Petroleum Tanta Company

1. Define
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Condenser:
a. an apparatus for reducing gases to their liquid or solid form
by the abstraction of heat.
b. a device for abstracting heat, as in a refrigeration unit.

Sp.Gr :
the ratio of the density of any substance to the density of some
other substance taken as standard, water being the standard
for liquids and solids, and hydrogen or air being the standard
for gases.

Dynamic viscosity:
the friction between the layers of moving fluid Or the force in
dynes required to move 1 cm2 of the fluid 1 cm in 1 sec.
Reid

Reid vapor pressure:

: the pressure of air and fluid at 100 f .
; the True pressure of gas only and is greater than R.V.PTrue
V.P=(1.05:1.09) from R.v.p.

True pressure;

1
True vapor pressure (TVP) is a common measure of the
volatility of petroleum distillate fuels. It is defined as the
equilibrium partial pressure exerted by a volatile organic liquid
as a function of temperature as determined by the test method
ASTM D 2879.
The true vapor pressure (TVP) at 100 °F differs slightly from the
Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) (per definition also at 100 °F), as it
excludes dissolved fixed gases such as air .

Diesel index:
An empirical expression for the correlation between the aniline
number of a diesel fuel and its ignitability.
(mechanical engineering)
Diesel fuel rating based on ignition qualities; high-quality fuel
has a high index number.

Heat exchanger:
A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment built for efficient heat
transfer from one medium to another. The media may be
separated by a solid wall, so that they never mix, or they may
be in direct contact.[1] They are widely used in space heating,
refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants,
petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas
processing, and sewage treatment. The classic example of a
heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in
which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through
radiator coils and air flows past the coils, which cools the
coolant and heats the incoming air.

Ideal fluid:
2
an imaginary fluid that lacks viscosity and thermal conductivity.
There is no internal friction in an ideal fluid—that is, there are
no tangential stresses between two neighboring layers. Such
idealization is permissible in many cases of flow that are
considered in hydroaeromechanics; it gives a good description
of the real flow of liquids and gases at an adequate distance
from the solid surfaces around which flow is occurring and from
interfaces with an immobile medium. The mathematical
description of the flow of an ideal fluid makes it possible to find
theoretical solutions to a number of problems of the motion of
liquids and gases in channels of various shapes, in the outflow
of jets, and in flow around bodies.

Fire point:
The fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will
continue to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open
flame. At the flash point, a lower temperature, a substance will
ignite briefly, but vapor might not be produced at a rate to
sustain the fire. Most tables of material properties will only list
material flash points, but in general the fire points can be
assumed to be about 10 °C higher than the flash points.
However, this is no substitute for testing if the fire point is
safety critical. This is a point on which oxidation of a lubricating
oil starts.
Flash point:
The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest temperature
at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air.
Measuring a flash point requires an ignition source. At the flash
point, the vapor may cease to burn when the source of ignition
is removed.

Pour point:
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The pour point of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which it
becomes semi solid and loses its flow characteristics. In crude
oil a high pour point is generally associated with a high paraffin
content, typically found in crude deriving from a larger
proportion of plant materia

True or false
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- Gear pump is used in gasoline (false)
- The most losses in energy is in the stack of the Furnace
(true)
- Octane of iso p < n.p (true)
- In h.ex cp=cal/(Lb.f.sec.) (False)
- Cetane number of normal cetane >80 (false)

Choose
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1-To increase the reflux ratio what about the heat removed
from the cooler (decrease – increase or unaffected)
*uneffefcted

2-Characterization factor =12.5 (parrafine base- intermediate

– naphthenic)
*parrafine base

3-True pressure is …………. reid vapor pressure( higher (5-10%)

than –lower (10-20%) than – equal)
*higher (5-10%) than

4
4-Excess air in furnace in case of N.g is ( 20-15-25 %)
*20%

Complete
1-Q=U * …. * ∆Tlm
(A area)

2-API =141.5/(….) -131.5

( Spgr )

3-130 oC =…1.8*130 -32 =….. oF ( )

Tc = (5/9)*(Tf-32); Tf = (9/5)*(Tc+32);

4-Furnace efficiency =
(Q duty/Q fired )

5-Pump efficiency =
(work out/work in)

6-Sp.Gr =
( P*Mwt/ZRT )

5
Define the equipments
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1- heat exchanger

2- expansion valve
An expansion valve is a piece of equipment that reduces
pressure in a system. The most common form of expansion
valves is a thermal expansion valve (TMV), which is used in
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.

3- control valve
Control valves are valves used to control conditions such as
flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially
opening or closing in response to signals received from
controllers that compare a "setpoint" to a "process variable"
whose value is provided by sensors that monitor changes in
such conditions.

6
Draw the Figure express each of:
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1- tower
2- Condenser
3- Drain
4-reboiler