ARTICOLUL

Definitie: - reprezinta un determinant substantival care contribuie la realizarea intelesului unui substantiv intr-o propozitie.

Articolul hotarat THE: - Inaintea unui substantiv care a mai fost mentionat in textul respectiv: Exemplu: A man knocked at the door and a girl opened it. The man was her father. - Inaintea substantivelor care sunt unice: Exemplu: the moon, the earth, the star, the sun, the air - Inaintea numeralelor ordinale: Exemplu: the first, the second, the third, the twenty-first, the seventeenth - In realizarea superlativului: Exemplu: the best year, the youngest girl, the most important, the fastest, the tallest - Inaintea substantivelor care reprezinta nume de colectivitati si institutii: Exemplu: the army, the crowd, the government, the police, the parliament - Inaintea unor nume proprii (nume de familie, muzee, teatre, ziare, hoteluri, etc): Exemplu: the Browns, the Johns, the National Theatre, the Marriott Grand Hotel, the New York Times, the Beatles - Inaintea substantivelor care indica nume de locuri geografice, munti, fluvii, oceane, mari etc: Exemplu: the Alps, the Atlantic, the Thames, the Danube, the Red Sea, the Sahara Articolul nehotarat A / AN Utilizam articolul nehotarat A: Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o consoana: Exemple: a girl, a boy, a teacher, a family, a classroom Utilizam articolul nehotarat AN: Inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u): Exemple: an elephant, an apple, an interview, an onion, an action

NUMERALUL
Numeralul cardinal

eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four ....... thirty-one thirty-two thirty-three thirty-four ....... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 1000

10000 153 one hund red and fiftythree 198 one hund red and ninet yeight 203 two hund red and three 405 four hund red and fifty 1,000 ,000 one millio n 12,00 0,000 twelv e millio none

two thre e four five six

seve n eight nine ten thirt y forty fifty sixty seve nty eight y ninet y one hun dred two hun dred one thou sand ten thou sand 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

23 24 ....... 31 32 33 34 .......

13,632,521 thirteen million six hundred thirty-two thousand five hundred and twenty-one

Atentie! - se foloseste cratima intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilor Exemple: 21 twenty-one; 99 ninety-nine - se pune virgula dupa fiecare grup care indica miile Exemplu: 1,222,351 - mentionarea conjunctiei and este obligatorie inaintea grupului zecilor si unitatea finala Exemplu: 2,532 - two thousand five hundred and thirty-two - cifrele zecimale se citesc astfel: 2.4832 - two point four eight three two

Numeralul ordinal 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10t h 11t h 12t h 13t h 14t h 15t h 16t h 17t h 18t h 19t h 20t h 21st 22n d 23r d ....... 30t h 40t h ....... 100 th 1,00 0 1,00 first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelvth thirteenth fourteent h fifteenth sixteenth seventeen th eighteent h nineteent h twentieth twentyfirst twentysecond twentythird ....... thirtieth fortieth ....... hundredt h thousandt h millionth primul al doile a al treil ea .......

0,00 0

Mod de formare: - prin adaugarea terminatiei "th" la numeralul cardinal corespunzator Exceptii: one --- first (1st) two --- second (2nd) three --- third (3rd) five si nine, la care se suprima -e final, fifth (5th) si ninth (9th) zecile la care -y final se transforma in -ie forty --- fortieth (40th) Alte numerale Data: in Marea Britanie se foloseste intotdeauna forma unui numeral ordinal pentru a indica data. Exemple: 21st July (the twenty-first of July) June 4th (the fourth of June) 23 April, 1989 (the twenty-third of April nineteen eighty-nine) December 29 (the twenty-ninth of December) Fractii: 1/2 se citeste one half 3/4 se citeste three quarters 7/8 se citeste seven eights Ora: ten to one (unu fara zece) half past six (sase si jumatate) twelve and a quarter (douasprezece si un sfert) a quarter to two (doua fara un sfert)

PRONUMELE
a) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de subiect: I --- eu You --- tu, dumneata, dumneavoastra He --- el She --- ea

It --- el, ea (neutru), pentru nume de obiecte, lucruri, animale We --- noi You --- voi, dumneavoastra They --- ei, ele, dumnealor Exemple: I am a big girl. He lives near the school. We like chocolate very much. Do you like football? b) Forma pronumelui personal cu functie de complement: me - mie, imi, mi (complement indirect) - pe mine, ma, m (complement direct) you - tie, iti, ti, dumitale, dumneavoastra (complement indirect) - pe tine, te, pe dumneata, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct) him - lui, ii, i (complement indirect) - pe el, il (complement direct) her - ei, ii, i (complement indirect) - pe ea, o (complement direct) it - lui, ei, ii, i (complement indirect) - pe el, il, pe ea, o (complement direct) us - noua, ne, ni (complement indirect) - pe noi, ne (complement direct) you - voua, va, vi, dumneavoastra (complement indirect) - pe voi, va, pe dumneavoastra (complement direct) them - lor, le, li (complement indirect) - pe ei, ii, i (complement direct) Exemple: I watch my brother playing tennis. You gave me a nice gift. Give them a kiss from me! 2. Pronumele reflexive si de intarire

myself --- ma, insumi, insami yourself --- te, insuti, insati himself --- se, insusi herself --- se, insesi itself --- se, insusi, insasi (neutru) ourselves --- ne, insine, insene yourselves --- va, insiva, inseva themselves --- se, insisi, insesi 3. Pronumele demonstrativ this --- acesta, aceasta, asta, asta that --- acela, aceea, ala, aia these --- acestea, acestia, astia, astea those --- acelea, aceia, aia, alea 4. Pronumele posesive mine --- al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele yours --- al tau, a ta, ai tai, ale tale his --- al sau (a lui), a sa (a lui), ai sai (ai lui), ale sale (ale lui) hers --- al sau (a ei), a sa (a ei), ai sai (ai ei), ale sale (ale ei) its own --- al sau, a sa, ai sai, ale sale (neutru) ours --- al nostru, a noastra, ai nostri, ale noastre yours --- al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastre their --- al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor 5. Pronumele nehotarat some + body, one, thing any + body, one, thing no + body, one, thing

6. Pronumele relativ who --- care whom/who --- pe care whose --- al (a, ai, ale) carui, careia, carora what --- ce, ceea ce which --- care, pe care (pt. lucruri, obiecte ...) that --- care 7. Pronumele interogativ

who? --- cine? whom? who? --- pe cine? whose? --- al (a, ai, ale) cui? what? --- care?, pe care,ce? which? --- (pe) care dintre?

VERBUL
Verbul "TO BE" - a fi Forma afirmativa: I am (I'm) - Eu sunt You are (You're) - Tu esti He is (He's) - El este She is (She's) - Ea este It is (It's) - El/Ea este We are (We're) - Noi suntem You are (You're) - Voi sunteti They are (They're) Ei/Ele sunt Forma interogativa: Am I? - Sunt eu? Are you? - Esti tu? Is he? - Este el? Is she? - Este ea? Is it? - Este el/ea? Are we? - Suntem noi? Are you? - Sunteti voi? Are they? - Sunt ei/ele? Forma negativa: I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu sunt You are not (You aren't) - Tu nu esti He is not (He isn't) - El nu este She is not (She isn't) Ea nu este It is not (It isn't) - El/Ea nu este We are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntem You are not (You aren't) - Voi nu sunteti They are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt

Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea

Forma afirmativa: I have (I've) - Eu am You have (You've) - Tu ai He has (He's) - El are She has (She's) - Ea are It has (It's) - El/Ea are We have (We've) - Noi avem You have (You've) Voi aveti They have (They've) Ei/Ele au

Forma interogativa: Have I? - Am eu? Have you? - Ai tu? Has he? - Are el? Has she? - Are ea? Has it? - Are el/ea? Have we? - Avem noi? Have you? - Aveti voi? Have they? - Au ei/ele?

Forma negativa: I have not (I haven't) Eu nu am You have not (You haven't) - Tu nu ai He has not (He hasn't) El nu are She has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu are It has not (It hasn't) El/Ea nu are We have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avem You have not (You haven't) - Voi nu aveti They have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au

Verbul "TO DO" - a face Forma afirmativa: I do - Eu fac You do - Tu faci He does - El face She does - Ea face It does - El/Ea face We do - Noi facem You do - Voi faceti They do - Ei/Ele fac Forma interogativa: Do I? - Fac eu? Do you? - Faci tu? Does he? - Face el? Does she? - Face ea? Does it? - Face el/ea? Do we? - Facem noi? Do you? - Faceti voi? Do they? - Fac ei/ele? Forma negativa: I do not (I don't) - Eu nu fac You do not (You don't) - Tu nu faci He does not (He doesn't) - El nu face She does not (She doesn't) - Ea nu face It does not (It doesn't) El/Ea nu face We do not (We don't) Noi nu facem You do not (You don't) - Voi nu faceti They do not (They don't) - Ei/Ele nu fac

ADJECTIVUL
A. Tipuri de adjective opinion adjectives (adjective de opinie): descriu ceea ce credem despre cineva sau ceva.

Exemple: beautiful, great, nice, expensive, cheap, ugly etc. fact adjectives (adjective de fapt): descriu ceea ce fiintele sau obiectele determinate sunt cu adevarat Exemple: short, large, long, green, round etc. ! Adjectivele de opinie stau inaintea adjectivelor de fapt B. Adjectivul demonstrativ Desemneaza fiinte sau lucruri pe care le aratam precizand in acelasi timp apropierea sau departarea in timp sau spatiu. Forme: singular: - this (acest, aceasta) - that (acel, acea) plural: - these (acesti, aceste) - those (acei, acele) Exemple: This man is a doctor. That girl is a pupil. These children are small. Those boys are playing in the scoolyard. C. Adjectivul posesiv Desemneaza raportul de posesie dintre un posesor si ceea ce acesta poseda: Forme: singular: - my (meu, mea, mei, mele) - your (tau, ta, tai, tale) - his (lui, sau, sa, sai, sale) - her (ei, sau, sa, sai, sale) - its (lui, ei, sau, sa, sai, sale) plural: - our (nostru, noastra, nostri, noastre) - your (vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre) - their (lor) Exemple: This is my house. It is his car.

That is our shop. Those are your books. D. Comparativul adjectivelor a) Comparativul de egalitate / inferioritate: "as ... as" (tot atat de / la fel de) "not as ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de) "not so ... as" (nu atat de / nu la fel de) Exemple: She is as pretty as her mother. He is not as tall as his brother. b) Comparativ de superioritate: - pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adauga terminatia "-er" la finalul adjectivului respectiv - pentru adjective lungi, acestea sunt precedate de adverbul "more" Exemple: tall ---> taller (inalt ---> mai inalt) slim ---> slimmer (slab ---> mai slab) fast ---> faster (rapid ---> mai rapid) big ---> bigger (man ---> mai mare) beautiful ---> more beautiful (frumos ---> mai frumos) interesting ---> more interesting interesant ---> mai interesant difficult ---> more difficult dificil ---> mai dificil E. Superlativul adjectivelor - pentru adjective scurte (monosilabice) se adauga terminatia "-est" la adjectivul precedat de "the" - pentru adjective lungi, acestea vor fi precedate de "the most" Exemple: the tallest (cel mai inalt) the slimmest (cel mai slab) the fastest (cel mai rapid) the biggest (cel mai mare)

the most beautiful (cel mai frumos) the most interesting (cel mai interesant) the most difficult (cel mai dificil) F. Comparative si superlative neregulate bad go od far m uc h old worse better farther (further) more older (elder) the worst rau the best the farthest (the furthest) the most the oldest (the eldest) bun indepartat mult batran

ADVERBUL
A. Adverbe de mod - arata modul in care se petrece o actiune Mod de formare: - de obicei, aceste adverbe se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ly la finalul unui adjective. Exemple: beautiful ---> beautifully sad ---> sadly capable ---> capably slow ---> slowly easy ---> easily B. Adverbe de loc - arata locul in care se petrece o actiune Exemple: here, there, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, outside, inside C. Adverbe de timp - arata timpul in care se petrece o actiune Exemple: today, yesterday, tomorrow, Saturday, Monday, now, finally, later, soon, just, still E. Adverbe de comparatie

- arata gradul de intensitate al unei actiuni Exemple: extremely, greatly, hugely, partially, perfectly, strongly, totally, almost, very, entirely F. Adverbe de frecventa - arata gradul de repetabilitate al unei actiuni Exemple: always, constantly, often, rarely, regularly, seldom, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, never G. Adverbe de probabilitate - arata gradul de probabilitate a unei actiuni Exemple: certainly, perhaps, maybe, possibly, definitely

PREPOZITIA
A. Prepozitii de miscare - arata miscarea Exemple: to, through, across to - utilizam "to" pentru a arata deplasarea catre o destinatie anume. Exemplu: I went to Chicago two years ago. through - utilizam "through" pentru a sugera deplasarea dintr-o parte in alta a unui spatiu inchis. Exemplu: The cars went through the tunnel. across - utilizam "across" pentru a sugera miscarea dintr-o parte in alta a unei suprafete. Exemplu: She flew across the sea.

Alte prepozitii de miscare: along, down, over, off, round, into B. Prepozitii de loc - arata locul in care se situeaza obiectele definite Exemple: at, on, in at - folosim "at" pentru a arata un anumit loc sau o anumita pozitie. Exemplu: Someone is at the door. on - folosim "on" pentru a arata pozitia pe o suprafata verticala sau orizontala. Exemplu: The dog is on the roof. in - folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis.

Exemplu: The parrot is in the cage. Alte prepozitii de loc: after, among, behind, between, in front of, next to, beside, by, over, above, under, below. C. Prepozitii de timp - pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni Exemple: at, on, in at - pentru a arata timpul exact. Exemplu: She left at 7.00 a.m. on - pentru anumite date sau zile Exemple: She arrived on Monday. Her birthday is on 23rd of October.

in - pentru o perioada de timp nespecificata, necunoscuta din timpul unui an, zi, luna, anotimp. Exemple: It is very cold in Winter. I left Romania in 1989. Alte prepozitii de timp: after, by, since, during, for, throughout

PREZENTUL SIMPLU
Interogativ: Do / Does (pers.III, sg.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv Exemple: 1. Do you go to school every day? 2. Does he read a book every month? 3. Does she live in Bucharest? Negativ: Subiect + do / does (pers.III, sg.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv Se folosesc adesea contractiile don't (do + not) si doesn't (does + not) Exemple: 1. I don't go to school every day. 2. He doesn't read a book every month. 3. She doesn't live in Bucharest. A. Mod de formare

B. Reguli pentru adaugarea terminatiei -s" sau -es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a singular ! La majoritatea verbelor se adauga terminatia -s" la persoana a III-a singular la afirmativ Exemple: I talk He talks I work He works I sleep He sleeps ! Verbelelor care se termina in ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o li se adauga terminatia -es" Exemple: I kiss He kisses I wish He wishes I catch He catches

I mix He mixes I go He goes ! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o consoana, se inlocuieste litera y cu litera i, iar apoi se adauga terminatia -es" Exemple: I fly He flies I study He studies I cry He cries ! La verbele care se termina in litera y precedata de o vocala, se adauga terminatia -s" Exemple: I pay He pays I stay He stays I play He plays C. Folosim Prezentul Simplu pentru: activitati zilnice, saptamanale, lunare, anuale Exemple: I go to the mountains every month. We have breakfast at 7.30 every morning. obiceiuri, hobby-uri Exemple: She plays tennis in her free time. In the summer, they go to the seaside. situatii permanente Exemplu: He lives in Paris. I work as a manager. a exprima actiuni care respecta un anumit program Exemple: The bus for Bucharest lives at 12.15 on Monday. I have Maths Friday at 11.30. situatii emotionale Exemple: I love my girlfriend very much. He hates cats. adevaruri generale Exemple: The earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100C.

D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Simplu: every day/ week/ month/ year etc., every morning/ evening/ afternoon/ night, usually, always, sometimes, often, never, in the morning/evening/night etc. Exemple: 1. He goes to the gim every day. 2. I play football every week. 3. We go to the dentist every year. 4. She watches TV every evening. 5. She usually studies hard for her exams. 6. I always do my homework. 7. He sometimes goes shopping. 8. I often play pool with my friends. 9. She never go to school by bus. 10. In the evening we play Monopoly.

PREZENTUL CONTINUU
B. Reguli pentru adaugarea terminatiei -s" sau -es" la afirmativ pentru persoana a III-a Afirmativ: Interogativ: Negativ: Subiect + to be (conjugat To be (conjugat in Subiect + to be in functie de persoana) + functie de persoana) + (conjugat in functie de Verbul la infinitiv + Subiect + Verbul la persoana) + not + terminatia "-ing" infinitiv + terminatia Verbul la infinitiv + "-ing" terminatia "-ing" Exemple: Se folosesc adesea 1. I'm writing an article Exemple: contractiile isn't (is + now. 1. Am I writing an not) si aren't (are + not) 2. They are playing article now? football. 2. Are they playing 3. She is having lunch at football? Exemple: this moment. 3. Is she having lunch 1. I'm not writing an at this moment? article now. 2. They aren't playing football. 3. She isn't having lunch at this moment singular ! La majoritatea verbelor se adauga terminatia -ing" fara nici o modificare: Exemple: play playing try trying drink drinking

sing - singing go - going draw - drawing cook - cooking learn - learning send - sending wash - washing ! La verbele care se termina in litera e precedata de o consoana, se renunta la litera e si se adauga terminatia "-ing" Exemple: make making come coming leave leaving ! La verbele formate dintr-o singura silaba (monosilabice) care se termina intr-o consoana precedata de o vocala, se dubleaza consoana si apoi se adauga terminatia "-ing" Exemple: get getting sit sitting hit hitting C. Folosim Prezentul Continuu pentru: activitati care se petrec in momentul vorbirii Exemple: She is watching TV now. Mother is washing the dishes at this moment.

actiuni care se desfasoara pe o perioada mai mare de timp, incluzand si momentul vorbirii Exemple: John is studying Maths for his exam. My brother is writing a book. a vorbi despre o intalnire sau despre un aranjament din viitorul apropiat Exemple: He is flying to New York next week. I'm meeting Susan next Sunday. D. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Continuu: now, at this moment, these days, this week, today, tonight etc. Exemple:

1. Paul is repairing his car now. 2. I'm having lunch at this moment. 3. He is working hard for a project these days. 4. They are going to the basketball game this week. 5. I'm writing a letter today. 6. I'm watching TV tonight.

TRECUTUL SIMPLU
Afirmativ: Subiect + Vb.II (terminatia "-ed" pentru verbele regulate) Exemple: 1. I wrote a book last year. 2. He went to a football game last week. 3. We played in the park yesterday. Interogativ: Did + Subiect + Vb.I? Exemple: 1. Did you write a book last year? 2. Did he go to a football game last week? 3. Did you play in the park yesterday? Negativ: Subiect + didn't + Vb.I Exemple: 1. I didn't write a book last year. 2. He didn't go to a football game last week. 3. We didn't play in the park yesterday.

B. Folosim trecutul simplu pentru activitati terminate care s-au petrecut in trecut Exemple: She was in France 2 years ago. We bought a new washing machine 2 weeks ago. - actiuni incheiate care s-au petrecut la un moment determinat in trecut Exemple: They were in England in 1981. I left Bucharest in april 1994. C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Simplu: yesterday, at this time yesterday, 2 days ago, 2 months ago, last year, last week, the day before yesterday

Exemple: 1. Diana went in Belgium 3 years ago. 2. I was having lunch at this time yesterday. 3. They played football 2 hours ago. 4. Paul taught English and French 3 months ago. 5. She left town the day before yesterday.

TRECUTUL CONTINUU
Afirmativ: Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Exemple: 1. I was learning a poem at this time yesterday. 2. You were watering the flowers at this time yesterday. 3.They were mending the radio at this time yesterday. Interogativ: Was (pers.I/III sg) / Were (restul pers.) + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "ing" Exemple: 1. Was I learning a poem at this time yesterday? 2. Were you watering the flowers at this time yesterday? 3. Were they mending the radio at this time yesterday? Negativ: Subiect + was (pers.I/III sg) / were (restul pers.) + not + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Se folosesc adesea contractiile wasn't (was + not) si weren't (were + not) Exemple: 1. I wasn't learning a poem at this time yesterday. 2. You weren't watering the flowers at this time yesterday. 3.They weren't mending the radio at this time yesterday.

B. Folosim Trecutul Continuu pentru: a exprima o actiune in desfasurare ce a avut loc in trecut Exemple: She was playing in her room at this time yesterday. They were listening music at this time last Saturday. a exprima o actiune repetata de-a lungul unei perioade de timp Exemple: Did she ask any questions? Oh, she was asking questions all the time. Did he buy any sweets?. Oh, he was buying sweets all the time. C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Trecutul Continuu: at this time yesterday, from ... to ..., all day, for ... Exemple: 1. Tom was typing some letters at this time yesterday . 2. She was playing quitar from 6 to 8 o'clock. 3. They were laughing all day. 4. She was living in an old building for 6 years.

PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU

Afirmativ: Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la forma a III-a Exemple: 1. I have washed her blouse. 2. He has written his homework. 3. We have learnt our English lesson. Interogativ: Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + vb. la forma a III-a Exemple: 1. Have I washed her blouse? 2. Has he written his homework? 3. Have we learnt our English lesson? Negativ: Subiect + have/has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la forma a III-a Se folosesc adesea contractiile haven't (have + not) si hasn't (has + not) Exemple: 1. I haven't washed her blouse. 2. He hasn't written his homework. 3. We haven't learnt our English lesson.

B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Simplu pentru:

 a exprima o actiune incheiata de curand, dar nu se cunoaste cu exactitate momentul incheierii acesteia Exemple: I have cooked a delicious steak. They have finished their homeworks. a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent; efectele actiunii se resimt si in prezent Exemple: I have lived here since 1994. We have started classes for 3 hours. C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu: already, just, yet Exemple: 1. He has already finished his classes. 2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary. 3. They haven't written the exercise yet. never, ever, often Exemple: 1. I have never heard such a thing. 2. Have you ever read this news? 3. I have often travelled by car to the countryside. ever and before Exemplu: Have you ever heard this song before? for and since Exemple: 1. I've had my own car for four years. 2. She has been ill since yesterday. until now, so far, up to now Exemple: 1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now. 2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage. 3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer.

PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU

Afirmativ: Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Exemple: 1. I have been waiting for your reply since yesterday. 2. He has been sending me letters for 3 months. 3. We have been crying for 3 hours.

Interogativ: Have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + Subiect + been + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Exemple: 1. Have I been waiting for your reply since yesterday? 2. Has he been sending me letters for 3 months? 3. Have we been crying for 3 hours?

Negativ: Subiect + have / has (pers. a III-a sg.) + not + vb. la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing" Se folosesc adesea contractiile haven't (have + not) si hasn't (has + not) Exemple: 1. I haven't been waiting for your reply since yesterday. 2. He hasn't been sending me letters for 3 months. 3. We haven't been crying for 3 hours.

B. Folosim Prezentul Perfect Continuu pentru:

a exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut si care nu s-a incheiat inca Exemple: She has been eating for ten minutes. They have been working for several hours. a descrie stari sau sentimente care au inceput in trecut si au continuat de-a lungul unei perioade de timp si sunt inca prezente in momentul vorbirii Exemple: I have lived here since 1994. We have started classes for 3 hours. C. Expresii cu care se foloseste adesea Prezentul Perfect Continuu: since Exemplu: You have been living in Paris since 1996.

for Exemplu: They have been watching TV for 3 hours.

so far Exemplu: So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London. ever Exemplu: Have you ever been listening to the radio? never Exemplu: I have never been travelling to France until now.

PAST PERFECT
Afirmativ I had painted You had painted She/he had painted We had painted You had painted They had painted Interogativ Had I painted? Had you painted? Had she/he painted? Had we painted? Had you painted? Had they painted? Negativ I had not painted You had not painted She/he had not painted We had not painted You had not painted They had not painted

Se foloseste pentru: - exprima o actiune sau un eveniment care a avut loc inaintea unui moment trecut Shed always lived in Bucharest before she moved to Germany a few years ago. Intotdeauna a locuit in Bucuresti inainte de se muta in Germania acum cativa ani. Id just bought the tickets when I realised that my wallet wasnt there. Tocmai cumparasem biletele cand mi-am dat seama ca nu mai aveam portofelul. - Exprima regretul fata de o actiune trecuta I wish I hadnt eaten so much Regret ca am mancat asa de mult.

Past Perfect Continuous

Afirmativ I had been painting You had been painting She/he had been painting We had been painting You had been painting They had been painting

Interogativ Negativ Had I been painting? I had not (hadnt) been Had you been painting? painting Had he/she been You had not (hadnt) painting? been painting Had we been painting? She/he had not (hadnt) Had you been painting? been painting Had they been We had not (hadnt) painting? been painting You had not (hadnt) been painting They had not (hadnt) been painting

Se foloseste pentru: - accentueaza ideea de desfasurare a unei actiuni petrecute inaintea unei alte actiuni trecute I had been looking for it for hours before I found it L-am cautat ore intregi inainte de a-l gasi - conform concordantei timpurilor, se foloseste in vorbirea indirecta atunci cand verbul din regenta este la trecut He said he had been studying English for several years Mi-a spus ca studiaza engleza de cativa ani.

VIITORUL SIMPLU
Afirmativ I will/shall (ll) paint You will paint She/he will paint We shall paint You will paint They will paint Interogativ Will I paint? Will you paint? Will she/he paint? Will we paint? Will you paint? Will they paint? Negativ I will not (wont) paint You will not (wont) paint He/she will not (wont) paint We shall not (shant) paint You will not (wont) paint They will not (wont) paint

Se foloseste infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat precedat de verbul auxiliar will (cateodata shall la pers sing si pl)

Se foloseste : - exprima anticiparea unei actiuni sau stari It will rain tomorrow.

Maine va ploua. Will in asemenea contexte are valoare neutra, exprimand doar ideea de viitor si nu aceea de vointa, transmisa de verbul modal will. - exprima o intentie in viitor sau o decizie pentru viitor luata in momentul vorbirii, nu existenta anterior in mintea vorbitorului Oh, you can get it! Wait a minute, Ill help you. Ah, nu poti ajunge s-o/sa-l iei! Asteapta o clipa, te voi ajuta.. Shall, auxiliarul pentru persoana I sing. si pl. este folosit in limbajul oficial, in vorbirea curenta preferandu-se will. - propozitiile interogative cu will la pers. a II- pot exprima o rugaminte Will you help me lift the chair? Vrei sa ma ajuti sa ridic scaunul? - propozitiile interogative cu shall exprima fiw o oferta (Shall I go there for you?) fie cererea unui sfat (Where shall I go?)

VIITORUL CONTINUU
Afirmativ I will/shall (ll) be painting You will be painting She/he will be painting We shall be painting You will be painting They will be painting Interogativ Will I be painting? Will you be painting? Will she/hebe painting? Will we be painting? Will you be painting? Will they be painting? Negativ I will not/shall not be painting You will not be painting She/he will not be painting We will not/shall not be painting We will not be painting You will not be painting They will not be painting

Se foloseste viitorul verbului be + participiul prezent sl verbului de conjugat Se foloseste: - exprima o actiune in desfasurare in viitor This time tomorrow Ill be having lunch Maine pe vremea asta voi lua masa de pranz - exprima o actiune care urmeaza sa aiba loc ca fiind in ordinea fireasca a lucrurilor Ill be writing to you Iti voi scrie Will you be staying with us? Veti sta la noi? - exprima o supozitie in legatura cu o actiune care are loc in prezent Hell be swimming now. Acum o fi innotand.

VIITORUL PERFECT
Afirmativ I ll have painted You ll have painted She/he ll have painted We ll have painted You ll have painted They ll have painted Interogativ Will I have painted? Will you have painted? Will she/he have painted? Will we have painted? Will you have painted? Will they have painted? Negativ I wont have painted You wont have painted She/he wont have painted We wont have painted You wont have painted They wont have painted

Intrebuintare: - exprima o actiune care nu a avut loc inca, dar care se va fi intamplat inainte de un moment in viitor This time next year Ill have completed my studies. La anul pe vremea aceasta imi voi fi terminat studiile. Se formeaza: will have + a III-a forma (past participle) a verbului de conjugat

VIITORUL PERFECT CONTINUU

Afirmativ I ll have been painting You ll have been painting She/he ll have been painting We ll have been painting You ll have been painting They ll have been painting Interogativ Will I have been painting? Will you have been painting? Will she/he have been painting? Will we have been painting? Wull you have been painting? Will they have been painting? Negativ I wont have been painting. You wont have been painting. She/he wont have been painting. We wont have been painting. You wont have been painting. They wont have been painting.

Se formeaza: will have been + forma in ing (participiu prezent) a verbului de conjugat Intrebuinare: se foloseste pentru aa accentua ideea de desafurare a unei actiuni intr-un moment viitor I wont have been working for this company very long when you visit us. Nu voi fi lucrand pentru aceasta firma de mult timp cand ne vei vizita.

Future in the Past Mod de formare: - se foloseste would in loc de will - cand viitorul este exprimat de be going to, se foloseste past continuous in loc de Present Continuous Intrebuintrae: Concordanta timpurilor cere folosirea acestui timp cu referire la actiuni sau stari ce erau viitoare intr-un moment trecut I knew he would succed. Stiam ca va reusi I thought you were going to leave Credeam ca vei pleca

CONDITIONALUL PREZENT
Afirmativ I shoul/would paint As picta You would paint She/he would paint We shoul/would paint You would paint They would paint Interogativ Would I paint? Would you paint? Would she/he paint? Would we paint? Would you paint? Would they paint? Negativ I would not (wouldnt) / should not paint You would not paint She/he would not paint We would not paint You would not paint They would not paint

CONDITIONALUL TRECUT
Afirmativ I shoul/would have painted As fi pictat You would have painted She/he would have painted We shoul/would have painted You would have painted They would have painted Interogativ Would I have painted? Would you have painted? Would she/he have painted? Would we have painted? Would you have painted? Would they have painted? Negativ I would not (wouldnt) / should not have painted You would not have painted She/he would not have painted We would not have painted You would not have painted They would not have painted

Modul impertaiv
Mod de formare: 1. Infinitivul scurt (fara to) al verbului Cross it! Traverseaza! Ring me tomorrow! Suna-ma maine! 2. Dont + infinitivul scurt pentru forma un imperativ negativ Dont cross now! Nu traversati acum! Dont ring me tomorrow! Nu ma suna maine! 3. Lets + infinitivul scurt , pentru pers. I plural Lets cross! Sa traversam! Lets ring tomorrow! Hai sa sunam maine! 4. Do + forma afirmativa, in unele cazuri: a) pentru accentuarea ideii transmise Do take care! Fii cu mare atentie! Do tell me! Hai, te rog, spune-mi! b) pentru a indulci tonul, pentru a suna mai politicos Do sit down! (va rog) luati loc! Do come in! Intrati, va rog! Do help yourself! Serviti-va, va rog!

Intrebuintare: 1. pentru a exprima un ordin: Hurry up! Grabeste-te! 2. Pentru a face o oferta: Have a drink! Luati un pahar! 3. Pentru a da un sfat: Have a rest! Odihneste-te! 4. Pentru a preveni: Look out! Atentie! 5. Pentru a face o invitatie: Come round one of these days. Treci pe la noi intr-una din zile 6. Pentru a face o sugestie: Lets ring him. Sa-l sunam! 7. Pentru a da instructiuni: Stir well. Amestecati bine. 8. Pentru a face o urare: Have a good time. Distractie placuta. Alte exemple: let me go! = sa merg/plec eu! = sa ma duc eu! go! = mergi/pleaca! = du-te! let him go! = sa mearga/plece el! = sa se duca el! let her go! = sa mearga/plece ea! = sa se duca ea! let it go! = sa mearga/plece el/ea! = sa se duca el/ea! let us go! = let's go! = sa mergem/plecam noi! = sa ne ducem noi! go! = mergeti/plecati! = duceti-va! let them go! = sa mearga/plece ei/ele! = sa se duca ei/ele! do not (don't) let me go! = let me not go! = sa nu merg/plec eu! do not (don't) go! = nu te duce! = nu pleca! do not (don't) let him go! = let him not go! = sa nu mearga/plece el! = el sa nu se duca! do not (don't) let her go! = let her not go! = sa nu mearga/plece ea!= ea sa nu se duca! do not (don't) let it go! = let it not go! = sa nu mearga/plece el/ea! = el/ea sa nu se duca! do not (don't) let us go! = sa nu plecam/mergem! = sa nu ne ducem! do not (don't) go! = nu plecati/mergeti! = (sa) nu va duceti!