TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF MADRID

SOLAR ENERGY INSTITUTE

MASTER IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY

INGENIERÍA DE SISTEMAS FOTOVOLTAICO

PROF. MIGUEL ÁNGEL EGIDO

ALIMENTACIÓN CON TECNOLOGÍA FOTOVOLTAICA DE UN SISTEMA MÓVIL GSM PARA

APLICACIONES DE EMERGENCIA

SERCAN KESKINEL

January 2019
 INDEX

1. System Overview 2
2. System Design 3
2.1. Irradiance 3
2.2. Energy Need of the miniGSM system 4
2.3. PV Generators 5
2.4. Solar Charge Controller 7
2.5. Battery Pack 8
2.6. Inverters 9
3. System Design 9
3.1. Photovoltaic Design 9
3.2. Single Line Diagram of the system 11
4. Security 12
4.1. Cables 12
4.1.1. Solar Modules – Solar Charge Controller 13
4.1.2. Solar Charge Controller – Battery Pack 14
4.1.3. Battery Pack – Inverter 15
4.1.4. Inverter – miniGSM system 15
4.2. Protection Components 15
4.2.1. DC Side 15
4.2.2. AC Side 17
5. Energy Production 18
6. System Cost 18

7. References 20

1
 1. System Overview

A photovoltaic system will be designed to bear energy need of miniGSM

which is a cellular GSM system under Ericsson Response program to supply
electrical power for installations in rural areas. The locations of the
installations are considered world-wide including some regions such as
Afghanistan, Iran, Haiti, Sudan, Pakistan, Mali, Indonesia, Tanzania etc.

The GSM system has its own electrical and structural specifications which
will be taken into consideration to design the photovoltaic system. Key
features of miniGSM system can be seen from Table 1 below.
Table 1: Specifications of miniGSM system.

miniGSM system
2230 x 1900 x 2160 mm
Dimension (H x W x L)
The equipment fits into 7-foot long container
Weight Approx. 2000 kg
Power into antenna feeder 28 W (GSM 900), 22 W (GSM 1800/1900)
110/220 AC, 50 Hz, -48V DCV DC
Power supply
PDF main power max. 10 kW
Battery backup 1 hour
Operating temperature -5°C to +50°C
Indoor environment in the
Air condition 1 x 4.5 kW split unit type
container

A representative image of the equipment can be seen in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: A representative image of the miniGSM system.

2
 Indoor drawing and indoor equipment of the system can also be seen
in Figure 2 below.

Figure 2: Indoor drawing of the miniGSM system.

The system will consist photovoltaic modules and inverters mainly with all
connectors, cables or auxiliary equipment units as well.
2. System Design
2.1. Irradiance

To be able to design the system, irradiance values of the potential

locations of the installation was needed. The irradiation data was obtained
from MeteoNorm 7.1 in PVsyst database for different locations mentioned
above and can be seen in Table 2 below.
Table 2: Average daily global irradiation values of different locations that can
be potential installations around the world.

Global irradiation (kWh/m².day)

Papua
Months Sudan Tanzania Iran Thailand New Pakistan Mexico
Guinea
January 6.05 4.53 2.16 4.68 5.89 3.35 3.23
February 6.64 4.68 3.45 5.13 5.71 4.16 3.85
March 7.08 4.73 4.53 5.63 5.66 5.15 5.14
April 7.24 4.56 5.85 5.82 5.67 6.12 5.85
May 6.96 4.65 7.25 5.27 5.07 6.46 6.66
June 6.61 5.02 8.06 5.07 5.03 6.48 6.73
July 6.10 5.08 7.92 4.80 4.75 6.17 6.97
August 6.24 5.16 7.29 4.47 5.64 5.73 6.46
September 6.31 4.80 6.09 4.33 6.10 5.68 5.64
October 6.24 4.65 4.34 4.44 5.55 4.65 4.23
November 6.18 4.46 2.80 4.66 7.00 3.92 3.41
December 5.85 4.22 2.11 4.58 4.95 3.18 2.94
Year 6.45 4.71 5.16 4.90 5.58 5.09 5.10

3
 Some locations given in Table 2 was added to the table due to their
similar latitude values with the locations stated in technical datasheet of
miniGSM system. Mexico and Papua New Guinea was added to the table
with that idea instead of Haiti and Indonesia, respectively.

Since the system will be designed to be used in different locations,

assumptions should be made according to poorest conditions for irradiation
values. Hence irradiation values belong to Tanzania will be the based point
of system design.

It should also be noted that these values are global horizontal values of
the locations. It means if the modules will be installed with tilt angle values,
these values can be changed accordingly. However, since we have a
limited area to install solar modules –container of the miniGSM system itself-
, if the modules will be installed with tilt angles, it may be differed by
locations to locations. Also, if the modules will be installed with a tilt angle,
additional mounting structure should be taken into consideration for design
and cost calculation as well.

As a final, since the system will be designed once as a one sole design
for Ericsson programme (for standard use), it is decided to install solar
modules horizontally, in other words without a tilt angle. That will cause some
irradiation losses depending on the location of course, but thanks to this
decision operational and installation efforts could be decreased and
additional costs could be limited as mentioned above. This issue will be
discussed in Section 3.1 “Photovoltaic Design” later again.
2.2. Energy Need of the miniGSM system

According to the Table 1 daily consumption of miniGSM system was

estimated since we know power outputs of the electrical equipment. The
estimation can be seen below in Table 3.
Table 3: Daily consumption estimation of miniGSM system.

Daily working Power output Daily consumption

Unit
Hour (W) (kWh)
Antenna 1 24h 28 W 0.672
Antenna 2 24h 22 W 0.528
Air conditioning 10h 1300 W 13

As final, the daily consumption of the system is determined as 14.2 kWh.

4
 2.3. PV Generators

The module will be used within the system is chosen as Allmax 60 280 Wp
of Trina Solar. The module is a polycrystalline solar module with 60 cells and
it is a framed module. Electrical characterization values of the module can
be seen below.
Table 4: Electrical parameters of Allmax 60 280 Wp of Trina Solar.

Trina Solar Allmax 60 280 Wp

Pnom 280 Wp
VOC 38.2 V
Vmpp 31.4 V
ISC 9.40 A
Impp 8.92 A
Efficiency %17.1
Operational temperature [T] -40°C - +90°C
T coef. for Pmax -0.41%/°C
T coef. for VOC -0.32%/°C
T coef. for ISC 0.05%/°C
Dimensions 1650 x 992 x 35 mm

To be able to decide total capacity of the photovoltaic system, nominal

power (PNOM,G) of the generator was determined. The nominal power
(PNOM,G) of the generator is the minimum power must be installed according
to the minimum daily average global irradiation (Gdm, β). Performance Ratio
value (PR) was also be taken into consideration.
𝐹𝑆𝐺 · 𝐿𝑑𝑚
𝑃𝑁𝑂𝑀,𝐺 =
𝐺𝑑𝑚𝛽
𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐶 . 𝑃𝑅
Here; PNOM,G : Nominal power of the generator
FSG : Security factor of the generator
Ldm : Daily needed energy
Gdm, β : Minimum daily average global irradiation
ISTC : STC Irradiation
PR : Performance Ratio of the system

To be able to calculate the formula given above, FSG value is assumed

as 1.2. Gdm, β was taken into consideration as Tanzania’s value as mentioned
above as 4.71 kWh/m².day and I STC is 1000 W/m². Also mentioned above,
daily needed energy (Ldm) is 14.2 kWh. Then the calculation of PNOM,G:

5
 𝐹𝑆𝐺 · 𝐿𝑑𝑚 1.2 · 14.2
𝑃𝑁𝑂𝑀,𝐺 = = = 4.82 𝑘𝑊
𝐺𝑑𝑚𝛽 4.71
. 0.75
𝐼𝑆𝑇𝐶 . 𝑃𝑅 1

To be able to determine series and parallel numbers of modules would

be connected, the solar PV charge controller will be used within the system
was be taken into consideration. The charge controller will be used to
regulate current and voltage values coming from photovoltaic modules.

Since the solar PV charge controller is chosen as Schneider Conext MPPT

60 150, the series and parallel of the modules was calculated according to
the limits of the chosen equipment. Electrical specifications of the charge
controller can be seen in Section 2.3 with more details.

Since the maximum PV array open circuit voltage of the charge

controller is 600 V, maximum number of modules in series connection can
be:
𝑉𝑅.𝑀𝐴𝑋 150
𝑀𝑆 = = = 3,58 = 3
𝑉𝑂𝐶 41,867

There, max VOC value was taken into consideration in the calculation
according to maximum operating temperature of the miniGSM system
which is -5°C and this calculation can be seen below.
VOC,max = VOC@25°C [1+β(°C-1)(Tc-T*c)]
VOC@-5°C = 38.2 [1+-0.0032(-5-25)]
VOC@-5°C = 38.2 x 1,096 = 41.867 V

Similarly, maximum number of modules in parallel connection was also

calculated according to the current limits of the charge controller and this
calculation can be seen below.
𝐼𝑅.𝑀𝐴𝑋 48
𝑀𝑃 = = = 5.01 = 5
𝐼𝑆𝐶 9.57

Again similarly, max ISC value was taken into consideration in the
calculation according to potential maximum operating temperature of the
module which was assumed as +60°C. While maximum operating temperature
of miniGSM system was +50°C, +60°C was taken into consideration with the
idea of the temperature of the module will be much more than ambient
temperature. This calculation can be seen below.
ISC,max = ISC@25°C [1+a(°C-1)(Tc-T*c)]
ISC@60°C = 9.40 [1+0.0005(60-25)]
ISC@60°C = 9.40 x 1.0175 = 9.5645 A

6
 In result, total number of modules and nominal power of the PV
generators would be:
𝑀𝑇 = 𝑀𝑆 ∗ 𝑀𝑃 = 3 𝑥 5 = 15
𝑃𝑁𝐼 = 𝑀𝑇 ∗ 𝑃𝑁𝑂𝑀,𝑀 = 15 𝑥 280 = 4.2 𝑘𝑊

2.4. Solar Charge Controller

As mentioned above, to regulate voltage and current values coming

from PV generators a solar charge controller will be used within the system
and Conext MPPT 60 150 model solar charge controller by Schneider was
chosen. Electrical characteristic specifications of this equipment can be
seen in Table 5.
Table 5: Electrical parameters of Conext MPPT 60 150.

Schneider Conext MPPT 60 150

Nominal battery voltage 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 V
Battery voltage operating range 0 Vdc to 80 Vdc
PV array operating voltage 140 V
Max. PV array open circuit voltage 150 V
Max. array short circuit current 60 A (48 A @STC)
Max. charge current 60 A
Max. output power 3500 W
Supported battery types Flooded, GEL, AGM, Custom
Max. power conversion efficiency 98% (48 V)
Product dimensions (HxWxD) 36.8 x 14.6 x 13.8 cm
Ambient operating temperature -20°C to +45°C

As can be seen in Table 1, the maximum output power of the solar

charge controller is 3500 W which is lower than 4200 W, calculated total
nominal power of PV system. Hence, it is decided to use two solar charge
controller within the system. This is also necessary to bear daily energy need
of miniGSM system. In Section 2.3 and it was found that 4.72 kW nominal
power of PV generators must be installed to bear daily energy need,
however according to numbers of modules in series and parallel
connection, total nominal power of PV generators could be only 4.2 kW.

As conclusion, two solar charge controllers were decided to be used

within the system. Totally 9 modules will be connected to each solar charge
controller as 3 modules in series and 3 parallel strings. Hence total number
of modules and nominal power of the PV generators will be:
𝑀𝑇 = 𝑀𝑆 ∗ 𝑀𝑃 = 3 𝑥 6 = 18
𝑃𝑁𝐼 = 𝑀𝑇 ∗ 𝑃𝑁𝑂𝑀,𝑀 = 18 𝑥 280 = 5.04 𝑘𝑊

7
 2.5. Battery Pack

To determine which type of battery technology will be used within the

system, characteristic features of battery technologies was examined with
respect to their life time, maintenance need, technologically
advancement, capacity, cost etc.

To determine total capacity of the battery pack, system voltage which

was 48 V is taken into consideration.
𝐹𝑆𝐵 𝑥 𝐿𝑑𝑚
𝐶𝐵,Ú𝑇𝐼𝐿 =
𝑉𝑁𝑆

Here; CB,UTIL : Capacity of the battery

FSB : Number of autonomy days
Ldm : Daily needed energy
VNS : Nominal voltage of the system
FSB value is assumed as 2 days to be able to stay in a safer condition.
Because the objective of the miniGSM system is to install rural or developing
areas because of lack of energy. Hence capacity of the battery pack is
calculated as below:
𝐹𝑆𝐵 ∗ 𝐿𝑑𝑚 2 𝑥 14.2
𝐶𝐵,Ú𝑇𝐼𝐿 = = = 591,67 𝐴ℎ
𝑉𝑁𝑆 48

In addition, we will be taken into consideration of maximum discharge

depth value too and it is assumed as 0.6.
𝐶𝐵,Ú𝑇𝐼𝐿 591,67
𝐶𝐵,𝑁𝑂𝑀 = = = 986.11𝐴ℎ
𝑃𝐷𝑀𝐴𝑋 0.6
To be able to bear this battery capacity, SB300 Li-ion battery unit from
Smart Battery is chosen as the battery will be used within the system. Since
the operating value of the battery unit is 12V, totally 4 batteries will be
connected in series. As a result, totally 4 battery units will be used within the
system. Characteristic specifications of the battery unit can be seen in Table
6 below.
Table 6: Electrical parameters of the battery unit.

Smart Energy SB300

Nominal voltage 12 V
Usable capacity (amp hours) 300 Ah
Charge voltage 14.4V to 14.6V
Max Charge/Discharge Current 100 A (amps)
Type LiFePO4
Cell Type Cylindrical

8
 Depth of Discharge 100%
Self-Discharge <3% a year
Low Voltage Disconnect 8V
Over Voltage Disconnect 15.8V
Short Circuit Protection Instant
Reverse Polarity Protection Instant
Repair or Replace Warranty 5 years
Repair or Pro Rate Life time

2.6. Inverter

While selecting appropriate inverter type, some parameters were taken

into consideration and they were the nominal system voltage of 48V and
maximum peak power of the system which is around 1350 W.

Then SW4048 230 model inverter of Schneider Electric is selected as the

inverter will be used within the system.
Electrical parameters of the inverter can be seen below.
Table 7: Electrical parameters of SW4048 230 of Schneider Electric.

Schneider Electric SW4048 230

Output current 45 A
Nominal output voltage 48 Vdc
Output voltage range 24-60 Vdc
Cont. output power at 25°C 3800 W
30 min output power at 25°C 4400 W
5 sec output power at 25°C 7200 W
AC connections Single phase
Peak power 2400 W
Optimal efficiency 92%
Input AC Voltage 230 Vac
Optimal operating temperature range -20°C – 60°C
Dimensions (HxWxD) 41.8 x 34.1 x 19.7 cm
Weight 28.1 kg
Warranty 2 or 5 years

3. System Design
3.1. Photovoltaic Design

In Section 2.3, total number of modules was determined as eighteen. To

determine the tilt angle of the modules and the orientation, some base points
of the system was considered. Since there is no exact location for the

9
installation, specific determination for modules’ angle or orientation cannot be
performed. In other saying, while any angle value for installation of the modules
would be an advantage for one of the locations mentioned in Section 1 and
Section 2.1, however the same angle would be a disadvantage for another
location and that could occur potential performance and irradiation losses for
the system. Since the design should have been made for a one sole design for
Ericsson programme (one standard design), and then the system would be
installed other locations worldwide, the angle of modules is assumed as 0°, that
means the modules will be installed horizontally on the container of miniGSM
system. It is obvious, this choice is not optimum especially for the yield and it will
occur performance losses regarding to irradiance and so potential power
production. But as mentioned above, since the system will be designed just
once at design phase and then the system will be installed on different
locations in the world, this assumption has been made. Also, it can be
commented that this choice would have advantage regarding the installation
process at the location, since the mounting structure will remain same for any
location so the installers or the contractor to perform the installation on site
would perform the same work without performing new calculations according
to the installation locations to determine angle of modules or the orientation.

As an example, if it would be decided to use 10° tilt angle, that would

occur potential performance and irradiation losses for the location near the
equator. The same problem would occur regarding orientation issue. Since we
have different locations from north and south hemisphere, any tilt angle value
would be a potential loss for the system. Of course, it could be performed to
install the system in any location through the equator by converting the
container of miniGSM system, but again like mentioned above, it would also
potential losses for any location near the equator.
Photovoltaic design has been made in PVsyst software in 3D mode and
that can be seen in Figure 3 below.

10
 Figure 3: 3D design of the system.

According to the 3D design which has been done by PVsyst software, it

was also analysed shadowing effect of antenna of miniGSM system. Normally
the antenna has a structure with space, that means some proportion of
photons could fall on the module surfaces thorough the antenna as well.
However, for a worse situation, for 3D design in PVsyst, a strict pole has been
drawn for shadowing effect. As a final, shadowing effect of the antenna for
the modules was very limited, according to the shading factor analyse in PVsyst
software. This can be seen in below.

Figure 4: Shading factor analyse by PVsyst of 3D design.

3.2. Single Line Diagram

In addition, after determining the system components as mentioned in

Section 2, the Single Line Diagram of the system has been drawn and this
design can be seen below.
11
 Figure 5: The Single Line Diagram of the design.

4. Security
4.1. Cables

To be able to determine the type and section of DC cables, the formulas

related to voltage drops and current capacity will be taken into consideration.

The formula will be used to determine the section of DC cable (the

formula is used for monophasic calculations) can be seen below:

12
 2. 𝐿𝑐𝑎𝑏 . 𝐼𝑛𝑜𝑚
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑏 (mm² =
γ. 𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑚 . ∇𝜗𝑐𝑎𝑏 . (%)/100

where; Scab : section of the cable, mm²

Lcab : the length of DC cable, m

Inom : nominal current value, A (DC: IM*; AC: IMAX,I)

γ : the conductivity value of the conductor material in a

given temperature (For copper: γ90° = 44, γ70° = 48)

∇ϑcab : voltage drop (%)

Vnom : nominal voltage (DC: VM*; AC: Vphase (monop), Vline

(threep.))

The formula given above will be used to determine cable sections

according to distance between system parts. System parts can be grouped as
below:
1) Solar Modules – Solar Charge Controller
2) Solar Charge Controller – Battery Pack
3) Battery Pack – Inverter
4) Inverter – miniGSM system
To be able to determine the distances 3D design was considered and
approximated length of the cable between parts was considered.
4.1.1. Solar Modules – Solar Charge Controller

As mentioned in Section 3, the distance between solar modules and solar

charge controller has been assumed as 25 meters. This assumption has been
made according to the distance between the modules will be installed on the
container and solar charge controllers will be installed inside of the container
with unforeseen rate.

Regarding voltage drop value, between photovoltaic modules and

inverter, the recommendation value which is %1 was be taken into
consideration to determine the cable section.

Since we have 9 modules for each solar charge controller (3 modules in

series, and totally 3 strings), the formula will be as below.
2 . 25 . (3 x 8,92)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑏 (mm2 ) = m = 10,76 𝑚𝑚²
44 . (3 x 31.4) . %1
mm2 . 𝛺
As a result, DC cable section was selected as 16 mm².

13
 The DC cable model of TECSUN (PV) H1Z2Z2-K 16 mm² manufactured by
Prysmian Group is selected to be used as the DC cable for this section. The
specifications of the cable can be seen in Table 8 below.
Table 8: Specifications of the DC cable will be used within the system.

DC Cable Characteristics
Manufacturer Prysmian Group
Model TECSUN (PV) H1Z2Z2-K
Nominal voltage 1500 V DC/max
Test voltage according to EN 50395-6 7.5 kV AC/15 kV DC (5 min.)
Current carrying capacity A
132 A
In air at 60°C
Current carrying capacity A
125 V
On surface at 60°C
Rated Voltage 1500 V DC
Ambient temperature -40°C…+90°C
Maximum conductor temperature Max. +120°C

To control also the current value, the standards regarding cable

transmission such as UNE 20460-5-523 was taken into consideration as well. The
maximum current value will be calculated with a safe factor of 1.25 and it can
be seen below:
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.25 ∗ 𝐼𝑆𝐶 = 11.15 𝐴

Since the maximum current capacity of the cable in given conditions is

higher than the maximum current of the string which is 11.15 A, it is acceptable.

4.1.2. Solar Charge Controller – Battery Pack

The cables between solar charge controllers and battery pack was
calculated in a similar way to Section 4.1. The length of the cable was assumed
as 1.5 meters, since both solar charge controllers and the battery units will be
installed in the container. For each solar charge controller, three strings of
modules were designed to connect, and we have two solar charge controllers.
In total, so the calculation has been made as:
2 . 1.5 . (2 x 3 x 8.92)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑏 (mm2 ) = m = 15,20 𝑚𝑚²
44 2 . 48 . %0.5
mm . 𝛺
It could be selected 16 mm² cable for this section, but it could occur
some problem for extreme conditions. Hence 1.25 security rate was taken into
consideration. Since the cable section was calculated as 19.00 mm² after, 25
mm² cable section was selected between solar charge controller and battery
pack. The same cable model by Prysmian Group as selected to be used, but a
larger diameter one.

14
 Since the current carrying capacity of TECSUN (PV) H1Z2Z2-K 25 mm²
cable is 176 A in the air and 167 A on the surface, there would be no problem
regarding current capacity (max current is 6 x 8.92 x 1.25 = 66.9 A)
4.1.3. Battery Pack – Inverter

The cables between battery pack and inverter was calculated in a

similar way to Section 4.2. The length of the cable was assumed as 2 meters.
Then the calculation:
2 . 2 . (2 x 3 x 8.92)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑏 (mm2 ) = m = 10,13 𝑚𝑚²
44 . 48 . %1
mm2 . 𝛺
Similar to the previous part, even with the security rate of 1.25, 16 mm²
cable section will be enough for the voltage drop.

Again, the maximum current can be calculated as 6 x 8.92 x 1.25 = 66.9

A for this section as well. Since the current carrying capacity of TECSUN (PV)
H1Z2Z2-K 16 mm² cable is 132 A in the air and 125 A on the surface, there would
be no problem regarding current capacity too.
4.1.4. Inverter – miniGSM system

The cables between inverter and miniGSM was calculated in a similar

way to previous sections. The length of the cable was assumed as 4 meters. In
addition, the maximum voltage drop value was assumed as 2% although the
recommendation value was 3%. But in this section, voltage value was taken
into account as 230 V instead of 48 V. Then the calculation:
2 . 4 . (2 x 3 x 8.92)
𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑏 (mm2 ) = m = 4 𝑚𝑚²
44 2 . 230 . %2
mm . 𝛺
Again, the maximum current can be calculated as 6 x 8.92 x 1.25 = 66.9
A for this section as well. Since the current carrying capacity of TECSUN (PV)
H1Z2Z2-K 16 mm² cable is 55 A in the air and 52 A on the surface, there would
be a problem regarding current capacity. Hence 10mm² cable diameter was
selected with its current carrying capacity of 98 A in the air and 93 A on the
surface.

4.2. Protection Components

4.2.1. DC Side

In this section, protection devices in DC side was examined and some

devices regarding current and voltage protection will be installed.

For over-current and short-circuit protection, relevant fuses will be

connected to the DC strings and will be installed before the inverters. To be

15
able to determine the fuse model, a calculation has been done according to
the short current value of DC strings and it can be seen below:

1,25 x ISC* < In < 2,4 x ISC*

1,25 x 8,92 < In < 2,4 x 8,92

11,15 < In < 21,41

Type gPV fuse with 16 A is selected to be used for DC protection

according the calculation above. This fuse will be installed for each string.

In addition to that, another control has been performed to control the

maximum operating voltage value of the fuse since it should be higher than
VOC* value of the PV string with a safe factor of 1,25. Since maximum voltage
value of the fuse is 1000V, there would be no problem for this point too. The
specifications of the fuse can be seen in Table 9 below.
Table 9: Specifications of the fuse will be used in DC side.

Fuse Characteristics
Curve B
Rated voltage 880 V
Maximum operating voltage 1000 V
Minimum operating voltage 12 V
In 16 A
Thermal setting In 10-63 A

Regarding overvoltage protection of DC circuits, maximum V value was

considered, and it was 3 x 31.4 x 1.25 = 117.75 V. Hence DG S 150 (952 072)
model voltage protector was choice for the system and the specifications of
this equipment can be seen in Table 10 below.
Table 10: Specifications of the over-voltage protector.

Over-voltage protector
SPD according to EN 61643-11/IEC
Type 2 / class II
61643-11
Nominal voltage 120 V (50/60 Hz)
Max. cont. operating voltage (DC) 200 V
Voltage protection level (Up) ≤ 0.7 kV
Response time (tA) ≤ 25 ns

16
 4.2.2. AC Side

Likewise, for the DC side, over-current, short-circuit and over-voltage

protection devices will be used for AC side, after inverter output as well.
Maximum output current of the inverter is 45 A. The fuse will be selected for
circuit protection should has a greater value than 45 A.

As a result, C120 H, a product of Schneider Electric is selected to be used

within the system. The specifications of the product can be seen in Table 11
below.
Table 11: Specifications of the over-current and short-circuit protection device will be
used in AC side.

Characteristics of Over-current and short-circuit Protection

Device in AC Side
Manufacturer, model Schneider Electric, C120 H
Calibration In 80 A
Reference temperature 40°C
Voltage 400/415

Regarding the over-voltage protection of AC side, we will use DG M TT CI

275 FM 952 327 device after inverter output, between the inverter and miniGSM
system. The specifications of the over-voltage protection device can be seen
in Table 12 below.
Table 12: Specifications of the over-voltage protection device will be used in AC
side.

Characteristics of Over-voltage Protection Device in AC Side

SPD classification according to EN 61643-11 Type 2
SPD classification according to EN 61643-1/-11 Class II
Nominal AC voltage 230/400 V
Operation temperature range -40°C - +80°C
Short-circuit withstand capacity (I SCWPV) 1000 A
Nominal discharge current 12,5 kA
Max discharge current 25 kA
Voltage protection level [L-N] (Up) ≤ 1,5 kV
Voltage protection level [L-N] at 5 kA (Up) ≤ 1 kV
Voltage protection level [N-PE] (Up) ≤ 1,5 kV
Degree of protection IP20

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 5. Energy Production (EFV)

As a final total energy yield which means total energy would be

produced by system if it would be installed in Tanzania was analysed. The
formula to calculate total energy yield of the system can be seen below.
EFV = Pnom,G x YR x (1-FS) x PR
Where; EFV : Final energy yield
Pnom,G : Nominal power of the system
YR : Reference yield (Ga (0°,0°)/ISTC)
FS : Shading losses
PR : Performance Ratio of the system

We do not know exact value of PR of the system, however based on the

experiences and the assumption made in Section 2.3., the PR value was chosen
as 75%.

Regarding the shading losses, as mentioned in Section 3.1. according to

the 3D design in PVsyst, shading factor was analysed as 0.016 for diffuse in
PVsyst. However, it was an analyse was made by a strict pole, not with antenna
like miniGSM system. Nevertheless, this value was chosen to be used in the
formula since the direct radiation which was not included in PVsyst analyse
would play a role for shading loss as well.

YR (Ginc/ISTC) value is calculated by Excel obtained from Moodle named

as “Hoja para el calculo de las irradianzas”.
Then EFV can be calculated as below.
EFV = 5.04 x 1786 x (1-0,016) x 0.75
EFV = 5.04 x 1786 x (1-0,016) x 0.75
EFV = 6,643.06 kWh

Total electricity energy could be produced by photovoltaic system

would be 365.88 MWh annually.

6. System Cost

According to all assumptions have been made in the previous sections

and all components given above, system cost has been calculated as
26,149.10 USD, approximately 23,140.80 €. The details about the cost estimation
can be seen in Table 13 with more details.

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 Table 13: Estimation of the system cost.

Component Quantity Unit Price Total Price

Solar Modules 18 units 80 USD/unit 1,440 USD
Solar Charge Controller 2 units 596.30 USD/unit 1,192.6 USD
Battery Pack 4 units 3,500.00 USD/unit 14,000 USD
Inverter 1 unit 1960 USD/unit 1,960 USD
Mounting Structure 5.04 kWp 0.80 USD/Wp 4,032 USD
DC Cables 150 meters 1.5 USD/meter 225 USD
AC Cables 20 meters 5 USD/meter 100 USD
Connectors 15 pairs 2.5 USD/meter 37.5 USD
Fuses 15 units 50 USD/unit 750 USD
Over-voltage protectors 15 units 60 USD/unit 900 USD
Installation Fee 5.04 kWp 0.40 USD/Wp 2,016 USD
Others 5.04 kWp 0.10 USD/Wp 504 USD
TOTAL 27,157.10 USD

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REFERENCES

- Atlas de Radiación Solar en España utilizando datos del SAF de

Clima de EUMETSAT, AEMET.
- Meteonorm Database in PVsyst 6.4.3.

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