SOAL TRY OUT 2

SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN

TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
BAGIAN II TES BAHASA INGGRIS

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

1. International trade in the world’s 20 –odd varieties of sturgeon ______ by the United
Nations since 1998, after a drastic rise in poaching.
A. is controlled
B. is supported
C. has been promoted
D. has been regulated
2. Apple Computer has unveiled its new desktop computer design, ______ all disk drives and
processors into a flat display less than two inches thick.
A. which integrates
B. which includes
C. enclosing
D. which contains
3. The history of painting is a fascinating chain of events that probably begin with ______
A. ever made the very first picture.
B. the ever made very first pictures.
C. the very first ever made pictures.
D. the very first pictures ever made.
4. American author John Updike, ______ spent his boyhood in Shillington, Pennsylvania.
A. was the only child of a high school mathematics teacher
B. whom the only child of a high school mathematics teacher
C. the only child of a high school mathematics teacher
D. he was the only child of a high school mathematics teacher
5. Although the Ojibwa Indians fought frequently with the Sioux, they didn’t have … with
early white settlers.
A. much contact
B. lots contact
C. many contact
D. large contact
6. Modern blimps like the famous Goodyear blimps ______ the first ones in that they are
filled with helium instead of hydrogen.
A. differ from
B. different from
C. is different from
D. different
7. Had I ______ my parent’s advice I wouldn't be looking into my piggyback for money now.
A. listen to
B. have listened to
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
C. listened to
D. would listen to
8. I would rather ______ a quiet cup of coffee in the office than sit in a noisy cafe.
A. have
B. to have
C. prefer
D. prefer to have
9. My uncle was able to see his doctor ______ it was Sunday.
A. and
B. in addition
C. but
D. even though
10. The Education Act requires that school boards provide, or purchase from another board,
special education programs and services for ______ exceptional pupils.
A. its
B. his
C. her
D. their
11. General Grant had General Lee ______ him at Appomattox to sign the official surrender
of the Confederate forces.
A. to meet
B. met
C. meet
D. meeting
12. All of the people at the AAME conference are …
A. Mathematic teachers
B. Mathematics teachers
C. Mathematics teacher
D. Mathematic’s teachers
13. If it ______ more humid in the dessert of the Southwest, the hot temperatures would be
unbearable.
A. be
B. is
C. was
D. were
14. ______ Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike animal
A. It is generally believed that
B. Generally believed it is
C. Believed generally is
D. That is generally believed
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
15. According to the conditions of my scholarship, after finishing my degree, ______
A. my education will be employed by the university.
B. employment will be given to me by the university.
C. the university will employ me.
D. I will be employed by the university.
16. Frank Llyod Wright has been acclaimed (A) by colleagues (B) as(C) the greater(D) of all
modern architects.
17. Jane Addams had already (A) established Hull House in Chicago (B) and began (C) her
work in the Women’s Suffrage Movement when she was awarded (D) the Nobel prize for
peace.
18. Although a doctor may be able to diagnose (A) a problem perfect (B), he still may not be
able (C) to find a drug to which (D) the patient will respond.
19. Although the Red Cross accepts (A) blood from most donors, the nurses will not leave (B)
you give (C) blood if you have just had (D) a cold.
20. A turtle differs from (A) all other (B) reptiles in that its body is encased in a protective
shell of their (C) own (D).

READING COMPREHENSION
Reading 1 (Question 21 s.d. 27)
Ancient Rome and Greece
There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor
perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stones of a Roman wall, which
were held together both by the regularity of the design and by the peculiarly powerful Roman
cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bounded into a massive, monolithic
entity, by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included
the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and even the network
of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on
the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who
enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and
punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of
Rome would be utterly destroyed.
The source of the Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the
pattern of Rome's early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities,
Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the
Mediterranian sea lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the
contrast is not quite so stark; in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial
conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in
its high-powered ships; the key to the Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were
wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a
landsman.
Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great
emphasis on this almost animal instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the
organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain
of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of
landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based
society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In
turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the
Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country,
and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.
Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly
disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, espescially among historians, who are
predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to
the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For
many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek
civilization had quality; Rome mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome derivative. Greece had
style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome the research and development division.
Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. "Had the Greeks held
novelty in such disdain as we," asked Horace in his Epistles, "what work of ancient date would
now exist?"
Rome's debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral
philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors.
It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative
philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman
civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres – especially into those of law,
military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within
the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident
that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
21. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the second sentence
in the passage?
A. The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of
their realm.
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
B. Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used
regular controls to maintain their realm.
C. Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman
walls together.
D. Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was
controlled by powerful laws.
22. The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to ….
A. thinking about
B. fixation on
C. interest in
D. attitude toward
23. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT characteristic of Rome’s early
development?
A. Expansion by sea invasion
B. Territorial expansion
C. Expansion from one original settlement
D. Expansion through invading armies
24. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium?
A. Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.
B. They held different values than the people of Rome.
C. Agriculture played a significant role in their society.
D. They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts.
25. According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following
opinions about their civilization?
A. Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world
B. The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.
C. Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.
D. Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.
26. The word “spheres” in the passage is closest in meaning to ….
A. abilities
B. areas
C. combinations
D. models
27. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported
by paragraphs 5 and 6?
A. They could read and write the Greek language.
B. They frequently wrote poetry and plays.
C. They focused their writing on military matters.
D. They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
Reading 2 (Question 28 s.d. 34)

Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution is known as one of the most important and
controversial scientific theories ever published. Darwin was an English scientist in the 19th century
best known for his book “On the Origin of Species.” In his book, Darwin postulated different
species shared characteristics of common ancestors, that they branched off from common ancestors
as they evolved, and that new traits and characteristics were a result of natural selection. The
theory is based on the assumptions that life developed from non-life and progressed and
evolved in an indirect manner. Therefore, the Theory of Evolution, while controversial, has
shaped and influenced the modern scientific world's thinking on the development of life itself.
Darwin was born February 12, 1809 in England. Although initially entering into medicine, Darwin
chose to pursue his interest in natural science and embarked on a five-year journey aboard the
H.M.S. Beagle, a British sloop belonging to the Royal Navy. Because of his experience aboard the
Beagle, he laid the foundation for his Theory of Evolution while also establishing himself within
the scientific community. Specifically, Darwin's keen observation of the fossils and wildlife he
saw during his time on the Beagle served as the basis for the cornerstone of his theory: natural
selection.
Natural selection contributes to the basis of Darwin's Theory of Evolution. One of the core
tenets of Darwin's theory is that more offspring are always produced for a species than can possibly
survive. Yet, no two offspring are perfectly alike. As a result, through random mutation and genetic
drift, over time offspring develop new traits and characteristics. Over time beneficial traits and
characteristics that promote survival will be kept in the gene pool while those that harm survival
will be selected against. Therefore, this natural selection ensures that a species gradually improves
itself over an extended duration of time. On the other hand, as a species continues to 'improve'
itself, it branches out to create entirely new species that are no longer capable of reproducing
together.
Through natural selection, organisms could branch off of each other and evolve to the point
where they no longer belong to the same species. Consequently, simple organisms evolve into
more complex and different organisms as species break away from one another. Natural selection
parallels selective breeding employed by humans on domesticated animals for centuries. Namely,
horse breeders will ensure that horses with particular characteristics, such as speed and endurance,
are allowed to produce offspring while horses that do not share those above-average traits will not.
Therefore, over several generations, the new offspring will already be pre-disposed towards being
excellent racing horses.
Darwin's theory is that 'selective breeding' occurs in nature as 'natural selection' is the
engine behind evolution. Thus, the theory provides an excellent basis for understanding how
organisms change over time. Nevertheless, it is just a theory and elusively difficult to prove. One
of the major holes in Darwin's theory revolves around “irreducibly complex systems.” An
irreducibly complex system is known as a system where many different parts must all operate
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
together. As a result, in the absence of one, the system as a whole collapses. Consequently, as
modern technology improves, science can identify these “irreducibly complex systems” even at
microscopic levels. These complex systems, if so inter-reliant, would be resistant to Darwin's
supposition of how evolution occurs. As Darwin himself admitted, “To suppose that the eye with
all its inimitable contrivance for adjusting the focus for different distances, for admitting different
amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been
formed by natural selection, seems, I free confess, absurd in the highest degree".
In conclusion, “On the Origin of Species” is known as one of the most consequential books
ever published. Darwin's Theory of Evolution remains, to this day, a lightning rod for controversy.
The theory can be observed repeatedly, but never proven, and there are a plethora of instances that
cast doubt on the processes of natural selection and evolution. Darwin's conclusions were a result
of keen observation and training as a naturalist. Despite the controversy that swirls around his
theory, Darwin remains one of the most influential scientists and naturalists ever born due to his
Theory of Evolution.

28. According to paragraph 1, where did Charles Darwin begin to observe and formulate the basis
for his Theory of Evolution?
A. Medical School
B. Observing Horse Breeders
C. England
D. Aboard the H.M.S. Beagle
29. Which sentence is most similar to the following sentence from paragraph 1?
The theory is based on the assumptions that life developed from non-life and progressed and
evolved in an indirect manner.
A. The Theory of Evolution is founded on evidence that non-organic compounds are the basis
of life, developed in an unguided way.
B. Based on certain assumptions, we can prove that evolution occurs in all living and non-
living entities.
C. According to Darwin, if we assume that life at its origin was created from nonorganic
compounds and developed in an unguided manner, his theory holds true.
D. Due to the controversy, it is hard to make assumptions about the Theory of Evolution.
30. According to paragraph 2, what are the causes for species developing new traits and
characteristics?
A. medicine and longevity
B. survival and selection
C. mutation and genetic drift
D. tenets and theory
31. The word 'those' in paragraph 2 refers to:
A. gene pool
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
B. survival
C. natural selection
D. traits and characteristics
32. According to paragraph 3, what is natural selection most comparable to as a process?
A. branching trees
B. selective breeding
C. irreducibly complex systems
D. the human eye
33. The word 'contrivance' in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to:
A. organization
B. retention
C. absurdity
D. systems
34. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as a viewpoint to state that natural selection
is difficult to prove EXCEPT ….
A. The belief that the complexity of the human eye could have been formed by natural
selection seems highly unlikely
B. The presence of irreducibly complex system contradicts how evolution occurs
C. Modern technology has been used to prove that irreducibly complex systems exists
D. Selective breeding is the major hole in the theory of natural selection
Reading 3 (Questions 35 s.d. 50)
In the southeastern Pacific Ocean, on the piece of land known as Easter Island (now a
territory of Chile), stand several hundred massive stone monoliths. These carvings, called “moai,”
are recognizable by their oversized heads, with their heavy brows, long noses, elongated ears, and
protruding lips. While they average four meters in height and 12.5 tonnes, the largest is almost 10
meters tall and the heaviest weighs a full 86 tons. The upright sculptures are scattered around
Easter Island, many installed on platforms called “ahu” along the coast, while others are more
inland and several stand near the main volcanic quarry of Rano Raraku. The Rapa Nui people of
the island built a total of 887 of these impressive statues between the 12th and 16th centuries. They
were, it is said, symbols of religious and political authority, embodiments of powerful chiefs or
ancestors which faced inland toward the island’s villages, perhaps watching over their creators,
keeping them safe.
While the very creation of such monoliths – most out of volcanic ash with stone hand
chisels – is an impressive feat, what is more remarkable (not to mention mysterious) is how they
were transported to their resting places. In the past, most researchers associated the building and
transportation of the moai with widespread deforestation on the island and eventual collapse of the
Rapa Nui civilization. This hypothesis is based, in part, on the fact that the pollen record suddenly
disappears at the same time as the Rapa Nui people stopped constructing the moai and transporting
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
them with the help of wooden logs. How exactly would logs facilitate the movement of the statues?
Most proponents of this method believe that the people created “rollers” by arranging parallel logs
on which the prone statues were pulled, or pushed. They would not have required an entire
roadway of logs, since logs from the back could be placed at the front, creating a moving platform
of sorts. To make it easier to roll, and keep in position, the statue would be placed on two logs
arranged in a V shape.
One proponent of this idea of rolling the statues in a prone position is Jo Anne Van Tilburg,
of UCLA. Van Tilburg created sophisticated computer models that took into account available
materials, routes, rock, and manpower, even factoring in how much the workers would have to
have eaten. Her models supported the idea that rolling prone statues was the most efficient method.
As further evidence, Van Tilburg oversaw the movement of a moai replica by the method she had
proposed. They were successful, but evidence that it was possible is not necessarily evidence that
it actually happened.
Van Tilburg was not the only one to have experimented with rolling the statues. In the
1980s, archaeologist Charles Love experimented with rolling the moai in an upright position,
rather than prone, on two wooden runners. Indeed, a team of just 25 men was able to move the
statue a distance of 150 feet in a mere two minutes. However, the route from the stone quarries
where the statues were built to the coast where they were installed was often uneven, and Love’s
experiments were hampered by the tendency of the statues to tip over. While Love’s ideas were
dismissed by many, the idea of the statutes tipping over along the route was consistent with the
many moai found on their sides or faces beside the island’s ancient roads. And local legend held
that the statues “walked” to their destinations, which would seem to support an upright mode of
transportation. In fact, rolling was not the only possible way of transporting the moai in an upright
position.
In the 1980s, Pavel Pavel and Thor Heyerdahl had experimented with swiveling the statues
forward. With one rope tied around the head and another around the base, they were able to move
a five-ton moai with only eight people, and a nine-ton statue with 16. However, they abandoned
their efforts when their technique proved too damaging; as they shuffled the statues forward, the
bases were chipped away. This confounding factor led most to believe that an upright, rope-
assisted walking method was incorrect.
But many now believe that they were, in fact, transported upright. In 2012, Carl Lipo of
California State University Long Beach and Terry Hunt of the University of Hawaii teamed up
with archaeologist Sergio Rapu to refine the upright walking idea. They found that the statues that
appeared to be abandoned in transit had bases with a curved front edge. This meant they would
naturally topple forward and would need to be modified once they reached their destinations. But
that curved edge also meant that they could easily be rocked forward using a small team of people
and three ropes attached to the head. Indeed, their experiments demonstrated the feasibility of this
method, and their theory has gained traction.
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
35. In paragraph 2, what does the author say about past theories of how the moai were transported
from quarries to their resting places?
A. The theories claimed that that use of natural resources for transporting moai had devastating
effects on the land and society.
B. The theories relied on evidence of log roadways that remained long after the Rapa Nui
people had disappeared.
C. The theories were supported by oral accounts of the use of wood by the Rapa Nui peoples
at the time the moai were constructed and transported.
D. The theories were based on inaccurate estimates of the amount of wood required to
transport moai over long distances.
36. The word 'they' in paragraph 2 refers to ….
A. Proponents
B. The people
C. Rollers
D. Statues
37. Why does the author mention “sophisticated computer models” developed by Jo Anne Van
Tilburg in paragraph 3?
A. To emphasize the difficulty of theorizing about the activities of people in the remote past
B. To demonstrate that Van Tilburg’s hypothesis appeared to be supported by evidence
C. To cast doubt on theories that relied more on experimentation than on effective digital
modelling
D. To show how archaeology can apply modern tools to ancient mysteries
38. In paragraph 3, what does the author NOT suggest about Jo Anne Van Tilburg’s hypothesis
concerning the method of transporting the moai?
A. The use of computer modelling provides evidence that rolling statues on logs would have
been a very efficient method of transportation.
B. It was supported by successful attempts at replicating how the Rapa Nui people may have
rolled the statues on logs.
C. It provides conclusive evidence that the Rapa Nui people used log-rolling techniques to
move the moai.
D. With all the variables taken into account, there still wasn't enough to provide reasonable
justification for the log-rolling method.
39. What can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the statues found at their eventual resting places?
A. They showed signs of having been tipped over on their sides at some point in transit.
B. The people intended for them to be located elsewhere but were constrained by their
transportation methods.
C. Many were, in fact, created where they were installed rather than at the quarries that were
originally assumed to be the place of creation.
D. They did not have curved front edges.
40. The word 'abandoned' in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to …
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
A. Damaged
B. Tipped
C. Left
D. Altered
41. Which of the following methods of transportation does the author say is supported by the most
compelling evidence?
A. The rolling of moai in an upright position on logs.
B. The shuffling of moai with ropes tied to the head and base.
C. The rolling of moai in a prone position.
D. The rocking of moai with ropes tied to the head

Reading 4 (Question 42 s.d. 45)

Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other being
soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of glass, and from the
early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the product of heating a mixture of
alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities
of colonial North America need hardly be stressed.
Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soapmaking either
would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain Mediterranean sea plants, potash
from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was more familiar to the early European settlers of
the North American continent. The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a
microcosm of the economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It
was required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in
sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of Jamestown.
The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its passengers experts in
potash making.
The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs was piled up and burned in the
open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the bottom, and water
was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was boiled down in iron kettles. The
resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into what was called potash.
In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of land for
agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land could be recovered
by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New Hampshire in the
seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic, consisting mostly of
shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite the beginning of the trade at
Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to encourage the making of potash,"
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods in the South proved to be poor sources of the
substance.
42. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXCEPT …
A. they are alkalis
B. they are made from sea plants
C. they are used in making soap
D. they are used in making glass
43. It can be inferred from the passage that potash was more common than soda in colonial North
America because ….
A. the materials needed for making soda were not readily available.
B. making potash required less time than making soda
C. potash was better than soda for making glass and soap
D. the colonial glassworks found soda more difficult to use
44. The word adjunct in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ….
A. addition
B. answer
C. problem
D. possibility
45. According to the passage, a major benefit of making potash was that ….
A. it could be exported to europe in exchange for other goods
B. it helped finance the creation of farms
C. it could be made with a variety of materials
D. stimulated the development of new ways of glassmaking
Reading 5 (Question 46 s.d. 50)
The cause of tooth decay is acid, which is produced by bacteria in the mouth. The acid
removes minerals from tooth enamel, allowing tooth decay to begin; the saliva in your mouth
encourages remineralization and neutralizes the acid. The rate at which bacteria in the mouth
produce acid depends on the amount of plaque on the teeth, the composition of the microbial flora,
and whether the bacteria of the plaque have been "primed" by frequent exposure to sugar. To keep
your teeth healthy, a regular dental hygiene program should be followed.
Removing plaque with a toothbrush and dental floss temporarily reduces the numbers of
bacteria in the mouth and thus reduces tooth decay. It also makes the surfaces of the teeth more
accessible, enabling saliva to neutralize acid and remineralize lesions. If fluoride is present in
drinking water when teeth are forming, some fluoride is incorporated into the enamel of the teeth,
making them more resistant to attack by acid. Fluoride toothpaste seems to act in another way, by
promoting the remineralization of early carious lesions.
 SOAL TRY OUT 2
SPMB TUGAS BELAJAR PKN STAN
TUBELSTAN - ALUMNI
In addition to a regular dental hygiene program, a good way to keep your teeth healthy is
to reduce your intake of sweet food. The least cavity-causing way to eat sweets is to have them
with meals and not between. The number of times you eat sweets rather than the total amount
determines how much harmful acid the bacteria in your saliva produce. But the amount of sweets
influences the quality of your saliva. Avoid, if you can, sticky sweets that stay in your mouth a
long time. Also try to brush and floss your teeth after eating sugary foods. Even rinsing your mouth
with water is effective. Whenever possible, eat foods with fiber, such as raw carrot sticks, apples,
celery sticks, etc., that scrape off plaque, acting as a toothbrush. Cavities can be greatly reduced
if these rules are followed when eating sweets
46. According to the passage, all of the following statements about plaque are true EXCEPT …
A. It consists of acid producing bacteria
B. It is not affected by eating sweets
C. It can be removed from teeth by brushing and flossing
D. It reduces the positive effect of saliva
47. The author of the passage states that the amount of acid produced by the bacteria in your saliva
increases ….
A. With the amount of sweets you eat.
B. With the number of times you eat sweets.
C. If you eat sweets with your meals.
D. If you eat sticky sweets.
48. The word “scrape off” in the passage is closest in meaning to ….
A. Repel
B. Rub together with
C. Remove
D. Dissolve
49. We can infer from the passage that one benefit of fluoride to healthy teeth is ….
A. It strengthens tooth enamel
B. It stimulates saliva production
C. It makes teeth whiter
D. It is a replacement for brushing and flossing in dental care
50. The word “it” in 2nd paragraph refers to ….
A. Dental floss
B. Bacteria
C. Removal plaque
D. Plaque