Department of Education

Division of Negros Occidental

INOCENCIO V. FERRER MEMORIAL SCHOOLOF FISHERIES
Talisay City, Negros Occidental
Region VI – Western Visayas

MODULE 1
IN

GRADE 7
AGRICULTURE AND
FISHERY ARTS
WEEK 1

HOW PLANTS GROW

AND REPRODUCE

TERMS MEANING

Vegetative stage The period of growth between germination and flowering of plant development.

Reproductive stage This stage of development in plants occurs after the vegetative or juvenile stage is completed.
Photosynthesis The process by which a plant uses the energy from the light of the sun to produce its own food.

Plant Embryo The part of a seed or bud that contains the earliest forms of a plant's roots, stem and leaves. 

Before you proceed with the lesson, answer first the pretest

Multiple Choice: Read each statement carefully and choose the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet. Follow the example format given above.
1. Which of the following is not a part of a leaf?
a. stigma b. roots c. stomata d. ovary
2. Which of the following is correct about the statement “Seeds should be free from weed mixture”.
a. dirty b. clean c. muddy d. none of these
3. Female part of the flower is called ____.
a. anther b. stigma c. pistil d. sepal
4. Part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil?
a. seed b. flower c. stem d. roots
5. The specialized part of the plant is called ____?
a. fruit b. flowers c. seed d. none of these

Lesson 1.
Parts of a plant

Knowing how plants grow and develop is needed to be practiced by a farmer. The different parts of the plant are the
roots, stem leaves, flower and seed. Each part has its own function.

Roots - absorb food nutrients from the soil. They also hold on to
the soil to keep the plant in place.

Stems - hold the leaves. They serve as the passageway of the

nutrients and water from the roots to the other part of the plant.

Leaves – make food for growth and repair. The primary function of
the leaf is the conversion of carbon dioxide, water, and UV light
into sugar (e.g., glucose) via photosynthesis.

Flower – contain the reproductive parts of the flowering plant. The

flowers develop into a fruits which contain the seeds.

Seed – the specialized part of the plant that produces a new plant

WORKSHEET 1
Direction: write your
answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
 5

Lesson 2

Two Stages of Plant Life

1. Vegetative Stage
2. Reproductive Stage

1. Vegetative Stage

The growth of the roots, stems and leaves is the vegetative stage of plant’s life.This is generally a lengthy
period of development in plants, starting from seed germination until prior to reproductive stage. In seed
germination the young plant (embryo) within the seed initiates active growth and ultimately the embryonic root
(radicle) and the embryonic shoot (epicotyl) extend outward from the seed.

The seedling emerges from the soil and soon assumes independent growth. Subsequently, the plant grows bigger
with more roots and more aerial parts such as tillers (as in rice), nodes and internodes, branches and leaves. This
stage terminates immediately before it reaches reproductive stage at which time it starts to initiate the formation of
inflorescences (i.e., panicle in rice) and flower primordia.

CROSS SECTION OF A LEAF

a. Cuticle: A waxy layer that prevent water loss by evaporation. The cuticle is transparent and very thin to allow
maximum light penetration.

b. Upper Epidermis: A protective layer of cells that produces the cuticle. The epidermis is is also transparent and
very thin to allow maximum light penetration.

c. Palisade Mesophyll: Rod shaped cells that contain large numbers of chloroplasts for photosynthesis. These cells
are located close to the leaf surface to maximise light absorption. They are upright,
elongated and tightly packed together in order to increase the surface area for light
absorption. Chloroplasts are found near the palisade cell surface to maximise light
 absorption and to reduce the distance that carbon dioxide and oxygen have to diffuse
(to / from the chloroplast stoma)

d. Spongy Mesophyll: These cells are smaller than those of the palisade mesophyll and are found in the lower part of
the leaf. They also contain chloroplasts, but not quite as many. These cells have large
air spaces between them that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse between
them. The air spaces also gives these cells a large surface area to maximize the diffusion
of carbon dioxide into the cell and oxygen out of the cell.

e. Vein: Plant veins consists of xylem (vessels that carry water) and phloem (vessels that carry dissolved nutrients
such as sugar). These vessels play an essential role in transporting water to the chloroplasts in the
mesophyll tissues for photosynthesis. They also transport the sugar produced by photosynthesis away
from these cells to the rest of the plant tissues to be used as an energy source or stored.
f. Lower Epidermis: A protective layer of cells. The lower epidermis produces a waxy cuticle too in some plant
species. The lower epidermis contains pores called stomata that allow carbon dioxide and
oxygen to move in and out of the plant respectively.

g. Stomata: Tiny pores (small holes) surrounded by a pair of sausage shaped guard cells. These cells can change
shape in order to close the pore. In very hot conditions water inside the leaf evaporates and the
water vapour can escape through the stomata. Closing them prevent reduces water loss, but also
limits the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen in and out of the leaf.

2. Reproductive Stage

The growth of the flowers, fruits and seeds is the reproductive stage of plant’s life. This stage of
development in plants occurs after the vegetative or juvenile stage is completed. At this stage the plants are
considered mature, that is, they are physiologically capable of commencing the production of reproductive parts: the
flowers, fruits and seeds. This stage consists of the period from the time that the plant starts to form inflorescence
or flower primordia (called booting in rice) until flowering, pollination, and fertilization. According to Ryugo (1988), in
fruit trees the reproductive stage commences with a transition phase during which few flowers are produced.

CROSS SECTION OF A LEAF

1. Stigma. A female part of the flower. It is the sticky

bulb that you see in the center

of flowers and is the part where the
pollen lands and starts the fertilization 

2. Style of a flower is the stalk that supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary.

3. Ovary is the enlarged basal portion of the pistil, the female organ of a flower. The ovary contains ovules, which
develop into seeds upon fertilization.

4. Anther - Produce the pollen of flowering plants.

5. Filament is a stalk-like structure that attaches to the base of the flower and supports the anther.
6. Petals - attract pollinators and also protect the inner reproductive structures of a flower.
7. Sepals - It protects the developing buds there by enclosing in the bud condition.
8. Receptacle – thickened part of a stem from which the flower organs grow.

Initial stage of plant development from seed

germination
Epicotyl
During the growth and development of a plant, the stored foods in the embryo are used up. The part of the
embryo that comes out of the seed first grows downward into the soil and forms the first root. Another part of the
embryo grows out of the soil upward and forms the stem of the seedling, which is called the hypocotyl. The stored
food is used by the growing embryo until the leaves grow.

WORKSHEET 2
Direction: Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks with the correct word or group of words. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The growth of the roots, stems and leaves is known as the _______ stage in the life of the plant.
2. The green coloring of the leaves is the ______.
3. The young plant inside the seed is called _____.
4. The stigma is the female part of the flower while the male part is called the ______.
5. The growth of the flowers, fruits and seeds is the ________ stage of plant’s life.
LESSON 3

Securing and Testing Seeds

Characteristics of seeds to be observed in selection;

1. Seed must be damage – free because if the food reserve is damaged, the supply for the growing plant might not
be enough to keep this alive.
2. Seeds must have good germinating ability which means that these grow vigorously. Seeds which can germinate
and produce strong, healthy plants are considered viable seeds. Seeds with greater percentage of viability should
be selected for good crop yield.
3. Seeds should be free from weed mixture.
4. Seeds should come from disease – free plants.
5. True – to – type - which means that they must be as strong and healthy as the plant varies from which they come.
You may produce your own seeds but make sure to harvest them from the best fruits of your best plants. Surplus
seeds from one planting season may be used. Classify the seeds according to degree of wetness or dryness. Clean,
dry and treat with fungicide before storing in a clean, safe container.

Seeds may be stored in plastic bags. Some farmers use desiccants or chemicals that absorb moisture from materials.
The life of the seed must be insured while in storage.

Testing Methods:

1. Dish Method - Line the dish with moistened, tissue paper, and then place a number of seeds. Cover with another
sheets of moist tissue paper. Allow the seeds to germinate for several days. Count the number of
seeds that germinated.

2. RAG-DOLL METHOD – Count the seeds to be germinated. Place the seeds inside a damp piece of cloth. Space the
seeds along one side of the cloth covers them. The cloth is then rolled and place on
 trays. A piece of stick is placed in the middle of the damp cloth to allow circulation of air.
After three days, count the seeds that have germinated
3. SEED BOX METHOD - Plant a number of seeds in a box and water them. After several days, count the seeds
germinated and compute for the percentage of germination using this formula:

Percentage of germination= No. of seeds germinated x 100

No. of seeds sown

Example: If you tested 50 seeds, only 25 seeds germinated. Using the formula, the percentage of germination is
50%. Percentage of germination is also called the percentage of viability.
WORKSHEET 3

Multiple Choice: Read each statement carefully and choose the correct answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet. Follow the example format given above.

1. Which of the following is not a part of a leaf?

a. stigma b. roots c. stomata d. ovary
2. Which of the following is correct about the statement “Seeds should be free from weed mixture”.
a. dirty b. clean c. muddy d. none of these
3. Female part of the flower is called ____.
a. anther b. stigma c. pistil d. sepal
4. Part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients from the soil?
a. seed b. flower c. stem d. roots
5. The specialized part of the plant is called ____?
a. fruit b. flowers c. seed d. none of these

REFERENCES

1. COPELAND LO. 1976. Principles of Seed Science and Technology. Minneapolis, MN: Burgess Pub. Co. 369 p.
2. FEININGER A. 1968. Trees. NY: The Viking Press. p. 81.
3. GRiSP [Global Rice Science Partnership]. 2013. Rice almanac, 4th edition. Los Baños, Philippines:
International Rice

Key Answer

Worksheet 1.
Pre-Test Post Test
1. B 1. B
2. B 2. B
3. C 3. C
4. D 4. D
5. C 5. C

Worksheet 2.
1. Vegetative
2. Chlorophyll
3. Embryo
4. Stamen
5. Reproductive

Worksheet 3.
1. Roots
2. 2. Fruits/Seeds
3. Stem
4. Flower
5. Leaves