PREPARED BY:

MA. CARINA SANTIAGO-VILLANUEVA

Architecture Defined:
 Is the art and science of designing buildings, bridges and
structures to help us meet our personal and communal needs
 An art that aims to satisfy the aesthetic requirements of the
buildings without disregarding the need for sound structure with
complete utilities.
 In Architecture, buildings have facades, foundations, roofs and a variety of
interior spaces that must be planned.
 Architects work within the limits of their materials and the technology of the
day.; must work with other professionals and with contractors who design
and install elements and the service systems of buildings. An architect plays
as mediator, a compromiser between the needs of the clients and the proper
ties and aesthetic possibilities of the site.
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
1. Post and Lintel- consists of two vertical
posts (post) for support and a horizontal
one (lintel)
 Example: The Prehistoric Stonehenge
 -Two stones were set upright as
supports and a third was placed across
them, creating an opening beneath
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE

2. The Arch
 Arches have many
functions that include
supporting other
structures such as roofs,
and serving as actual
and symbolic gateways
 Example: The Arch of
Triumph in Paris
TYPES OF ARCHITECTURE
3. The Cantilever
 - Any structural part projecting
horizontally and anchored at one
end only. This needs a beam with
a great tensile strength which can
be securely fastened at the
supported end. Used greatly with
steel as a medium for it has great
tensile strength and does not
crack or break easily. Wood is
used but in limited instances
A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally
and is supported at only one end. Typically it extends from a flat
vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached.
 Materials Used In Architecture
1. Stone
-massive and virtually indestructible; this became favored
material in public buildings by the Egyptians and the
Greeks. But nowadays it has become rare to be used
because it is expensive to quarry and transport and too
massive to handle readily at the site
2. Wood
A beautiful and versatile material for building and sculpture; is
abundant and a renewable resource; relatively light in weight
and is capable of being worked on the side with readily
available hand tools. It has variety of color and grains and has
the capacity to accept paint and weather charmingly when
left in natural state.
 Wood on the other hand warps, cracks and rots. Highly flammable and
stirs the appetites of termites and other devouring insects. Nowadays,
because of the modern technology, wood has been enhanced with its
stability and strength and can be used as a building material
3. Cast Iron
 Was one of a number of structural materials that would change the face
of architecture; has become an alternative to stone and wood. It has
great strength, is heavy and has a certain brittleness yet was the first
material to allow the formation of tall buildings with slender walls.
Materials Used In Architecture
4. Steel
 strong metal of iron alloyed with small amounts of Carbon and a variety
of other metals. Is harder than iron and more rust and fire resistant.
 It is more expensive than other structural materials but its great strength
allows it to be used in relatively small quantities.
 Used in the construction of buildings, skyscrapers, garages, transmission
line towers, manufacturing sheds and so on
5. Concrete
 A manufactured mixture of cement and water with aggregate of sand
an stones which hardens rapidly by chemical combination to a stone
like, water and fire resisting solid with great compressive strength.
6. Brick
 is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements
in masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit
composed of clay, but it is now used to denote rectangular units made
of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials.
 Architectural Styles of the World
A. Egyptian Architecture (4000-
2280BC)
 Expressed mainly in pyramids and in
temples which were essentially a
columnar and trabeated (horizontal
posts) style.
 Maintained its traditional form and
impressive by its solemnity, gloom as
well as by its solidity, suggesting that
buildings were intended to last
eternally.
 Examples: The Temple of Edfu
The Temple of Hatshepsut
Architectural Styles of the World
 B. Mesopotamian
Architecture
 Is evident in its palaces and
temples with the distinguishing
characteristic is the Ziggurat, or
tower, built at successive levels
with ramps leading from one
platform to the next in order to
reach the shrine
Architectural Styles of the World
C. Greek Architecture
 The most characteristic form is
found in the temple, a low
building of post and lintel
construction
 3 Styles or Orders in Greek
Architecture
 Doric- the earliest, simplest, and most commonly
used; columns are stouter. Their smooth, round
capitals are simple and plain
 Ionic- It is characterized mainly by the scroll-like
ornaments that appear on Ionic column capitals
known as volutes, as well as the column base
supports that are not featured on Doric columns.
 Corinthian-the Corinthian Order can be distinguished
from the Ionic Order by its more ornate capitals
carved with stylized acanthus leaves.
On the Corinthian entablature, the frieze was usually
decorated with continual sculptural reliefs, where the
figures were raised from the surface but not completely
freestanding.
 Architectural Styles
D. Roman Architecture
 continued the legacy left by the earlier architects of
the Greek world, and the Roman respect for this tradition
and their particular reverence for the established
architectural orders; the Romans were also great
innovators and they quickly adopted new construction
techniques, used new materials, and uniquely combined
existing techniques with creative design to produce a
whole range of new architectural structures such as the
basilica, triumphal arch,
monumental aqueduct, amphitheater, granary building,
and residential housing block.
 Example: The Colosseum- can accommodate up to
50,000-80,000 people at one time; known as the Flavian
Amphitheater; the largest ever built
Architectural Styles
E. The Byzantine Architecture
 Is characterized by a great central
dome. One characteristic features
in churches was the forms of vaults
and domes were visible externally,
undisguised by any timbered roof,
thus the interior corresponds with
the exterior.
Example: (St. Alexander Nevsky
Cathedral in Bulgaria)
Architectural Styles
F. Baroque Architecture
 Primarily a period of elaborate
sculptural ornamentation. The
architectural framework was close to
the Renaissance although far more
spacious but had a profusion of
carved decoration. Garlands of
flowers and fruits, shells and waves
were decorated in columns and
entablatures.

EXAMPLE: (St. Peter’s Church in Rome)

 Architectural StylesRenaissance
Architecture
G. Renaissance Architecture
- demonstrated a conscious revival and
development of certain elements of ancient
Greek and Roman thought and material culture

Renaissance style places emphasis

on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the
regularity of parts, as demonstrated in the
architecture of classical antiquity and in
particular ancient Roman architecture, of which
many examples remained.
(Frederiksborg Castle in Denmark)
 Architectural Styles
G. Modern Architecture
 New structural materials were used and to avoid
wastes, were scientifically calculated; Architecture
was characterized by unbroken lines and volumes;
Buildings were either vertical as in the case of
skyscrapers or horizontal like the sprawling
bungalow.
 The Burj Khalifa, in Dubai (United Arab Emirates), is
currently the tallest skyscraper in the world, with a
height of 829.8 meters (2,722 ft). The setbacks at
various heights are a typical skyscraper feature. This
was completed in 2009. (with 163 floors)
 https://youtu.be/-0F2f7i__v4
The 8 Wonders of the World

 The Pyramid at Giza (grandfathered in from the ancient seven

wonders, as it’s the only ancient wonder still standing),
 Christ the Redeemer Statue, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
 The Great Wall of China
 Machu Picchu, Peru
 Petra, Jordan
 Pyramid at Chichen, Mexico
 Roman Colosseum
 Taj Mahal, India
MACHU PICCHU in PERU

PETRA in JORDAN

TAJ MAHAL in INDIA

Pyramid at Chichen,
Mexico

The Great Wall of China

 Thank you for listening ☺

Ma. Carina Santiago-Villanueva