Pamantasan ng Cabuyao

College of Computing and Engineering

Katapatan Subd., Banay-banay, City of Cabuyao, Laguna

Course Code: ITE101

Course Description: Living in the IT Era

Course Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Discuss the concepts, frameworks, and components of information and computing systems.
2. Discuss social, legal and ethical issues in information technology era
3. Differentiate system and application software; software evolution and function
4. Identify different computer networks and topologies

Learning Materials for Week # 15-16

I. TITLE : Trends in Education

II. OBJECTIVES

After week 15-16, you are expected to:

1. To identify the major emerging issues and trends currently facing school
leaders and their potential impact on society and schools;
2. To analyze the influence of emerging issues and trends on school
improvement initiatives;
3. To describe the acceptable approaches to situations arising from emerging
issues and trends; and
4. To develop a position on emerging issues and trends in education and prepare
cogent arguments for and against specific positions regarding those emerging
issues.

1
III. INTRODUCTION

With the widespread acceptance and influence of mobile gadgets, providing online

education is a concept which can be delivered a lot easy than ever before. Even working

professionals or students with problems of transportation can access education without

confinement. Online education is slowly and surely becoming popular with interest from

working professionals to learn new things, technology. Higher education is also slowly

adopting the digital era. Online certifications, additional certifications, professional education

and executive management courses are becoming popular. Many working professionals

opting for the courses which they can easily learn and subscribe sitting at office or home.

IV. BODY

1. Online Education

Online education is a new frontier in the Philippines. This proposes a platform to

provide education through videos and tutorials to the students of rural areas where they can

get it at affordable rates. Dynamic Learning Program (DLP) and Learning management system

(LMS) are adopted by several schools nationwide as innovative teaching frameworks. These

can facilitate the learning process even if the students can’t come to school. The following are

the new normal in the Philippines educational system:

 Internet allowed school operations

 teachers meet online with the students to stay connected with them
 school administration meets online to follow-up on tasks
 online classes to ensure that students continue to receive the intervention
needed, and to facilitate skills across different platforms and settings
 instructional materials were prepared in such a way that there would be lesser
online meetings and in consideration of the students who don’t have gadgets and
have limited Internet access

2
Article
Printed materials, online classes 'most preferred' for distance learning – DepEd
By Michelle Abad

The Department of Education says the opening of classes on August 24 is pushing through,
despite criticism regarding the government’s readiness for implementing distance learning

PREPARATION. A teacher at the Mabini Elementary School in Baguio City prepares emergency
kits for students and disinfects the premises to prevent transmission of the coronavirus.
Photo by Mau Victa/Rappler

MANILA, Philippines – The most preferred options students chose for distance learning are
printed modules or online classes for the next school year, according to the Learner
Enrollment and Survey Form (LESF) conducted by the Department of Education (DepEd).

In a slide presented in a July 1 press briefing, the DepEd found around 2 million students
want to learn online, while 3.8 million students want printed materials as a mode of
instruction (also called the “modular” method).

3
Screenshot sourced by Rappler from the Department of Education

The LESF is filled out by all parents who enroll their children in school. While there were 16.6
million enrollees at the time of the presentation on July 1, DepEd planning director Roger
Masapol explained there is a "lag" in encoding the answers for the LESF, and so the total
respondents reflected on the survey were 10.9 million.

Masapol also said parents may choose to not answer every question, and those who did
answer could choose more than one answer for their preferred modes.

While the survey reflects the responses of a few million students, they still do not reflect the
answers of all 16.6 million students who enrolled for school year 2020-2021 as of July 1. So far,
this is also just roughly 59% of the turnout of 2019, with 27.7 million enrollees.

The department estimates an enrollment turnout this year of 80%.

The DepEd is shifting to a distance learning approach for the next school year to comply with
President Rodrigo Duterte’s directive to postpone face-to-face classes until there is an
available coronavirus vaccine. The school year is set to open on August 24.

Distance learning will be implemented in 3 different ways – online classes, printed modules,
and broadcasted lessons through television or radio. (FAST FACTS: DepEd’s distance learning)

4
As of Wednesday, July 1, the DepEd’s units are “busy preparing the self-learning modules for
all subjects and grade levels.” Meanwhile, regional offices are adjusting the distance learning
programs to make them more suitable to the situations on the ground.

2. Integrated Learning Solutions

It is not a Practical Idea for schools to wait till 100% digitalization to give students the

taste of modern education. Integrated learning solutions are now an accepted reality in most

schools. They are aiming to provide optimum digital infrastructure requirements while keeping

traditional textbooks as the base. In fact, it is unfair for a group of students to remain unaware

of the benefits of digital education just because of the connectivity and infrastructure issues.

Intelligent solutions like a print textbook associated with audio-visual content for a smartboard

which is linked to an online assessment structure can work wonders to improve learning

outcomes.

3. Personalized Learning

This is going to be a notable trend of the year as students can learn without worrying

about device, location and timing constraints. This even changes the way of education delivery

or learning process and students can learn without a barrier of their strength, weakness or

pace of understanding. This is, in fact, a game changer for students with special needs as they

get the flexibility or freedom to learn at their pace and be competent enough at the end of the

academic year. For instance, apps like Dragon Speak are assisting dyslexic students to learn

through audiobooks to overcome their limitations of textbook methods.

4. Professional Development of Teachers

The educators are of course an integral element of the learning ecosystem. And that

is why it is important to familiarize them with present generation competencies and skills so

that students can experience the best of the technologies available now. This simply pushes

the need for professional development programs when they can get better with the novel

teaching-learning pedagogies as well as enhance their lateral thinking abilities. School

authorities are taking initiatives to organize such programs and training for teachers of all level

5
classes to help them make an impact on the present learning trends. Surprisingly, the trend is

now seen in both private as well as public sector educational institutions.

5. Formative assessment solutions

The importance of learning outcomes will be focused more and that is why formative

assessment solutions are adopted. The routine assessment options like basic tests for recall at

the end of a term may prove less productive in this digital era. Through formative assessments,

learning makes an impact as it tests the student’s progress together with curriculum delivery

and analyzes personal and social competencies. In fact, students will get a personalized feel

of the outcomes as these techniques are adaptive, which is another reason why institutions

now largely choose formative assessment over the routine cookie-cutter approaches.

6. Cost Management in Education

As the technology is rising in the education sector, administrations will require in-

depth planning to ensure relevant investment. With the correct strategy, education industry

will see a great improvement in terms of cost management. In the coming years, educational

institutes are expected to invest more in cloud technologies to reduce operational cost. It will

also improve the efficiency of operations in the education industry due to shared services.

The cost of printing and papers will diminish with the rise of blockchain technology

in the education sector. All the important documents, certificates, diplomas and others will

take a digital form. This will reduce the labor cost as well, which is generally required to store,

manage and maintain a lot of data in institutes. While other areas will go down with respect

to cost, the computing aspect will require more investment. More and more classes are now

connected. Hence, the demand for improved computing resources is natural. This cost will

enhance the operations. Sending information processing transactions and various other

functions will become digital and simpler.

6
7. The Changing Role of a Teacher

The 21st century has changed the concept of a teacher too. More than a data feeder,

the teacher has become someone who nurtures the learners adequately. This trend has

become the crux of the student-centered approach to learning. The teacher has become a

person who guides his/ her class through activities and sharing the wonder of discovery.

Though involved in the activities, a teacher should keep an eye on monitoring the personal

progress of individuals and helping the ones who need special attention and help.

Issues Regarding the Educational System

When it comes to influence, the educational system of the Philippines has been
affected immensely by the country's colonial history including the Spanish period, American
period, and Japanese rule and occupation. Although having been significantly influenced by all
its colonizers with regard to the educational system, the most influential and deep-rooted
contributions arose during the American occupation (1898); it was during this aforementioned
period that 1. English was introduced as the primary language of instruction and 2. A public
education system was first established - a system specifically patterned after the United States
school system and further administered by the newly established Department of Instruction.
Similar to the United States of America, the Philippines has had an extensive and extremely
inclusive system of education including features such as higher education.

The present Philippine Educational system firstly covers six years of compulsory
education (from grades 1 to 6), divided informally into two levels - both composed of three
years. The first level is known as the Primary Level and the second level is known as the
Intermediate Level.

However, although the Philippine educational system has extensively been a model
for other Southeast Asian countries, in recent years such a matter has no longer stood true,
and such a system has been deteriorated - such a fact is especially evident and true in the
country's more secluded poverty-stricken regions.
Nationwide the Philippines faces several issues when it comes to the educational system.

7
Quality of Education

First of which, is the quality of education. In the year 2014, the National Achievement
Test (NAT) and the National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) results show that there
had been a decline in the quality of Philippine education at the elementary and secondary
levels. The students' performance in both the 2014 NAT and NCAE were excessively below the
target mean score. Having said this, the poor quality of the Philippine educational system is
manifested in the comparison of completion rates between highly urbanized city of Metro
Manila, which is also happens to be not only the country's capital but the largest metropolitan
area in the Philippines and other places in the country such as Mindanao and Eastern Visayas.
Although Manila is able to boast a primary school completion rate of approximately 100
percent, other areas of the nation, such as Eastern Visayas and Mindanao, hold primary school
completion rate of only 30 percent or even less. This kind of statistic is no surprise to the
education system in the Philippine context, students who hail from Philippine urban areas have
the financial capacity to complete at the very least their primary school education.

Budget for Education

The second issue that the Philippine educational system faces is the budget for
education. Although it has been mandated by the Philippine Constitution for the government
to allocate the highest proportion of its government to education, the Philippines remains to
have one of the lowest budget allocations to education among ASEAN countries.

Affordability of Education

The third prevalent issue the Philippine educational system continuously encounters
is the affordability of education (or lack thereof). A big disparity in educational achievements
is evident across various social groups. Socioeconomically disadvantaged students otherwise
known as students who are members of high and low-income poverty-stricken families, have
immensely higher drop-out rates in the elementary level. Additionally, most freshmen
students at the tertiary level come from relatively well-off families.

8
Drop-out Rate (Out-of-school youth)

France Castro, secretary of Alliance of Concerned Teachers (ACT), stated that there is
a graved need to address the alarming number of out-of-school youth in the country. The
Philippines overall has 1.4 million children who are out-of-school, according to UNESCO's data,
and is additionally the only ASEAN country that is included in the top 5 countries with the
highest number of out-of-school youth. In 2012, the Department of Education showed data of
a 6.38% drop-out rate in primary school and a 7.82% drop-out rate in secondary school. Castro
further stated that "the increasing number of out-of-school children is being caused by
poverty. The price increases in prices of oil, electricity, rice, water, and other basic commodities
are further pushing the poor into dire poverty." Subsequently, as more families become
poorer, the number of students enrolled in public schools increases, especially in the high
school level. In 2013, the Department of Education estimated that there are 38, 503
elementary schools alongside 7,470 high schools.

Mismatch

There is a large mismatch between educational training and actual jobs. This stands to
be a major issue at the tertiary level and it is furthermore the cause of the continuation of a
substantial amount of educated yet unemployed or underemployed people. According to Dean
Salvador Belaro Jr., the Cornell-educated Congressman representing 1-Ang Edukasyon Party-
list in the House of Representatives, the number of educated unemployed reaches around
600,000 per year. He refers to said condition as the "education gap".

Brain Drain

Brain Drain is a persistent problem evident in the educational system of the Philippines
due to the modern phenomenon of globalization, with the number of Overseas Filipino
Workers (OFWs) who worked abroad at any time during the period April to September 2014
was estimated at 2.3 million. This ongoing mass emigration subsequently inducts an
unparalleled brain drain alongside grave economic implications. Additionally, Philippine

9
society hitherto is footing the bill for the education of millions who successively spend their
more productive years abroad. Thus, the already poor educational system of the Philippines
indirectly subsidizes the opulent economies who host the OFWs.

Social Divide

There exists a problematic and distinct social cleavage with regard to educational
opportunities in the country. Most modern societies have encountered an equalizing effect on
the subject of education. This aforementioned divide in the social system has made education
become part of the institutional mechanism that creates a division between the poor and the
rich.

Lack of Facilities and Teacher Shortage in Public Schools

There are large-scale shortages of facilities across Philippine public schools - these
include classrooms, teachers, desks and chairs, textbooks, and audio-video materials.
According to 2003 Department of Education

Undersecretary Juan Miguel Luz, reportedly over 17 million students are enrolled in
Philippine public schools, and at an annual population growth rate of 2.3 per cent, about 1.7
million babies are born every year which means that in a few years’ time, more individuals will
assert ownership over their share of the (limited) educational provisions. To sum it up, there
are too many students and too little resources. Albeit the claims the government makes on
increasing the allocated budget for education, there is a prevalent difficulty the public school
system faces with regard to shortages. Furthermore, state universities and colleges gradually
raise tuition so as to have a means of purchasing facilities, thus making tertiary education
difficult to access or more often than not, inaccessible to the poor. However, it is worth taking
note of what the Aquino administration has done in its five years of governance with regard to
classroom-building - the number of classrooms built from 2005 to the first half of the year 2010
has tripled. Additionally, the number of classrooms that were put up from the year 2010 to
February 2015 was recorded to be at 86,478, significantly exceeding the 17,305 classrooms

10
that were built from 2005 to 2010 and adequate enough to counterbalance the 66,800
classroom deficit in the year 2010.

In President Aquino's fourth state of the nation address (SONA), he spoke of the
government's achievement of zero backlog in facilities such as classrooms, desks and chairs,
and textbooks which has addressed the gap in the shortages of teachers, what with 56,085
new teachers for the 61, 510 teaching items in the year 2013. However, the data gathered by
the Department of Education shows that during the opening of classes (June 2013), the
shortages in classrooms was pegged at 19, 579, 60 million shortages when it came to
textbooks, 2.5 million shortages with regard to chairs, and 80, 937 shortages of water and
sanitation facilities. Furthermore, 770 schools in Metro Manila, Cebu, and Davao were
considered overcrowded. The Department of Education also released data stating that 91% of
the 61, 510 shortages in teachers was filled up alongside appointments (5, 425 to be specific)
are being processed

Issues regarding the K-12

There is dispute with regard to the quality of education provided by the system. In
the year 2014, the National Achievement Test (NAT) and the National Career Assessment
Examination (NCAE) results show that there had been a decline in the quality of Philippine
education at the elementary and secondary levels. The students' performance in both the
2014 NAT and NCAE were excessively below the target mean score. Having said this, the poor
quality of the Philippine educational system is manifested in the comparison of completion
rates between highly urbanized city of Metro Manila, which is also happens to be not only
the country's capital but the largest metropolitan area in the Philippines and other places in
the country such as Mindanao and Eastern Visayas. Although Manila is able to boast a
primary school completion rate of approximately 100 percent, other areas of the nation, such
as Eastern Visayas and Mindanao, hold primary school completion rate of only 30 percent or
even less. This kind of statistic is no surprise to the education system in the Philippine
context, students who hail from Philippine urban areas have the financial capacity to
complete at the very least their primary school education.

11
 The second issue that the Philippine educational system faces is the budget for
education. Although it has been mandated by the Philippine Constitution for the government
to allocate the highest proportion of its government to education, the Philippines remains to
have one of the lowest budget allocations to education among ASEAN countries. The third
prevalent issue the Philippine educational system continuously encounters is the affordability
of education (or lack thereof). A big disparity in educational achievements is evident across
various social groups. Socioeconomically disadvantaged students otherwise known as students
who are members of high and low-income poverty-stricken families, have immensely higher
drop-out rates in the elementary level. Additionally, most freshmen students at the tertiary
level come from relatively well-off families. Lastly, there is a large proportion of mismatch,
wherein there exists a massive proportion of mismatch between training and actual jobs. This
stands to be a major issue at the tertiary level and it is furthermore the cause of the
continuation of a substantial amount of educated yet unemployed or underemployed people.

V. REFERENCES

[1] Caoili-Tayuan, Ronina R.; Eleazar, Mia V Living in the Information Technology Era
2019, C & E Publishing Inc. Quezon City Philipppines

[2] Vermaat, Misty E.;et.al. Enhanced Discovering Computers 2017; Cengage Learning
Publishing Co.

12