Sector,” by Tangi, (2015); gender discrimination is defined as
the different treatment given to women compared to men, this
treatment deprives them to or denies the possibility of opportunities,
resources, and control over policies. Thus, women’s capabilities are
often challenged and underestimated by male colleagues and male
students. The maritime school faculty members observe that female
cadets or students tend to excel in academics while males tend to
excel in physical and technical trainings. Female students also tend to
be more focused in their lessons and in their studies in general.
Another study from,” Seafarer’s Depression and Suicide,

Women’s health and wellbeing survey reports that anxiety, stress and
depression are women seafarers’ biggest reported health issue Mellbye
and Carter (2017). This suggests that the women seafarers’ health is
affected by work on different type of ships than their male
counterparts. However, when comparing women’s anxiety, stress and
depression with men seafarers’ the predisposition of women to report
these symptoms is well- known from other settings. It needs to be
noted that women seafarers also report gender related discriminations,
ranging from distorted expectations of their work capacity to outright
sexual harassment. In addition, women seafarers often have a hard
time finding and retaining employment because of prejudice among
employers who consider that it is better for crew morale not to have
women on board as this might cause sexual tension and jealousy. As
women seafarers have to deal with discrimination, one could expect to
find a higher depression and suicide rate among women seafarers than
in other women in other occupations.
The study entitled “Uniting Against the tides: Filipino ‘Shefarers’

Organising Against Sexual Harassment” has also a great relevance to
our study. In the 1990’s, Filipino female seafarers started to enter this
male-dominated world. But it has not been smooth for them. This
study
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shows the various forms of sexual harassment Filipino female have
experienced from their male colleagues and senior officer during
onboard. The female victims are not able to file complaints against
their aggressor due to technical difficulties in pursuing a case,
especially when the perpetrator is foreign nationals, according to Tangi
(2020). They set up a group of female seafarers and organize the
group to fight against sexual harassment. Female ‘shefarers’ have
started talking about verbal and physical discrimination in order to
raise awareness of the main issue females in maritime are facing
today.
Statement of the Problem

academic performance as well as to the well- being of the maritime
females in the University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue. This study
is to be conducted during the second semester of the school year
2020- 2021.
The findings of this study will provide the recommendation in

improving the awareness of female discrimination in all maritime
sector and serve as a guideline in improving the school’s academic
values and to foster quality education among male and female
maritime.
Specifically, it answers the following questions
1. What are the effects of discrimination experienced by the female

maritime students in terms of:
1.1. Academic performance
1.2. Interest in Seamanship
1.3. Social Life
2. What are the effects of discrimination in terms of:

2.1. Mental health
2.2. Physical health
2.3. Emotional health
3. Is there a correlation between the effects of discrimination

experienced by the female maritime students and effects of
18
discrimination in their well-being?
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4. Base on the result what could be propose for the good of the
female maritime students?
Scope and Delimitation
The main focus of this study is to determine the effects of

discrimination on the academic performance as well as to the well-
being of the maritime female students in the University of Cebu Lapu-
Lapu and Mandaue. The requests of the subject in a nearby setting and
the time made accessible in this research are restricted.
This study focuses on gaining statistical data of the effects of

discrimination towards the female maritime students in their academic
performance and well-being in selected Universities. The effects of
discrimination are delimited to the academic performance of the
students, interest in seamanship, social life, mental, physical,
emotional well-being. The respondents of this study are delimited to
the Senior High School female students taking up the field of maritime
only. The study is to be conducted during the second semester of the
school year 2020-2021 within the premises of University of Lapu-Lapu
and Mandaue.
Significance of the Study
The findings of the study will benefit to those who are involve and
concern to this study. These are the following beneficiaries of this
study:
Female maritime students are the primary focus of this study, they
will gain much benefit from this study. As the result, female maritime
students can determine what could be the effects of discrimination on
their academic performance.
Teachers can benefit from this study after knowing the risk and
danger of discriminating female students in the field of maritime, they
can guide and give effective advices to their students to improve their
awareness of the negative effects of discriminating females in
maritime. Teachers can help the female maritime students who had
experienced discrimination.
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School administrator in University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue
can also benefit in this study because the result of this research study
will served as a recommendation or implementation in supporting
gender equality in all maritime sector, so that they will know what
should they do to prevent Female’s discrimination and they can
improve the awareness Female’s discrimination in maritime field.
Parents will be benefited from this study after knowing the effects of
Discrimination of female maritime students. Parents may be able to
counsel their child or they can give effective advices to their child.
Researchers will be benefited from this study by using the significant

data in raising an awareness to the females and helpful in formulating
ways and guidelines in promoting equality in the field of maritime.
Future researchers can also benefit from this study as they can get
helpful information and data from this research relating to their study,
they can also make much effective strategies that can help female
maritime students who had experienced gender discrimination in
maritime.
Research Methodology
Research Design
In selecting the methods in conducting your study, it depends on

the research problem, questions, and objectives. According to Gall,
Gall, & Borg (2007), descriptive research is used to describe a
phenomenon and its characteristics. This study utilizes the descriptive
way on gathering data, this will use the survey approach on
conducting this research. The researchers make use of non-
experimental procedure because they cannot control nor experiment
the variables being used in this study, but instead depends on the
result of the surveyed forms being observed and interpreted by the
researchers. Descriptive survey research will be the procedure to be
used to gain considerable information about the seriousness of
discrimination the respondents have experienced inside and outside
the campus. The main purpose of this study is to determine the effects
of discrimination on the academic performance of female maritime
students in which way the researchers could formulate solutions and
21
ways in combating and eliminate the
22
inequality and discrimination in the maritime sector and serve as the
guidelines in improving the school’s academic values and to foster
Research Environment
The locale of this study will take place in University of Cebu

Lapu- Lapu and Mandaue. A private university and an institute of
higher learning which offers a wide range scholarship program to all
the aspiring seafarers and it is also the home of the world class
maritime students. UCLM provides the best well trained maritime
individuals to the shipping industry worldwide. Knowing that this
university is home for great mariners, maritime student population of
this university is dominant and some of them are females. Located at
A.C Cortes Avenue, Looc, Mandaue City, Philippines. The researchers
have choose the University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue since it
holds a substantial number of students in maritime course which are
females. The UCLM best suit to our target respondents and covers the
track that this study recognized. Therefore, the university is suitable
for conducting the research.
Research Respondents
Research Respondents
The researchers will extricate the population from the Senior

High School maritime students enrolled in University of Cebu Lapu-
Lapu and Mandaue. The target respondents are the Grade 11 and 12
STEM and Tech- Voc maritime female students. Senior High School
STEM and Tech- Voc maritime strand comprises of 15 section which
divided into two; 8 sections in the morning session and 7 sections in
the afternoon session. The researchers speculates that there are 3
maximum number of female students in every section and that some
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of the sections have
24
no female colleague at all. The researcher have come up to
approximate decision of 100 female students extracted in the Senior
High School STEM and Tech- Voc maritime. The researchers make
used of the Slovin’s Formula [n=N/ (1+Ne^2)], where N=100 and
e=0.05 margin of error. Thus giving us the answer of 80 female
maritime students as our sample size, but because of the shortage of
time we are only able to get 25 respondents. And to get the specific
respondents cluster sampling procedure is being used.
Research Instruments
The study conducted used a researchers-made survey

questionnaire that is based on the topics on discrimination towards the
female maritime students and its effects on their academic
performance and well-being. This questionnaire is to be answered
through google forms and the channel in distributing the questionnaire
is through messenger, and email, due to the current condition we are
experiencing right now, the pandemic.
The researchers made checklist questionnaire has two parts: The

effects of discrimination in terms of (i) Academic Performance, (ii)
Interest in Seamanship and (iii) Social Life. Secondly, the effects of
discrimination to (i) Mental, (ii) Physical, and (iii) Emotional Health
experienced by the female maritime students. The researchers using
the Likert Scale in answering and translating the questionnaire, and
the scoring where as follows: 1 Strongly Disagree, 2 Disagree, 3
Neutral, 4 Agree, and 5 Strongly Agree. The researchers will conduct a
pilot study for the looking at of the legitimacy of the questionnaire and
consequently, make a few alterations with respect to the instrument.
The personal data of the respondents will be handle with utmost
privacy and is purposively made for gathering significant information
exclusive as it were for the data of the research.
2
Data Gathering Procedure
In this section will state the sequence on how the researchers

will gather the data.
At first the researchers develop a title and was approved to the

Professor, it was also stated the general problem to be answered
through the results pf the study. The researcher made use of
descriptive- survey method and use of the Slovin’s formula.
The study will gather data from the respondents by using a

researcher- made questionnaire that is based on the topics on
discrimination of female maritime students and its effects on their
academic performance and well-being. The researchers will conduct a
pilot study for the looking at of the legitimacy of the questionnaires.
The researcher will pass a consent letter to the office of the school
division to advise approximately the study that will be conducted.
After the approval of the consent letter, the researchers will start
to conduct the study. The study will be conducted through the use of
online platforms, the questionnaires will be made by the used of
google forms and will be distributed through the respondents by
sending the link of the google forms. The respondents were given 10
to 15 minutes to answer and after that the researchers will collect all
the survey questionnaire on the same day where the respondents also
answered the survey.
After the survey was conducted, the researcher will tabulate and
analyze, the researchers will oath to remain confidential, aspects of
the material will be partially concealed to avoid identity risks.
Data Analysis Procedure
The study used a researchers-made questionnaire method

through a web platform in gathering data from the respondents.
Copies of the questionnaires are stated in English. The researchers will
utilize the descriptive-survey method and expressed to Likert Scale to
accumulate information’s that will gotten to be a huge offer assistance
in conducting the analyze data in order to collect information.
Afterwards, the researcher arranged the questions and results of the
observation of respondents. The data will be interpreted and presented
through tables and graphs.
2
Ethical Consideration
The researchers have a lot of consideration to have a credible

and unviolated work in studying the research problem. These ethical
norms include issues such as requirements for honesty, requirements
for informed consent, anonymization and storage of data, the right of
access to data for the respondents and duty of confidentiality for all
those who undertake research, according to (Kaiser, 2019).
The protection of human subject through the application of

appropriate ethical principles is important in any research study. The
researcher had discussed first what the study was all about and the
questions are what for. The respondents are given a consent in using
the data the researchers gather from their answers. Respondent’s
agreement to participation in this study was obtained only after a
thorough explanation of the research process.
The anonymity and confidentiality of the respondents were

preserved by not revealing their names and identity in the data
collection, analysis and reporting of the study findings. Privacy and
confidentiality of the process in gathering data were managed carefully
during data analysis and dissemination of the findings. All findings and
data gathered are kept confidential by the researchers. Strict rules and
careful assistance are recommended in this part of the study. Any type
of communication in relation to the research should be done with
honesty and transparency. Whatever the result it must be keep
untouched and any bias decisions must strictly discourage.
2
Chapter 2
Analysis of Data,
Interpretation, and Summary
This chapter presents the analysis of the effects of discrimination to
the female maritime students in terms of academic performance,
interest in seamanship and their social life. This also shows the effect
of discrimination in their mental, physical and emotional health
identified by the respondents.
Sub- problem 1: What are the effects of discrimination

experienced by the female maritime students in terms of:
Table 1. EFFECTS ON MY ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Indicators Mean Interpretation
1. Due to gender discrimination my 2.56

grades are affected. Disagree
2. I am hesitant on showing my skills

3.24
and capabilities to my colleagues and
Neutral
teachers due to discrimination.
3. My focus in studying got distracted

2.68
due to the discrimination I received
Neutral
from my colleagues.
2.83
Weighted Mean
Neutral
Table 1 shows 3 areas of indicators according to the effects of

discrimination to maritime female's academic performance. From the
data we gather the table shows that the second indicator has the
highest mean of (M= 3.24), which indicates “I am hesitant on
showing my skills and capabilities to my colleagues and teachers due
to discrimination”, and it interprets a neutral effect to the respondents.
It implies that the majority of the respondents are being hesitant on
showing their skills and capabilities to everyone in the class which
affected their academic performance.
2
The lowest mean of (M= 2.56) which indicates “Due to
discrimination my grades are affected”, where majority of the
respondents disagree that due to discrimination their grades are
affected which interprets that female experienced less discrimination.
It implies that female’s academic performance in terms of their grades
are not affected from discrimination.
This study was supported by Karuppan & Barari (2003) entitled

“Perceived discrimination and international students' learning: an
empirical investigation.” This study focuses on the importance of non-
discriminatory environments to bring about successful learning
outcomes, which we construe as academic performance and perceived
quality of educational experience. We find that, perceived
discrimination has a strong, negative impact on educational
experience.” That is why students under this discriminatory act
become hesitant, non- participative and has a low self-esteem.
Table 2. EFFECTS ON MY INTEREST IN SEAMANSHIP
1. Unmotivated to continue this 2.84

profession due to the discouragement
Neutral
I experienced from my colleagues.
2. Because of discrimination I lost 2.8

hope to become a seafarer. Neutral
3. For some time I come to think on 3.12

shifting another course because of my
Neutral
experienced on discrimination.
Weighted Mean 2.92

Neutral

discrimination to maritime female's interest in seamanship. From the
data we gather the table shows that the third indicator has the highest
mean of (M= 3.12), which indicates “For some time I come to think
on shifting another course because of my experienced on
discrimination”, and it interprets a neutral effect to the respondents. It
2
implies that the
2
majority of the respondents are neutrally affected their interest in
seamanship which leads them to think on shifting another course.
The lowest mean of (M= 2.8) which indicates “Because of

discrimination I lost hope to become a seafarer”, where majority of the
respondents are neutral on their decision that due to discrimination
they lost hope to become a seafarer. It implies that even if they have
been discriminated they will never lost hope for their goal to be a
seafarer and that their interest in seamanship is not affected.
This study was supported by Aguado, Laguador and Deligero

(2015) entitled “Affecting the Choice of School and Students’ Level of
Interest towards the Maritime Program.” Several factors may be
considered in selecting school and degree program like quality
education, the people from the environment, personal choice; and
accessibility of the school from students' residences. It is true for
students who enrolled in courses that are related to prejudices and
discrimination that they lost interest (Gary, 2001)
1.3 Social Life
Table 3. EFFECTS ON MY SOCIAL LIFE
1. It is hard for me to find close 3.08

friends from the group. Neutral
2. I feel anxious because of being 2.96

socially isolated and segregated from
Neutral
the group.
3. I lost my self- confidence when 2.96

presenting in front of everyone. Neutral
Weighted Mean 3
Neutral

discrimination to maritime female's social life. From the data we gather
the table shows that the first indicator has the highest mean of (M=
2
3.08), which indicates “It is hard for me to find close friends from the
group,” and it interprets a neutral effect to the respondents. It implies
that the majority of the respondent’s social life are neutrally affected
and it is hard for them to find close friends from the group due to
discrimination.
We have a same lowest mean of (M= 2.96) the indicator

number two, which indicates that “I feel anxious because of being
socially isolated and segregated from the group” and indicator number
three, which indicates that “I lost my self- confidence when presenting
in front of everyone.” Where majority of the respondents are neutral
on their decision that they feel anxious and lost self- confidence in
front of everyone. Therefore I presume that female maritime student’s
social life is not affected because from the results of indicators number
1&2 it is neutral.
This study was supported by Hunting, Grace, Hankivsky (2015)

entitled “TAKING ACTION ON STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION: AN
INTERSECTIONALITY-INFORMED MODEL OF SOCIAL INCLUSION AND
EXCLUSION”. Social inclusion has increasingly been positioned within
research and policy as integral to addressing stigma and discrimination
related to mental health and substance use. Yet there is a lack of
consensus about the meaning of social inclusion and how this concept
can be applied to understand the broader social contexts that influence
health and inequity. In this paper, we respond to a recently developed
model of social inclusion for mental health and substance use in British
Columbia (BC), Canada, by proposing an alternative model: an
Intersectionality-Informed Model of Social Inclusion and Exclusion.
Drawing on the BC model, we demonstrate what we see as key
limitations of current conceptualizations of social inclusion and
highlight the ways in which the proposed model extends, improves,
and complicates understandings of social inclusion. We argue that this
inquiry is a necessary precursor to better addressing the complexities
of stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion, and in so doing, to
promoting social inclusion and equity.
2
Sub- problem 2: What are the effects of discrimination in
terms of:
1.2. Mental Health
Table 1. EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION ON MY MENTAL HEALTH
1. I feel depressed when my male 3.04

classmates judge my capabilities and
Neutral
knowledge.
2. I gained anxiety when my male 2.8

classmates talk about my effectivity
Neutral
and contribution about maritime work.
3. I feel optimistic when presenting 3.28

something in front of my male
Neutral
classmates.
4. I feel confident and hopeful when 3.08

sharing my knowledge in maritime to
Neutral
my male classmates.
Weighted Mean 3.05

Neutral

discrimination on the mental health of the female maritime students.
From the data we gather the table shows that the third indicator has
the highest mean of (M= 3.28) which indicates that “I feel optimistic
when presenting something in front of my male classmates”, for its
interpretation it results to neutral response. This means that the
majority of the respondents have a neutrally positive effects from their
experience on discrimination which is they feel optimistic and used
that discrimination as their source of courage to continue on achieving
their goal.
The lowest mean of (M=2.8) which indicates “I gained anxiety

when my male classmates talk about my effectivity and contribution.”
This explains that the majority of the respondents have a neutral
result and that the feeling of anxiety does not affect their mental
health.
2
Therefore discrimination does not really affect female maritime
student’s mental health.
This study was supported by Everett B. (2016) entitled “Effects

of Minority Status and Perceived Discrimination on Mental Health.”
Discrimination is the behavioral manifestation of bias against a
particular group by individuals or institutions and is an important,
albeit often overlooked, contributor to health disparities. Link and
Phelan (2001) argue that key shared characteristics within minority
groups frequently include experiences of perceived discrimination,
which serves as a unique and independent risk factor for mental illness
beyond social disadvantage explanations. Day-to-day discrimination
may be more reflective of the chronic and pernicious effects of
occupying a minority status in U.S. society, and some work has shown
that perceived everyday discrimination is linked to mental illness while
major acute discriminatory events are not. Further, day-to-day
discrimination may have long-term effects on individuals as the body
becomes less responsive to such reactions, blunting the stress
response over time which may result in serious long-term negative
physical health outcomes.
2.2 Physical Health
Table 2. EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION ON MY PHYSICAL

HEALTH
1. I feel weak and tired when my male

classmates discriminate me. 2.96 Neutral
2. Because of discrimination I feel

stress and exhausted. 2.92 Neutral
3. Due to discrimination I tend to put

up more work to impress my
3.2 Neutral
colleagues.
4. I used my experienced in
discrimination as my reason to strive
3.28 Neutral
hard and encourage myself.
2
Weighted Mean
3.09 Neutral

discrimination on the physical health of the female maritime student.
The highest result mean of (M= 3.28) which indicates that “I used my
experienced in discrimination as my reason to strive hard and
encourage myself”, for its interpretation it has a neutral response. This
means that the majority of the respondents have a neutrally positive
effect on their physical health, which explains that the discrimination
they experienced makes them to strive hard and encourage
themselves to show to everyone that they can manage the work and
tasks on this field.
It also shows in the table that indicator number two has the least
result mean of (M= 2.92), which indicates that “Because of
discrimination I feel stress and exhausted”, with the result of
interpretation of neutral. This means that the majority of the
respondents have a neutral result and that stress and being exhausted
does not affect their physical health. Therefore discrimination does not
really affect female maritime student’s physical health.
This study was supported by Aguado, Laguador and Deligero

(2015) entitled “The Role of Discrimination and Acculturative Stress in
the Physical Health of Adults. The authors propose that perceived
discrimination has an effect on self-reported health statuses, which are
known to affect future morbidity and mortality. A sample of 3,012
adults from the Prevalence and Services Study in California is utilized
to test this hypothesis. Dependent variables include a self-rating of
health and a count of self-reported chronic conditions; the key
independent variable is a scale of overall discrimination specific to
one’s origin. Results indicate that discrimination is related to poor
physical health—net of controls for acculturation stress, national
heritage, sociodemographic variables, and social support. Depression
is identified as a major mechanism through which discrimination may
affect physical health. Notably, job market stress/discrimination has a
very strong association with poorer physical health, net of depression.
Individual-level effects of discrimination found in this study, as well as
institutional-level conditions and contextual effects, should be treated
as crucial to future studies of individual-level physical health
differentials.
3
3
2.3 Emotional health
Table 3. EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION ON MY EMOTIONAL

HEALTH
1. I feel ashamed and sad when my

male classmates judge my capabilities
3.36 Neutral
as a maritime student.
2. I don’t really put much trust to my

colleagues due to discrimination. 2.84 Neutral
3. I easily cope up with the stress and

frustrations from the discrimination I
3 Neutral
experienced.
4. I manage to calm myself and be

optimistic amidst the discrimination I
3.08 Neutral
experienced.
Weighted Mean
3.07 Neutral

discrimination to the emotional health of the female maritime
students. The highest result mean of (M= 3.36) which indicates that
“I feel ashamed and sad when my male classmates judge my
capabilities as a maritime student.” It interprets a neutral result based
on the table above. This means that the majority of the respondents
have a neutrally negative effect on their emotional health, which
explains that the discrimination they experienced affect their emotions
to the point that they feel ashamed and sad when they are judged by
their male classmates.
On the other hand the least result mean of (M= 2.84) which
indicates that “I don’t really put much trust to my colleagues due to
discrimination.” With neutral result of interpretation. Where majority of
the respondents have a neutral response that being discriminated
would result not to trust anyone in the class, which means that
discrimination does not really affect the emotional health of female
maritime students.
3
This study was supported by Pavalko, Mossakowski and Hamilton
(2003) entitled “Does Perceived Discrimination Affect Health?
Longitudinal Relationships between Work Discrimination and Women's
Physical and Emotional Health.” This study uses longitudinal data to
examine the causal relationships between perceived work
discrimination and women's physical and emotional health. We
investigate the structural and individual characteristics that predict
later perceptions of discrimination and the effects of those perceptions
on subsequent health. We find that perceptions of discrimination are
influenced by job attitudes, prior experiences of discrimination, and
work contexts, but prior health is not related to later perceptions.
However, perceptions of discrimination do impact subsequent health,
and these effects remain significant after controlling for prior
emotional health, physical health limitations, discrimination, and job
characteristics. Overall, the results provide even stronger support for
the health impact of workplace discrimination and suggest a need for
further longitudinal analyses of causes and consequences of perceived
discrimination.
Sub- problem 3: Is there a correlation between the effects

of discrimination experienced by the female maritime students
and effects of discrimination in their well-being?
Table 1. Test of correlation between the effects of

discrimination experienced by the female maritime students
and effects of discrimination in their well being
Regression Statistics
0.465
Multiple
14518
R
2
0.216
R Square 36004
1
Observati 25
ons
ANOVA
df Signific Coeffici P-value Deci Interpre

ance F ents sion tation
1 0.01913 Inter 0.08341 0.94266 Acce Not
Regressio
1552 cept 8842 6879 pt Correlat
n
HO ed
23 X 0.9225 0.0191
Residual Varia 20102 31552
3
ble 1
Total 24
Table 1 shows the test of correlation between the effects of

discrimination to the female maritime students in terms of their:
academic performance, interest in seamanship and social life and its
effects on their well- being, it indicates that since P- Value is greater
than the significance F, the result is evident enough to accept the null
hypothesis that interpreted the non- correlation of two variables,
meaning regardless if the student is affected of discrimination in terms
on their academic performance, interest in seamanship, and social life,
their mental, physical and emotional well- being is not affected, based
on what the table has shown.
This statistical result is further supported by the study of Agnafors,
S., Barmark, M. & Sydsjö, G. Mental health and academic

a study on selection and causation effects from childhood to
really effect Mental
adulthood. on theirhealth
well- being.
problems in early childhood and
increase the risk for poor academic performance, indicating the need
awareness and treatment to provide fair opportunities to education.
means that at early age individual doesn’t care on what they may
low grades or not doing excellent in their academics and it does
3
CHAPTER 3
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents a summary of the overall findings,

conclusions, and also, recommendations drawn by the researchers.
Additionally, it offered to explain particular studies.
Summary

academic performance as well as to the well- being of the maritime
females. This research focused on the Senior High School female
maritime students in University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue. The
findings of this study will provide the recommendation in improving the
awareness of female discrimination in all maritime sector and serve as
a guideline in improving the school’s academic values and to foster
Specifically, it answers the following questions
2. What are the effects of discrimination experienced by the female

maritime students in terms of:
4.3. Social Life
5. What are the effects of discrimination in terms of
5.1. Mental health
5.2. Physical health
5.3. Emotional health
6. Is there a correlation between the effects of discrimination
experienced by the female maritime students and effects of
discrimination in their well-being?
7. Base on the result what could be propose for the good of the
female maritime students?
This study utilized the descriptive survey research method of

research design. The researchers gathered data through the usage of a
survey questionnaire. The research environment chosen was in the
3
University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue This research made use of
25 respondents instead of 80 respondents due to the shortage of time,
all coming from the Senior High School female maritime students of
University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue, all of which were chosen
with the usage of cluster sampling. This study also made use of an
online 21-item questionnaire adapted to Google Forms as the main
research instrument to assess and identify the effects of discrimination
to the female maritime students. In gathering the data, the
researchers prioritized and complied with the essential papers, which
were the transmittal letter, informed consent, and the survey
questionnaires.
Findings
Based on the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data,

the following findings are disclosed:
Finding 1. Effects of discrimination in my academic performance.
The senior high school female maritime students had a weighted

mean of 2.83 which interprets a neutral result and it means that the
respondents has experienced moderate discrimination. The second
indicator presents the highest mean of 3.24 among the three
indicators which indicates "I am hesitant on showing my skills and
capabilities to my colleagues and teachers due to discrimination." The
lowest mean of
2.56 with an indicator "Due to gender discrimination my grades are
affected."
Finding 2. Effects of discrimination in my interest in seamanship

mean 2.92 which interprets a neutral result and it means that the
respondents had experienced moderate discrimination. The second
indicator presents the highest mean of 3.12 among the three indicator
which indicates “For some time I come to think on shifting another
course because of my experienced on discrimination.” The lowest
mean of 2.80 with an indicator “Because of discrimination I lost hope
to become a seafarer.”
3
Finding 3. Effects of discrimination in my social life

respondents had experienced moderate discrimination. The first
indicator presents the highest mean of 3.08 among the three indicator
which indicates “It is hard for me to find close friends from the group.”
The second and third indicator has the same mean of 2.96 with an
indicator “I feel anxious because of being socially isolated and
segregated from the group” and “I lost my self-confidence when
presenting in front of everyone.”
Finding 4. Effects of discrimination in my mental health

respondents had experienced moderate discrimination. The third
indicator presents the highest mean of 3.28 among the four indicator
which indicates “I feel optimistic when presenting something in front of
my male classmates.” The lowest mean of 2.80 with an indicator “I
gained anxiety when my male classmates talk about my effectivity and
contribution about maritime work.
Finding 5. Effects of discrimination in my physical health

respondents had experienced moderate discrimination. The fourth
which indicates “I used my experienced in discrimination as my reason
to strive hard and encourage myself.” The lowest mean of 2.92 with an
indicator “Because of discrimination I feel stress and exhausted.”
Finding 6. Effects of discrimination in my emotional health

respondents had experienced moderate discrimination. The first
which indicate “I feel ashamed and sad when my male classmates
judge my capabilities as a maritime student. The lowest mean of 2.84
with an
3
indicator “I don’t really put much trust to my colleagues due to
discrimination.”
Finding 7. Test of correlation between the effects of

discrimination experienced by the female maritime students
and effects of discrimination in their well being
It shows the test of correlation between the effects of

discrimination to the female maritime students in terms of their:
academic performance, interest in seamanship and social life and its
effects on their well- being, it indicates that since P- Value is greater
than the significance F, the result is evident enough to accept the null
hypothesis that interpreted the non- correlation of two variables,
meaning regardless if the student is affected of discrimination in terms
on their academic performance, interest in seamanship, and social life,
their mental, physical and emotional well- being is not affected, based
on the findings gathered.
Conclusion
Based on the findings, it is therefore concluded that female

maritime students are neutrally experienced discrimination in the
school environment. This is supported by Val Thurtle, Shaun Hammond
& Paul Jennings (1998)”The experience of students in a gender
minority on courses at a college of higher and further education,
Journal of Vocational Education and Training” stated that “Students did
not identify gender as a significant issue, but highlighted intimidatory
behaviour and gender stereotypes as barriers preventing full
participation in the classroom.” This means that due to this act
students participation in the class can be affected, like showing little
interest and being hesitant in her actions, it may also affect her social
life in a way that she find hard to make friends with her male
classmates, which lead her to that feeling of isolated or not belong to
the group and ends up on shifting another course that would accept
her.
With regards to the well- being of the female maritime students,

the findings have shown that mostly of them make use of
discrimination as their source of encouragement to strive hard and to
show to everyone that they are not affected but instead they feel
optimistic and proud of being different from the group. But for some
time they feel ashamed when their classmate judged them about their
3
abilities and strength with
3
regards to maritime work. This is supported on the article entitled
”Countering Gender Discrimination and Negative Gender Stereotypes:
Effective Policy Responses” (July 13, 2011), which stated that
“Stereotypes or discrimination are not always inherently negative, but
because they are assumptions that disregard a person's individual and
inherent abilities, opportunities and environment, they tend to be
prejudicial.” Due to discrimination females are more active on showing
their strength which give pressure to the males that they might be
taken advantage by females.
Lastly, the effects of discrimination in terms of their academic

performance, interest in seamanship and social which represent as our
first variable with a neutral result does not correlate to the other
variable which is the effects on their well- being. This means that
regardless if the student is affected of discrimination in terms on their
academic performance, interest in seamanship, and social life, their
mental, physical and emotional well- being is not affected, based on
the findings gathered.
Recommendation
Based on the findings, the researchers suggest the following

ideas that school administrator and male maritime students can take
to reduce or even eliminate the discrimination experience by the
female maritime students. These recommendations can be carried out
very effectively by school administrators and male maritime students
with the assistance and advice of the researchers. Also, this is to assist
male maritime students, school administrator and their female
students in being concerned about the effects of discrimination to
the female maritime students and to their academic performance and
well-being. This study, in particular, demonstrated that efforts should
be made to assess the effects of discrimination to the maritime female
students.
1. The school administrators in University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and

Mandaue may conduct a program that will support gender equality in
all maritime sector and they can also conduct a seminar on the male
maritime students, educating them about the effects discriminating
female maritime students, so that they can prevent Female’s
4
discrimination and they can improve the awareness Female’s
4
discrimination in maritime field. This will further result to the
avoidance of discrimination to the female maritime students and the
male maritime students will have a proper discipline and will respect
their female maritime classmates. According to Johnstone (2012), Like
most people, need to feel respected for who and what they are: that
they and their work 'matters', and their personal worth as human
beings is recognized and acknowledged.
2. Since mostly of the response about the effects of

discrimination to the mental well- being of the female maritime
students is not that serious, we the researcher recommended to polish
more the disciplinary rules and practices the school has implemented
and conduct a seminar to maritime female seafarer twice a year with
regards on how to counter the negative effect of discrimination and
turn it as their source of encouragement to continue and prove to all
even if they are females in a male- dominant environment they can
still be on top and be competitive against their colleagues. According
to an article entitled, “Women’s Empowerment Can Change the World”
by (Rosalba, WE Member, Guatemala) states that “Economic
empowerment is central to women’s ability to overcome poverty, cope
with shocks and improve their well- being. As resourceful economic
agents, women can take control of their future and support their
families and communities.”
3. Male student attitude and approach to female maritime

students should be fair and equal in terms of opportunity, voice and
rights as also a maritime student. According to the article “Promising
practices: Empowering women, empowering communities” stated that
“Gender equality is not a ‘women’s issue’ but affects both women and
men, as it is rooted in the relationship between the two. Both women
and men have to change their ways of working, attitudes and social
norms, to ensure both are equal, empowered and dignified.” This
implies that as both sexes has an equal opportunity and right a
balance and well- coordinated relationship between both sexes can
lead to an empowered and dignified individual in the school community
of the maritime field.
4
Definition of Terms
To barely get it and to allow clarity to the terms given and used within
the study, the following are in this way defined:
• Discrimination- In this study, it alludes to female maritime

students that is being looked down or being judge by its
capability in doing manly in things in the field of maritime.
• Effects of discrimination- it is the permanent or long-term

effect of discriminative practices based on a person’s gender. Its
effects cover a person’s relationship, reputation, and even
mental or physical problems.
• Maritime- an industry specialized for doing marine related

labors such as shipping, navigation, and cargo delivering
operations.
• Academic Performance- is the extent to which a student,

teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term
educational goals.
• Social Life- consists of the various bonds they form with others,
such as family, friends, members of their community, and
strangers. It can be measured by the duration and quality of the
social interactions they have on a regular basis, both in person
and online.
• Seamanship- is the art of operating a ship or boat
• Foster- to encourage the development or growth of ideas or

feelings.
• Mental- is a state of well-being in which the individual realizes

his or her own abilities.
• Physical- relating to the body of a person instead of the mind.
• Emotional- a natural instinctive state of mind deriving from

one's circumstances, mood, or relationships with others.
4
References:
 Anna MacNeil & Samrat Ghosh (2017) Gender imbalance in the

maritime industry: impediments, initiatives and
recommendations, Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean
Affairs, 9:1, 42-55, DOI: 10.1080/18366503.2016.1271262
 Acejo, I.L. and Abila, S.S. (2016), "Rubbing out gender: women and
merchant ships", Journal of Organizational Ethnography, Vol. 5 No. 2,
pp. 123-138. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-01-2016-0004
 Alexander and Taylor (2012) “Patriarchy Theory.”
ttps://www.thoughtco.com/patriarchal-society-feminism-definition.
 Deguma, Peteros, Case-Deguma, Igot (2018), “Violence against
Women and Gender Equality in the Philippines”,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337158624_Violence_again
st_Women_and_Gender_Equality_in_the_Philippines_Are_they_Relate
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negative-effects-of-gender-discrimination
 Mellbye and Carter (2017), Seafarer’s Depression and Suicide”,
Women’s health and wellbeing survey reports that anxiety, stress and
depression are women seafarers’ biggest reported health issue.
https://journals.viamedica.pl/international_maritime_health/article/vie
w/IMH.2017.0020/42476.
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equality/.
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Workplace” https://florinroebig.com/workplace-discrimination-women/
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Maritime Sector”, https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-
content/uploads/Empowering-Women-Seafarers-in-the-Maritime-
Sector-vol.15-no.2-2016.
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Organising Against Sexual Harassment”,
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Opinions of the University Students About Feminism and Gender
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https://doaj.org/article/533b5a5e2e364ee5a92b2547561d6376.
 Volkan Fidan, ESİN GÜNAY, Gamze Akpınar, Can Atacan (2020),
Gender Discrimination Perception Among Maritime Students In Turkey.
JEMS Maritime Sci. 2020; 8(3): 162-176
 Rosalba “Women’s Empowerment Can Change the World.”
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4
Appendix A
(Transmittal Letter)
April 27, 2021
DR. SEVERINA CHIN

The Principal
Senior High School Department
AC., Cortes Avenue, Looc, Mandaue City, Cebu
Dear Dr. Chin:
Good day!
We would like to ask your permission to conduct our study among the
female maritime students in our school. We are submitting here with
our research entitled “Discrimination Towards the Maritime Female
Students and Its Effects on the Academic Performance and their Well-
Being in Selected Universities” as a partial fulfillment of the Research
II subject task.
The purpose of this research is to determine the effects of

discrimination to the academic performance as well as to the well-
being of the females in the Maritime program. This survey will serve a
great assistance to raise awareness to all the students in University of
Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue (UCLM). This survey will be conducted
during the students’ free time and it'll not affect their priorities and
studies. It would be answered through google forms and would only
last about 5- 10 minutes. The data we accumulated will offer
assistance for our research as it will provide relevant data and
information which we are able to utilize, to produce actions and
procedures to manage up with the occurring phenomenon within the
female Maritime students.
We hope that this request will meet your approval.
Sincerely,
Bestudio, John Denver

Mahilum, Christian Jojet
4
Regner, Louise Anthonio
Santillan, Lester Son
Tampor, Lorenz Abet
Researcher
Checked by:
MS. MARITES CASPE

Research Adviser
Approved by:
Dr. Severina B. Chin
Senior High School Principal
4
Appendix B
Research Instrument
(Survey/Questionnaire)
“Discrimination Towards the Maritime Female Students and Its

Effects on the Academic Performance in Selected Universities”
This study is exclusively for research purposes only. All answers

and personality to this survey will be kept anonymous and confidential.
There's no wrong response within the items given and if you don't
mind answer as fair as possible. Answers ought to be relatable in the
given topic or questions.
Note: This questionnaire is for female maritime students only.
Name (Optional): Section:
General Instruction: Please answer the following questions below. If
ever you have experienced these random questions the researchers
provided, there are numbers 1-5 which stands for different kinds of
severity, put (✓) check on the number which suits for your answer.
Answer the given items honestly and precisely as possible or to the
most excellent of your knowledge.
1- Strongly Disagree 2- Disagree 3- Neutral
4- Agree 5- Strongly Agree
PART I.
Table A. 1 2 3 4 5
EFFECTS ON MY ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
1. Due to gender discrimination my grades are

affected.
2. I am hesitant on showing my skills and
capabilities to my colleagues and teachers due
to discrimination.
3. My focus in studying got distracted due to
the discrimination I received from my
colleagues.
4
Table B. 1 2 3 4 5
EFFECTS ON MY INTEREST IN SEAMANSHIP
4. Unmotivated to continue this profession due

to the discouragement I experienced from my
colleagues.
5. Because of discrimination I lost hope to
become a seafarer.
6. For some time I come to think on shifting
another course because of my experienced on
discrimination.
Table C. 1 2 3 4 5
EFFECTS ON MY SOCIAL LIFE
7. It is hard for me to find close friends from

the group.
8. I feel anxious because of being socially
isolated and segregated from the group.
9. I lost my self- confidence when presenting in
front of everyone.
PART II.
Table A. 1 2 3 4 5
EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION ON MY MENTAL
HEALTH
1. I feel depressed when my male classmates
judge my capabilities and knowledge.
2. I gained anxiety when my male classmates
talk about my effectivity and contribution about
maritime work.
3. I feel optimistic when presenting something
in front of my male classmates.
4. I feel confident and hopeful when sharing my
knowledge in maritime to my male classmates.
Table B. 1 2 3 4 5
EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION ON MY
PHYSICAL HEALTH
5. I feel weak and tired when my male
classmates discriminate me.
6. Because of discrimination I feel stress and
exhausted.
7. Due to discrimination I tend to put up more
work to impress my colleagues.
8. I used my experienced in discrimination as
my reason to strive hard and encourage myself.
4
Table C. 1 2 3 4 5
EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATION ON MY
EMOTIONAL HEALTH
9. I feel ashamed and sad when my male
classmates judge my capabilities as a maritime
student.
10. I don’t really put much trust to my
colleagues due to discrimination.
11. I easily cope up with the stress and
frustrations from the discrimination I
experienced.
12. I manage to calm myself and be optimistic
amidst the discrimination I experienced.
4
CURRICULUM VITAE
John Denver Y. Bestudio

Address: Lower Casili, Mandaue City
Birthdate: August 23, 2002
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
Contact No.: +639239373215
Email: johndenverbestudio22@gmail.com
EDUCATION
 Elementary
Casili Elementary School
 Junior High School

Mt.Olives School of the Phil.Inc
 Senior High School

SPECIAL SKILLS
 Gamer
 Swimmer
 Biker
ACHIEVEMENTS
 With honors
5
Christian Jojet G. Mahilum
Address: Mahawak, Medellin, Cebu
Birthdate: November 4, 2002
Contact No.: +639298022322
Email: mahilumchristianjojet@gmail.com
EDUCATION
 Elementary: Medellin National Science and Technology School
 Junior High School: St.Paul School Of Medellin
 Senior High School: University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue
SPECIAL SKILS
 Cooking
 Dancing
 Basketball
 Singing
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Athlete of the Year during Grade 10 (2018-2019)
 CAT Officer during Grade 10 (2018-2019)
5
Louise Anthonio Regner
Address: Sta. Lucia, Asturias, Cebu
Birthdate: November 25, 2002
Contact No.: +639756531384
Email: louiseanthonioregner@gmail.com
EDUCATION:
 Elementary: Sta. Lucia Elementary School
 Junior High School: St. Francis Academy
 Senior High School: University of Cebu Lapu-lapu and
Mandaue
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Cooking
 Swimming
Achievement
 With honors
5
Lester Son N. Santillan
Address: Libo, Tayud, Consolacion, Cebu
Birthdate: September 14, 2002
Contact No.: +639311206585
Email: lester.santillan999@gmail.com
EDUCATION:
 Elementary: Tayud Elementary School
 Junior High School: Tayud National High School
Mandaue
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Cooking
 Basketball player
 Sepak Takraw player
Achievement
 With honors
 Athlete of the Year during Grade 10 (2018-2019)
5
Lorenz Abet A. Tampor
Address: Purok 1, San Francisco, Talibon, Bohol
Birthdate: July 8, 2002
Contact No.: +639207808291
Email: abetampor@gmail.com
EDUCATION:
 Elementary: PLEBA Elementary School
 Junior High School: Blessed Trinity College
Mandaue
SPECIAL SKILLS
 Basketball player
 Badminton player
Achievement
 With High honor in Junior High School

 Bronze Medalist in Regional Level (CVIRAA Meet)

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“Discrimination Towards the Maritime Female Students and Its

Effects on the Academic Performance and their Well- Being in

Presented To Senior High

University of Cebu Lapu-Lapu and Mandaue

A.C. Cortes Avenue, Looc

Preactical Research 2, OJT/3I

Bestudio, John Denver Y.

Mahilum, Christian Jojet G.

Regner, Louise Anthonio S.

Santillan, Lester Son N.

Tampor, Lorenz Abet A.

Ms. Marites Caspe

This study is wholeheartedly committed to our adored parents, who

To our companions, relatives, instructors, and even strangers who had

The completion of this undertaking could not have been possible

To begin with, Dr. Severina B. Chin, our school principal, who

To all relatives, friends and classmates who in one way or another

Seafaring as an occupation, and the maritime community as a

The Problem and Its Background

Rationale of the study

With the increasing amount of female entering the field of

According to Mukherjee (2019), lack of support is one of the

Female discrimination refers to a situation where a female is

Discrimination is unfair treatment based on a person’s sex.

Lost Productivity: if employees have to focus on dealing with sexual

High Employee Turnover: A hostile work environment may lead to a

Damaged Morale: A hostile work environment can lower the morale of

Personal relationships and reputation can also be damaged by

This study determines the effects of discrimination on the

The maritime profession could be a developing track due to its

Discrimination has been the main issue in the field of maritime.

According to the study of England (2001), Much of feminist

According to Alexander and Taylor (2012), Patriarchy is a form of

Related Literature and Studies

The maritime sector is one of the sectors that is prone to

Researchers come up with different literatures related to the

According to Fidan, Gunay, Akpinar and Atacan (2020) with

Another literature that supports our study entitled “An

A literature that gives a great relevance to our study entitled

Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and

A study entitled, “Empowering Filipino Women Seafarers in the

Another study from,” Seafarer’s Depression and Suicide,

The study entitled “Uniting Against the tides: Filipino ‘Shefarers’

Statement of the Problem

This study determines the effects of discrimination on the

The findings of this study will provide the recommendation in

Specifically, it answers the following questions

1. What are the effects of discrimination experienced by the female

2. What are the effects of discrimination in terms of:

3. Is there a correlation between the effects of discrimination

Scope and Delimitation

The main focus of this study is to determine the effects of

This study focuses on gaining statistical data of the effects of

Significance of the Study

Researchers will be benefited from this study by using the significant

In selecting the methods in conducting your study, it depends on

The locale of this study will take place in University of Cebu

The researchers will extricate the population from the Senior

The study conducted used a researchers-made survey

The researchers made checklist questionnaire has two parts: The

In this section will state the sequence on how the researchers

At first the researchers develop a title and was approved to the