MUSCULAR SYSTEM • CARDIAC MUSCLE(INVOLUNTARY)

-striated like skeletal and involuntary

-movement
like smooth, found in walls of heart
-muscle contraction - continuous pumping of blood and
cannot be controlled
-600 (640-650 to be exact)
▪ 30 seconds—oxygen deprivation—stops
- heat contracting—heart failure

Tendon- attached from muscles to bones to help the MUSCLE FUNCTIONS

body move o PROTECTION- internal organs
Nervous System o SUPPORT- maintains upright
posture
- Transmit electro chemical impulses that causes o HEMATOPOIESIS- blood cell
muscle to contract formation
o MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS-
BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MUSCLES
balancing of different minerals
1. CONTRACTILITY-ability to contract or shorten o STORAGE- stores fats and
- Responsible for body minerals
movement o LEVERAGE- produce movement
- When they are shorter, and stabilize joints
they pull a bone to produce -LONG BONES- LEVER
movement. -AXIS- JOINTS
2. EXCITABILITY AND IRRITABILITY- capacity to o PRODUCE HEAT- during
respond to a stimulus activities when muscles
*Excitability- readiness of muscles to respond contract
*Irritability- capability of muscle to respond
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
3. EXTENSIBILITY- ability to be stretched
1. TWITCH CONTRACTION- momentary
4. ELASTICITY- ability to return to original state after contraction, single stimulus
being stretched and contracted. - EX. Electric current/ a direct
stimulation of motor neuron.
TYPES OF MUSCLES
2. ISOTONIC CONTRACTION- causes muscle to
• SKELETAL MUSCLE(VOLUNTARY) change length as it contracts and move.
- Striated (light and dark), Nervous - shorter and thicker upon contractions
- attached to bone via tendons - walking, moving the body
- 40 to 50% total to men’s body weight 3. ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION- occurs when
- 30-40% total to female’s body weight there is no change in length in contracting
- composed of alternating light and dark muscles.
striations - develops tension but same in length
-“TONUS”- normal state of a healthy and measurement
muscle when resting state of slight contraction - EX. Carrying objects of you, muscles
-holds parts of the body are contracting with same length.
• SMOOTH MUSCLE(INVOLUNTARY) 4. CONCENTRIC CONTRACTION- occur
- non- striated and is controlled by frequently in daily sporting activities
Central Nervous System - shorten, flex
- appears smooth when viewed in - EX. Bending the elbow from straight to
microscope fully flexed, causing concentric contraction
- found in Circulatory, Respiratory, to biceps brachii.
Digestive and Urogenital System
 5. ECCENTRIC CONTRACTION- muscle
lengthen as contracts
- EX. Quadriceps muscles at the front of
the thigh when landing from jump.
6. ISOKINETIC CONTRACTION- muscle changes
length during contraction (same with
isotonic)
- produce movement of a constant
contraction
- EX. Breaststroke in swimming where
H2O provides constant even resistance to
the movement of adduction.
TREPPE- rested muscles receives repeated
stimuli over a long period of time.
- Vigorous contraction of muscle resulting when
series of stimuli is applied to rested muscle, resulting to
FATIGUE TO MUSCLE.
SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIONS
• ORIGIN- immoveable end of muscle
• INSERTION- moveable end of muscle
• PRIME MOVER(AGONIST)- primarily
responsible for movement
• SYNERGISTS- muscle that aids prime mover and
helps prevent rotation
• ANTAGONISTS- resist prime mover’s action and
cause movement at the opposite way
• FIXATOR- stabilizes the origin of the prime
mover
CONCEPT OF SYNERGISM AND ANTAGONISM
1. SYNERGESTIC MUSCLE- contract together and
coordinated in affecting a particular movement
Ex. Temporalis major and Masseter coordinate
together to elevate the upper jaw.
2. ANTAGONISTIC MUSCLE- perform task that
oppose another group of muscle; opposite side
of limbs
Ex. BICEPS- biceps brachii flexes elbow and
triceps brachii extends elbow.
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO MUSCLE
• Muscle fibers become larger and stronger
• Muscular atrophy (muscle wasting) – no
activities
• Regular exercise increases the muscle size,
strength and endurance
• Exercise results in stronger, more flexible
muscle and with resistance to fatigue
• Aerobic exercise makes the overall body:
1. Metabolism is more efficient and stored
energy is used.
2. Improve digestion and elimination
3. Enhance neuro-muscular coordination
4. Makes the skeletal system stronger
5. Heart enlarges in normal size to pump more
blood
6. Fatty acids are cleared
7. Lungs become more efficient.
EFFECTS OF AGING TO MUSCLE
• Become weak, smaller and dehydrated
• Fibrous tissue appears, muscles infiltrated with
fats
• Muscle reflex slows
• Nocturnal cramps (sodium deficiency and
improper blood flow)
MUSCLE FATIGUE AND OXYGEN DEBT
• Prolong muscle activity----muscle fatigue---O2
debt
• O2 are stored in myoglobin
• Myoglobin- where oxygen is stored in the
muscle – will be used up and normal circulation
cannot suffice
• Specialized binding substance that stores O2 in
muscles
1. Prolonged activity--- muscle fatigue--- O2
debt
2. Chemical energy---- Mechanical energy---
heat--- use up O2 (sometimes faster than it
can be replaced)
3. Muscle lacks O2 --- lactic acid---
accumulates--- low ATP
Accumulation of Lactic acid + low ATP= less
concentration or possibly no contraction at
all.
*common in marathoners
TERMS USED IN NAMING MUSCLES
ACCORDING TO SIZE
1. VASTUS (HUGE)- Vastus lateralis
2. MAXIMUS (LARGE)- Gluteus maximus
3. LONGUS (LONG)- Palmaris longus
 4. MINISMUS (SMALL) – Gluteus minismus 2. BRACHIORADIALIS:
5. BREVIS (SHORT)- Peroneus brevis -ORIGIN: brachium/arm
-INSERTION: radius
ACCORDING TO SHAPE
ACTIONS:
1. DELTOID (TRIANGULAR) – Deltoid
NAME ACTION EXAMPLE
muscles
2. RHOMBOID (LIKE A RHOMBUS
Decrease of Flexor carpi
WITH EQUAL AND PARALLE SIDES) FLEXOR joint’s angle radialis
- Rhomboideus Major
Increase Extensor
3. LATISSIMUS(WIDE)- Latissimus EXTENSOR joint’s angle carpi ulnaris
dorsi Away from Abductor
4. TERES(ROUND)- Teres major ABDUCTOR midline pollicis
5. TRAPEZIUS (LIKE A TRAPEZIUS 4- longus
SIDED FIGURE WITH 2 SIDES Towards Adductor
PARALLEL) ADDUCTOR midline longus
Upward Levator
ACCORDING TO DIRECTIONS: LEVATOR movement scapulae
Downward Depressor
1. RECTUS (STRAIGHT)- Rectus abdominis DEPRESSOR movement labii
2. TRANSVERSE (ACROSS)- transverse inferioris
abdominis Closes the
3. OBLIQUE (DIAGONALLY)- Aponeurosis of MASSETER jaw during
external oblique (A CHEWER) chewing
4. ORBICULARIS (CIRCULAR)- Orbicularis oculi Palm upward Supinator
SUPINATOR (anterior) muscle
ACCORDING TO LOCATION: Palm Muscle
PRONATOR downward pronator
1. PECTORALIS (CHEST)- pectoralis major teres
2. GLUTEUS (BUTTOCKS/RUMP)- gluteus
maximus MUSCLE STRUCTURE:
3. BRACHII (ARM)- biceps brachii 1) MUSCLE FIBERS- single, multinucleated cell--- large
4. SUPRA (ABOVE)- supra spinatus amount of connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
5. INFRA (BELOW)- infra spinatus 2) MUSCLE CELL- hundreds or thousands of muscle
6. SUB (UNDER)- subscapularis fibers that makes the muscle depending on the size.
7. LATERALIS (LATERAL)- vastus lateralis 3) CONNECTIVE TISSUE- covers and support each
muscle fibers and reinforces muscle as a whole
NUMBER OF ORIGINS 4) MUSCLE HEALTH- depends on sufficient nerve and
blood supply; each skeletal muscle—nerve endings
1. BICEPS (2 HEADS)- BICEPS BRACHII – controls activity
2. TRICEPS (3 HEADS)- TRICES BRACHII 5) ACTIVE MUSCLE- require continuous supply of
3. QUADRICEPS (4 HEADS) – QUADRICEPS oxygen and nutrients—arteries
FEMORIS GROUP—Rectus femoris, Vastus • Muscle produces large amount of metabolic
medialis, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius waste- veins
6) MYOFIBRILS- bundles of threadlike structure made
ORIGIN AND INSERTION up of PROTEIN FILAMENTS (strand, threads)
7) STRIATION OF MUSCLES:
1. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOIDEUS:
a. MYOSIN (protein)makes up thick filament
- ORIGIN: sternum and clavicle
b. ACTIN (protein) makes up thin filament
-INSERTION: mastoid process
 • Myosin and Actin – responsible for light and
dark bands that can be seen in the skeletal
muscle
8) Thin actin filaments are anchored at their midpoints
called Z-line
9) Region from Z to next Z-line- SARCOMERE-
functional unit of muscle contractions
MUSCLES OF THE HEAD
Muscles of Facial expressions:
1) EPICRANIUS: FRONTALIS/OCCIPITALIS- raises the
eyebrows and wrinkles the skin of the forehead
2) ORBICULARIS OCULI- blinks and closes the eyes
3) ORBICULARIS ORIS- closes and protrudes the lips
4) BUCCINATOR- fattens the cheek against the teeth
and pulls the corner of the mouth laterally
5) ZYGOMATICUS- raises corner of mouth
6) PLATYSMA- draws mouth downward
MUSCLES FOR MASTICATION (CHEWING)
1) MASSETER AND TEMPORALIS- both closes the jaw
MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HEAD
1. STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID- flexes the neck, raise
the head, braces sternum, rotates the head
2. SPLENIUS CAPITIS- rotates head, moves to 1
side, holds the head upright
3. SEMISPINALIS CAPITIS- extends head, rotates
head, move to 1 side
MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK
1. PECTORALIS MAJOR- adducts and flexes
humerus, pulls arm across the chest, medial
rotation
2. PECTORALIS MINOR- pulls scapula down and
forward, raises ribs when shoulders are held
still.
3. RECTUS ABDOMINIS- flexes vertebral column
4. EXTERNAL OBLQUE- flexes vertebral column
5. TRAPEZIUS- raises arms, raises lowers, rotate
and pull the scapulae medially
6. RHOMBOIDEUS- raises and adducts the
scapulae
7. LATISSIMUS DORSI- extends, adducts, medial
rotation of humerus, and pulls shoulder down
and back.
MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITIES
ARM AND SHOULDER MUSCLE:
1. BICEPS BRACHII- flexes elbow, supinates hand
2. TRICEPS BRACHII- extends elbow
3. PRONATOR TERES- rotates the arm medially in
pronation
4. PRONATOR QUADRATUS- rotates the arm
medially in pronation
5. SUPINATOR- rotates arm laterally
6. TERES MAJOR- extends humerus and rotates
arm medially
7. TERES MINOR- rotates arm laterally
8. DELTOID- abducts humerus and rotates
humerus laterally and medially
9. SUPRASPINATUS- abducts the upper arm
10. INFRASPINATUS- rotates the arm laterally
11. LEVATOR SCAPULAE- elevates scapulae
12. BRACHIALIS- flexes elbow
13. SUBSCAPULARIS- medial rotation of humerus
FOREARM MUSCLES:
1. FLEXOR CARPI RADIALIS- flex wrists,
abducts hands
2. FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS- flex wrist, adducts
hands
3. FLEXOR DIGITORUM- flexes wrists and
fingers
4. PALMARIS LONGUS- flexes wrists
5. EXTENSOR CARPI ULNARIS- extends wrists,
abducts hands
6. EXTENSOR CARPI RADIALIS- extends wrists,
abducts hands
7. EXTENSOR DIGITORUM- extends fingers
and wrists
MUSCLES OF LOWER EXTREMITIES:
PELVIC GIRDLE, LEG AND THIGH
1. PSOAS MAJOR- flexes hips
2. SARTORIUS- flexes thigh on hip, lateral rotation
of hip, flexes knee
3. ADDUCTOR MUSCLE- adducts thigh (flexion),
medial rotation
4. QUADRICEPS:
• RECTUS FEMORIS- flexes the hip on thigh
• VASTUS LATERALIS
 • VASTUS MEDIALIS,
• VASTUS INTERMEDIUS
- all extends thigh.
5. GASTROCNEMIUS- plantar flexes ankle and
flexes knee
6. PERONEUS- plantar flexes, everts the foot
7. EXTENSOR DIGITORUM LONGUS- dorsal flexion
of foot, extension of toes
8. FLEXOR DIGITORUM LONGUS- plantar flexion
of foot, extension of toes
9. SOLEUS- plantar flexion of foot
10. GLUTEUS MAXIMUS- extends hips, lateral
rotation
11. GLUTEUS MEDIUS- abducts thigh
(intramuscular injection site)
12. GLUTEUS MINISMUS- abducts thigh
13. TENSOR FASCIAE LATAE- abducts, flexes,
rotates thigh medially, supports lateral knee
through tensing fascia of lateral leg
14. GRACILIS- adducts thigh, flexes, rotates legs
medially at knee
15. TIBIALIS POSTERIOR- plantar flexion
16. TIBIALIS ANTERIOR- dorsi flexes, everts the toe

MUSCLES OF POSTERIOR THIGH

1. HAMSTRINGS- knee flexion and hip extension
• biceps femoris
• semitendinosus
• semimembranosus
2. GASTROCNEMIUS- knee flexion
AREAS FOR INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION - For infants and children lesser than 7 months

• ASPIRATE - position clients in supine or sitting position

1) VENTROGLUTEAL
- it is a free major of nerves and muscular branches
- easy to locate
- intramuscular/ Z-track injections
- muscle mass is adequate
- supine position, lateral or prone position
- recommended
- adults and children over 7 months
- volume: 4 ml (SAH) refer to agency policy
- needle: 1-1.5 in, 21-22 gauge
- landmarks: on side lying position of upper leg
flexed
- heel of opposite hand on head of great trochanter
- thumb in groin
- index finger on anterior superior iliac spine
- third finger spread laterally along crest to form “V”
- palpate for well-developed muscle in site
2) DORSOGLUTEAL (upper outer quadrant)
- volume: 1-3 cc, but lesser than 5 cc
- needle: 1-1.5 in
- do not use this site in children 2 yrs or emaciated
clients
- side lying/ supine position with knee flex, or prone
with toes pointed inward to rotate femur
- locate site by palpating the posterior iliac spine
where the spine and pelvis meet
- imagine a line from the posterior iliac spine to the
greater trochanter
- administer medication above imaginary line at
midpoint
- located by identifying the great trochanter and
lateral femoral condyle
- injection site is the middle third and anterior
lateral aspect of the thigh.
5) Z-TRACK METHOD
-prevents tracking/leakage of the medication from
going to the subcutaneous tissue and organs.
- seals medication deeply within the muscle
-usually buttocks
-irritational discoloring medication (iron dextran-
for iron deficiency)
- dorso and ventrogluteal
- discard needle after medication is drawn up and
use new needle for injection to minimize tissue
staining or irritation.
- use this method when administering injection in
ventrogluteal or dorsogluteal sites
- displace skin to one side (laterally) before inserting
needle, insert needle at 90ᵒ angle, aspirate and
administer if no blood is present.
-withdraw needle before releasing skin.

3) DELTOID (upper arm)

-volume: 0.5 cc, but not more than 3 cc
- needle: 1 inch, 23 gauge
- not to be used to children and thin client
- position: sitting, standing, supine or prone
- locate site by measuring 2-3 fingerbreadths below
the acromion process in the lateral midline of the
arm.

4) ANTEROLATERAL THIGH (vastus lateralis)

-needle: 5/8 – 1 inch, 22-25 gauge
- volume: 1 ml – Hepa B (infants)
.2 ml – vitamin K (infants)
3 ml – adults