Definition of 'Theory X & Theory Y'111

Definition: Theory X and theory Y are part of motivational theories. Both the theories, which
are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees.
Theory X gives importance to supervision, while theory Y stresses on rewards and
recognition.

Description: Theory X and theory Y follow different methodologies of keeping people

motivated. Theory X follows an authoritarian approach to motivate people. One of the key
assumption in this approach is that the average employee doesn't like work and will do
anything to avoid it.

The other assumption under theory X is that the employees need to be threatened or forced
to work towards the organizational goals. They will avoid responsibility and the managers
have to supervise them at every step.

In an organisation where theory X is followed, the management too follows an authoritarian

style. There is little delegation of authority from the management.

On the other hand, companies who follow theory Y have a more decentralized approach,
which means that the authority is distributed among employees. This keeps them motivated.

There are some key assumptions under theory Y. One of them is that employees take
responsibility of their actions and work towards achieving the goals of the organization
without much supervision.

The workers are more participative and try to solve problems on their own without relying on
supervisors for guidance. This type of management style is more common than theory X. In
this type of management style, even a small employee can participate in the decision-
making process.

Theory X works on the idea of punishing people to keep the work going, while under theory
Y, promotions, rewards, and recognition play an important part. This keeps employees
motivated to work hard towards achieving goals of the organisation.
Article XIV Sections 1-5(5)

Section 1. The state shall protect and promote the right of all the citizens to quality
education at all levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible
to all.

Difference between Schools, Colleges and Univeristies

Schools generally include primary and secondary schools, whereas college is generally
referred as an institution for higher education. Compared to a college, universities are
bigger. University focused on research, a college aims to produce graduates and
professionals for job employment in industry and specific disciplines

Difference between DEPED,CHED,TESDA

The trifocal education system mandates DepEd in basic education which covers

elementary, secondary and non-formal education while CHED being responsible for higher
education and TESDA administering post-secondary, middle-level manpower training and
development

Different Types of Paid Leaves

Employers granting employees annual leaves and sick leaves are not mandatory under
Philippine Law. But Paternal and Maternal leaves, Service Incentive Leave, and Special
Leave for Women, to name a few, are.

 1. Sick Leave (SL)

Employees who can’t report to work due to sickness or disability can apply for sick leave.
Employees can also avail SL if they have family members who are ill and needs taking care
of. Usually this is equivalent to 15 days and can be converted to cash by the end of the
year.

Sick leave can be filed on the day the employee returns to work. If an employee exceeds
three days or filed in advance, the filed SL must be accompanied with a medical certificate.

2. Vacation Leave (VL)

As mentioned earlier, employers are not mandated by law to grant vacation leaves to their
employees. So it’s a good thing that workplaces have now understood that we all have lives
outside our jobs and how important family and self time is. Employees can avail vacation
leaves for whatever personal reasons. This is, however, under the condition that the
supervisor or manager approves it.
3. Service Incentive Leave (SIL)
The SIL is the alternative option for employers who don’t grant their employees sick or
vacation leaves. By law, companies are required to grant their staff, who have worked for
them for a year, SIL equivalent to five days. These five days can be used either as sick or
vacation leave. If not used during the year, employers can pay it’s money equivalent when
the year ends.

4. Maternity Leave (ML) 

It takes time to recover from giving birth, plus mothers have to spend some time with their
newborn after. Women who’ve worked in the government sector for at least two years are
eligible to avail 60 days of paid maternity leave  on top of their vacation and sick leaves.

Female members of SSS who have made three monthly contributions, at least twelve
months before giving birth, are also eligible for maternity leave. Normal delivery allows 60
days of fully paid leave, while 78 days for caesarian delivery.

5. Paternity Leave
Fathers can also take some time off after their wife has given birth. The law requires
employers to give seven days of paternity leave, with full pay, for male employees. Take
note that this can only be availed for the first four deliveries of the legitimate spouse. It is
also non-convertible to cash and non-cumulative.

6. Parental Leave
It’s hard to take care of children, especially if you’re a single parent. In case you didn’t know,
single parents are eligible for seven days of parental leave. That is, as long as they have
rendered at least a year of service to the company and that they have  the sole custody and
responsibility of the kids.

Employees must submit a Solo Parent Identification Card or documentation from DSWD to
the HR Department if they wish to avail parental leave.

7. Rehabilitation Leave 
Employees who have sustained injury and disability whilst on duty can avail rehabilitation
leave. However, the frequency and duration will be dependent on a medical authority’s
recommendation.

The rehabilitation leave should not exceed six months. Also note that any absences of
employees availing this leave are not deducted from their vacation and sick leave credits.
8. Study Leave 
Study leave is also offered by employers to qualified staff who are about to take their bar or
board exams. With study leave, employees can get up to six months off work, fully paid, to
prepare for their exams.

COMPARISON BETWEEN PROMOTION & RECLASSIFICATION OF POSITIONS

PROMOTION

 refers to advancement from one position to another with an increase in duties and
responsibilities and usually accompanied by an increase in salary.
 promotion may only be resorted if there is a vacant item due to retirement,
promotion, transfer, etc.
 there is a resulting vacancy of an item once a promotion occurred.
 Needs three (3) rating period from the last appointment
RECLASSIFICATION

 refers to the change in the position title requiring the issuance of an appointment with
a corresponding increase in rank and salary.
 shall apply only to filled regular position in the national government (NBC 2005-5)
 there is no vacant item once the item is reclassified.
 Reclassification may only be allowed after three (3) consecutive years of at least VS
or two (2) consecutive years of Outstanding Performance from the effectivity of the
latest appointment

A Salary Adjustment is a change in an employee's pay rate. You can change an

employee's hourly wage or salary.

Different Type of Salary Adjustment

o CBA General Wage Increase

o Cost of Living Allowance (COLA)
o Merit Increase
o Promotional Increase
o Level Adjustment
o Reclassification Increase

CBA GENERAL WAGE INCREASE

 o These increases are usually given to all eligible bargainable staff in accordance
with the wage settlement contained in the collective bargaining agreement.

COST OF LIVING ALLOWANCE (COLA)

o This increase takes into account the cost of living which is determined on the
basis of generally accepted official government statistics
o Percentage increase added to an employee’s wage in addition to overtime, shift
differential, bonuses or other increase compensation.
o Private employers are not required to use the Consumer Price Index to figure a
COLA and can instead use a figure agreed on with the employee.
o A cost living adjustment is written into an employment agreement

MERIT INCREASE

o This refers to a salary increase granted to an employee for a very satisfactory

performance of his job

PROMOTIONAL INCREASE

o Given because of a promotion in position

LEVEL ADJUSTMENT

o Resorted to when findings reveal that rates are below or are lagging behind the
industry.

RECLASSIFICATION INCREASE

o Increase in recommended for or granted to an employee upon the reclassification

of his current position.