CHAPTER 1 : THE MEANING AND SCOPE OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION

1.1 ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION DEFINED

Administrative supervision means oversight of treatment agency operations, organization of

people and resources, and implementation of policies and procedures in a way that directs
activities towards agency goals and objectives.
The definition of administration refers to the group of individuals who are in charge of creating
and enforcing rules and regulations, or those in leadership positions who complete important
tasks. An example of administration is the President of the United States and the individuals
he appoints to support him.
It is the function of supervision to stimulate, direct, guide, and encourage the teachers to apply
instructional procedures, techniques, principle, and devices. And to assist the teacher to
accomplish his purpose and to solve the problems that arise in his teaching.
the five types of supervision available in education are discussed in this article. The types are
(1) inspection, (2) Absolute Freedom, (3) Compulsion Type, (4) Training and Direction, and (5)
Democratic Leadership.

1.2 ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION INTERRELATED

Administration emphasizes authority; supervision service. ... Administration decides,

directs, and orders the execution of educational program; supervision assists, advises, guides,
and leads the operation and improvement of the program.
Administration is the process of overseeing a company's overall performance . It is concerned
with managing different departments, ensuring that goals are achieved. Supervision is a
managerial process that involves monitoring a person's performance.
The administration sets policy, management gives the orders to implement the policies,
and supervision ensures that the policies are carried out effectively. ... These are the policy-
makers who are at the top of the organization. The administration typically does not dictate the
details of how these goals will be achieved.

1.3 SCOPE OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION

By the scope of Public Administration, we mean the major concerns of

Public Administration as an activity and as a discipline. Broadly speaking,
Public Administration embraces all the activities of the government. Hence as an activity
the scope of public administration is no less than the scope of state activity.
These are planning, organizing, directing, Coordinating and evaluation.
The scope of educational supervision extends to all the areas of educational activity with the
larger purpose of improving the product of education through the upgrading of the quality of
instruction and other school practices.
The five key supervisory roles include Educator, Sponsor, Coach, Counselor, and Director.

1.4 THE TRADITIONAL AND MODERN CONCEPTS OF ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION

THE TRADITIONAL CONCEPT

Teacher-centered - The traditional concept of administration and supervision is based on the

philosophy that the teacher is the center of administration and supervisory activities.

Teacher-training - The traditional concept puts more emphasis upon the imposed improvement of
the teachers through teacher training and rigid supervision.

Autocratic procedures - Traditional administration and supervision place more emphasis upon
techniques and the use of subjective devices and autocratic procedures. Teachers are supposed to
follow and carry the directives of their administrators and supervisor without question.

Strict Guidelines - The traditional concept of school administration and supervision practices
leadership through compulsion, coercion, and imposition or through pressure in the use of ready-
made solutions or procedures. (strict guidelines)

Work experts - Traditional administrators and supervisors consider themselves as experts and work
outside of the group under their control and supervision. They also regard classroom visitation as
isolated from other school activities and projects.

 Men dominated - Early in the history of school administration and supervision, operations were
largely on a personal and practical basis. Men were selected, not because of their special technical
training, but rather because of their success in dealing with the public, the teachers, and the
students.

Strictly corporate - The conception of administration and supervision during those times reflected
the existing practices in business and industry whereby the manager, with the approval of the board
of directors, determined the policy and directed the operation of the company and the work of its
employees.
THE MODERN CONCEPT

Student-centered - The modern concept of school administration and supervision on the other
hand, recognizes the child and his growth and development as the center of administrative and
supervisory activities. In other words, the concept of administration and supervision has gradually
moved from the improvement of instruction to the improvement of the learning process.

Teacher considerate - Modern administration and supervision promote the growth of the child and
the teacher through stimulation, direction, and guidance.

 Holistic - Modern administration and supervision see education as a whole. All factors are
evaluated in terms of administrative and supervisory principles rather than techniques in improving
the teaching learning situation. Facts and information are secured through the use of scientific and
objective devices. The subjective judgment became less emphasized and importance was just
attached to objective and scientific evidence.
Interdependent -MODERN Interdependence and cooperation are the essential characteristics of
modern administration and supervision. All school activities are integrated or correlated with
community projects which affect the teaching and learning process. Integration of school and
community activities calls for democratic leadership which functions in a group situation through
cooperative action.

Guided inspection - MODERN The modern concept of school administration is more than mere
inspection of the work of the teachers; it is a friendly help and counsel
– a clearing house of the best ideas acquired in the field. Integration of school and community
activities calls for democratic leadership which functions in a group situation through cooperative
action.

Wider scope - MODERN It can also be said that modern administration and supervision are
considerably broader in their scope and functions than were encompassed in their earlier concepts
and practices. These functions include many of the conditions and influences affecting teaching, as
well as the learning and growing of the pupils and the improvement of the health, physical,
economic, and social conditions of the community.

1.5 IMPROVING SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION

Defined as an administrative process through which school managers or leaders ensures that

teachers are all contributing towards sound and qualitative teaching and learning
process, effective supervision is sine-qua-non to improved student learning and achievement
of educational goals