STUDENT INDUSTIRAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

(SIWES)
HELD AT

DARMTECT PLANNING AND BUILDING CONST.,

KILANKO ROAD OFFA GARAGE, ILORIN, KWARA STATE
NIGERIA.
BY
ADEYEMI SHERIFFDEEN ALABI
ND/20/CEC/FT/099

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTION OF TECHNOLOGY (I.O.T)
KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC ILORIN;
P.M.B 1375, ILORIN

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR THE AWARD IN NATIONAL DIPLOMA
CERTIFICATE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SEPTEMBER – DECEMBER, 2021

 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to Almighty Allah for his protection,

faithfulness, care, loving, kindness and goodness that endure
forever.
Also, to every member of my family for their support
financially, spiritually and morally towards the success of this
program.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

My profound gratitude goes to Almighty Allah for His infinite

mercy, blessings, wisdom, knowledge and understanding and
loving kindness that He bestowed upon me. I greatly express my
gratitude to my lecturers in the Department of Civil Engineering,
Kwara State Polytechnic and also my (Head of Department, Civil
Engineering) Engr. Ibiwoye Emmanuel O. for their advice to all
their students.

A special thanks to my parents (Mr. & Mrs. Adeyemi). I am

really proud of them for their unrented effort, guidance and
counseling, coupled with words of encouragement and all other
members of my family. Also very huge thanks to Engr. Abdul
Wasiu for taking his time to ensure that my industrial training in
Darmtect Engineering was smooth and fruitful. I also want to
express my profound gratitude to my colleagues I worked with,
who provided a conducive environment for the exercise.

Finally, huge thanks to those who contributed in one way or

the other to make my industrial training a success, that Almighty
Allah His infinite goodness guide and grant their heart desires.
 PREFACE
This technical report covers
ii the four months Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme held at Darmtect Planning
and Building Construction, Kilanko Road Offa Garage
Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. In addition, this report has been
basically focused on the major experience gained during the
stipulated period of attachment on the basis of the National
Diploma level requirement in Civil Engineering.
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Preface
Table of Content

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Objectives of the Siwes………………………………………………1-2
1.2 Brief history of organization………………………………………….2
1.3 Organization chart………………………………………………………….3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction to structural design……………………………………4
2.1 Reinforced concrete design………………………………………..5-6
2.2 Engineering Drawing………………………………………………………7
2.2.1 Slab and types of slab……………………………………….7-8
2.3 Spanning of Slab………………………………………………..8-9
2.3.1 Procedures of Slab Design………………………………….10
2.3.2 Loading of Slab……………………………………………….10-11
2.3.2.1 Moment………………………………………………………………….11
2.3.2.2 Reinforcement…………………………………………………11-12
2.3.2.3 Checks…………………………………………………………………..12
2.4 Beam and types of Beam ………………………………12-13
2.4.1 Procedure of Beam Design………………………………….13
2.4.1.1 Loading on Beam………………………………………………….13
2.4.1.2 Design Equation……………………………………………………13

2.4.1.3 Checks……………………………………………………………..14-15
2.5 Detailing………………………………………………………………….15
2.5.1 Detailing of Slab……………………………………………………..15
2.5.2 Detailing of Beam…………………………………………………..15

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Experience relevant gain to students at the field of study...16

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Problems Encountered……………………………………………………17
4.1 Personal Problems………………………………………………………….17
4.2 Establishment Problems………………………………………………..17
4.3 Suggestions for Improvement……………………………………….18
4.4 Recommendations…………………………………………………….18-19

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………20
5.1 References……………………………………………………………………..20
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Student Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program

initiated and design by the industrial training fund I.T.F
headquarters in 1974 under the policy of the National Board for
Technical Education NBTE, was students from the school of
Environmental, Engineering and Applied Art and Science are sent
on a four (4) months compulsory attachment to industries related
to their field of study to acquire practical knowledge for the award
of National Diploma ND certificate. The scheme was design as
part of manpower development program for Nation Building. It
was also designed to practical knowledge and activities and
aquarist themselves with equipment available in the industry and
not existing in their respective school workshop.

1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE SIWES

 It produces skilled manpower for the speedy development of
the nation economy.
 Increase the level of working experience of students in
respect theoretical knowledge.
 Expose students to some working condition and machine in
the industry.
 Improve on mutual relationship between student and other
professional in the industry thereby developing attribute of
human leadership and relationship.
 It enhances the practical knowledge of students, hence,
making the students professionally equipped and sound.

1
  SIWES enables students to see and practice on the use of
machines or equipment applying theoretical knowledge
acquires in the classroom or lecture hall.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION

DARMTECT PLANNING AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION is an

indigenous of both Architecture Tech, Civil/Structural Engineering
Company incorporated in the year 2006 under the company Allied
matter Act 1990. DARMTECT PLANNING AND BUILD.
CONSTRUCTION offers a broad range of professional services in
the field of Architectural Tech & Structural Engineering
Consultancy, Highway Engineer Consultancy, Geotechnical
Engineering and projects Supervision.

In order to meet the broad needs of technological and

industrial development it has become necessary that groups of
professionals with diverse background work together in the
integrated team, we at DARMTECT PLANNING AND BUILD.
CONSTRUCTIION is recognize this and employ a large number of
professional as full time / part time consultants with specialized
training and relevant practical experience in Engineering and
project management to provide comprehensive service/technical
backup to government, corporate clients as well as individuals.

The company has experienced steady and solid growth in

spites of the down turn in the Nigeria economy. During the last
year, the company has undertaken and executed successfully
many Structural/Civil contracts.

2
 PRINCIPAL
PARTNER/MO

PARTNER

SPECIALIST
CONSULTANT

PROJECT
ENGINEERS

ACCOUNT ADMIN
OFFICER OFFICER

TECHNICAL
OFFICER

RECEPTIONIST

CAD LITERATE
DRAUGHTS
MEN

3
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURE

This chapter opens with the series of aspects like, structural

design, reinforces concrete design, procedures for slab design,
producer for beam design load, moment distribution, HARDY
CROSS method or moment of continuous U.D.L beam with
pointed cantilever load, continuous U.D.L beam with a pointed
load within the span. Continuous beam with two pointed load
within the span. In bean upturn beam, canopy beam, slabs.

3.0 DESIGN OF STRUCTURE

The design of a structural member involves the process of

analyzing and the provision of necessary reinforcement to
forestall any eventuality by making sure that the structure is not
loaded beyond limit state.

The main objectives of the structural design provides

acceptable assurance that under consideration will the structure
become unfit for the user under which it is required and that
fulfills the requirements of the client at reasonable cost. The
structure is safe under the worst loading conditions the
deformation of the during normal working conditions. It shall also
be fire resistant to allow the occupants to escape in case of fire
outbreak.

4
According to cp 110 (1972), the limit state design philosophy is to
achieve and acceptable such that the structure being design will
not be unfit for the purpose, it is designed. The code therefore
applied partial factor of safety both to the load and to the
material strength to guide against this.

The ultimate limit state is concerned with load carrying

ability of the structure against collapse or failure and the service
ability limit state is concerned with the behavior of the strutting
against cracking and deflection. In Darmtect Planning and
Building Construction, all the structure were designed in such a
way that it will be strong, durable, comfortable, economical and
safe against collapse and to serve its intended purposes, also, the
following designs are put into consideration.
a. The initial cost (site preparation, cost of material and
constructing)
b. Maintenance cost (decoration and structural repairs).
c. Insurance cost (chiefly against fire damage)

2.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Reinforced concrete is a combination of two dissimilar but

complementary materials namely concrete and steel. Concrete
has considerable crushing strength, durable, has good fire
resistance but offers little or no strength in tension but fair in
shear. On the other hand, steel has good tensile properties, poor
resistance to fire (due to rapid loss of strength under high
temperature) and very good both in shear and compression. Thus
a combination of this material results in good tensile and
compressive strength, durability and good resistance to fire and
shear. Concrete on its own is a compressive material of cement,
sand, coarse aggregate (gravel or crushed) and water. Its good
workability allows it to be easy shaped ranging from bulking dam
wall to very thin shear roof.

When a horizontal member is loaded, it bends and bottom is

subjected to tension and top to compression since steel is good in

5
Tension and top to compression since steel is good in tension, the
member is reinforced with steel at the lower part (tension) while

The top part (compression) is taken care of by the concrete:

such a member is subjected to direct compression can be borne
by both concrete and steel. Typical example of reinforced
concrete structure is slab, beam and column.

The method of combining these materials and steeling in the

most economic way and with safety at the upper most
consideration is referred to as reinforced concrete design.

YF = partial safety for load ………………………..

The reason for YF is to take into account the inaccurate

assessment of the effect of loading and variation in dimensional
accuracy and also the assumption made in the method of analysis
to meet the design criteria.

The table below has given the partial factors that are
specified by the codes:

Load of Partial factor applied to dead load imposed load when Wind total
combination the effect of load is

Dead + Imposed 1 . 4 1 . 0 1 . 6 0

Dead + Wind 1 . 4 1 . 0 1 . 4

Dead + Wind 1 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 2 1 . 2

Imposed

6
2.2 ENGINEERING DRAWING

In design of reinforcement structure, there is need to be

identifying reinforced concrete structure, there is need for
engineering drawing.

In the structure design buildings, engineering drawing is

diagrammatic representation or interpretation of architectural
plan, which makes it suitable for engineer to identify various
reinforced concrete structures. It is otherwise called General
Arrangement of a building.

2.2.1 SLAB AND TYPES OF SLAB

A slab is a part of reinforced concrete which more often and not

subjected bending/tensile or compressible but in rare cases, slab
are reinforced horizontal member.

Slab are thicker than 200mm or where action of point of line

loads is predominant, slab should be for direct shear and
punching shear.

Generally, slabs are similar to beam except that;

i. A width of 1.0 is generally assumed, making the design
simpler.
ii. The section is mostly rectangular hence no flanges.
iii. Shear is generally not considered unless where contracted or
line loads predominate and the slab is thicker 200mm.
iv. The design considers singly reinforced section that is
compression reinforced is hardly used. When the tension
reinforcement appear, heavy or the section requires
compression bar, the slab thickness is increased and the
section is re-design. This help in controlling.

7
TYPES OF SLAB

There are various types of slab and the type to be preferred may
depend on:

i. The span of the slab

ii. The use of space which may determine the span
iii. The load to be carried and
iv. Aesthetics that is requires

The various types include:

a. Solid slab (cantilever, simply supported condition).

b. Ribbed floor slab.
c. Flat slab (although solid, but different construction).
d. Waffle slab (with beam, or mushroom wapple.)

2.3.0 SPANING OF SLAB

Span can be spanned using two methods:

1. One-way
2. Two-ways
3. Cantilever slab

8
ONE-WAYS SPANNING SLAB

One-way spanning slab; in accordance to Bs 8110, the ratio of

longest side (Ly) top the shorted side (Lx) should be greater than
2, for any slab to be one-way i.e. Ly/Lx>.

Two-ways spanning slab; in accordance to Bs 8110, the ratio of

longest side (Ly) should be greater than 2 for any for slab to be
two-ways i.e. Ly/Lx2.

Ly/Lx = 6.0/2.50
= 2.40 > 2.0
The direction of spanning in figure 1.1 shows that carry the load.
(Usually the case in one-way slab).

TWO-WAYS SPANNING SLAB

In the case of a two-ways spanning slab, the ration Ly/Lx<

2.0. This implies that all the sides will take part in carrying the
load.

9
Ly/Lx = 4.0/3.50
=1.14 < 2.0
2.3.1 PROCEDURES OF SLAB DESIGN

2.3.2 LOADING OF SLAB

DEAD LOAD

This is the sum total of self-weight of slab (0.5824), finishes and

portioning as stated in the building code. Note, in residential
buildings, partitions are not considered.

LIVED LOAD

The live load is temporarily loaded on a structure. The various

live loads of structure and different loads which are obtained from
standard code of purpose.

Ultimate design load = Yf Gk + Yf Qk; Where = Yf = safety

factor; Gk=dead load; Qk = live load.

10
2.3.2.1 MOMENT

For cantilever slab

M = WLX2
2

For one-way slab

M = WL2X
8

For two-ways slab

M = Bxn Lx2

Where w = load, Lx = length, Bx = a constant determined for

continuous edge and mid-span moment of short span and long
span edges of two-ways span.

2.3.2.2 REINFORCEMENT

K= M
Bd2fcu

NB: value of k is used to determine La

La = 0.5+ (0.25-k/0.9)

Z = Lad

As = M
0.87Fyz

Then check As in the standard and the convenient reinforcement.

E.g. As req = 109.9mm2

As prov = Y12@250mm c/c 452mm2

11
 Where M = moment, B = breadth, D = depth of slab, Fc =
strength of concrete, FY = strength of steel As = Area of steel
required.

2.3.2.3 CHECKS

Deflection

Determine m/bd2

Fs = 5/8 FY x as req

As prov

M = 0.554 + (477-Fs)

120(0.9+M/bd2)

If M.F > 2, use 2, but if other wise, use the actual M.F

a. Limiting span/Effective depth

b. Actual span/Effective depth
If A > B, deflection is O.K
Cracking spacing < 3d

DISTRIBUTION BAR

2.4.0 BEAM AND TYPES OF BEAM

Beams are reinforcement horizontal members of a structure.

It is often subjected to tensile and compressive force.

There are various types of beams, this include;

i. Rectangular beam with compression stress.

ii. Rectangular beam with compressional and tensional beam.
iii. Flange beam

12
2.4.1.0 PROCEDURES OF BEAM DESIGN

2.4.1.1 LOADING ON BEAM

Self weight = depth x width x factor of safety wall

Load = Height of wall x Density x factor of safety load from Slab

= slab load x

0.5 span Ultimate design load or self weight + wall + slab load

. 2.4.1.2 DESIGN EQUATIONS

K = M/bfd2 Fcu

Bf = bw = +0.156

If k< 0.156

As = M
0.87Fyz

Check As in the structural table and determine a convenient

reinforcement.

2.4.1.3 CHECKS

Deflection

Determine M/bd2

Fs = 5/8 Fy x As req As prove

M.F =0.554 + (477-Fs)

120(0.9 +Mbd2)

If M.f > 2, use 2, but if other wise, use the actual M.f

13
 a. Limiting span /Effective depth
b. Actual span /Effective depth

Cracking
Spacing < 3d

2.5.0 DETAILING

Detailing is the presentation of design in a diagrammatic

form for purpose of executing the work. The detailed drawings
are what the contractor builder use on scene and hence, and be a
true reflection of a design as carried out by the engineer. A very
good design but badly detailed diagram can be catastrophic and
the engineers to should see to it that detail drawn by the
draughtsman are correct and accurate.

2.5.1 DETAILING OF SLAB

MEANING 21 – Number of Rods needed

Y = Road type (Y – high yield bar or)

R = mild steel round bar
01 – Bar mark (a serial number starting from 01 to identify
each bar irrespective of the diameter).

14
2.5.2 DETAILING OF BEAM

15
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 EXPERIENCE RELEVANCE GAIN TO STUDENT AT OF STUDY

THE FIELD

Students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is an

accepted skills training program, which from part of the approved
minimum academic standard. It is an effort to bridge the gap
existing between theory and practical of engineering and
technology in and out tertiary institutions.

Therefore, every student who undertakes SIWES should gain a

vital experience to his professional work experience.

During the SIWES, a lot have been taken care of them are
grouped under the following:

1. It gives room to bridge theories and practical aspects of the

engineering study.
2. Basic on different types of design e.g. beams, slabs and
columns.
3. Works and handling equipments and machine tools.
4. Better understanding of some later theoretical study
(especially workshop technology).

16
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

Every phase of human life is faced with one problem or the other.
For the face that the scheme is a tripartite program, involving
student, the Polytechnic and industry, therefore, the problems
encountered during the training can be grouped under the
following heading.

4.1 PERSONAL PROBLEM

Problems encountered during training were very limited.

Mean while, no man can do without problem, some pressing ones
are;

1. Training placement.
2. Inadequate financial support.
3. Problem of transportation
4. Time wasted when being sent on an errand by my
supervisors.

4.2 ESTABLISHMENT OF PROBLEMS

This problem depends on the industry status; some of the

commonest encounters are the following:

1. Most establishment and industries are not ready to place

students for the scheme.
2. Issue of attaching student with any how person.
3. Issue of company’s vehicle developing fault.

17
4.3 SUGGESTION FOR IMPROVEMENT

Student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) is very

important scheme to enhance the student’s growth practically.

Therefore, it should be taken very serious. For one to do

better, the following measures have to be clearly checked:

1. Student has to be regular and punctual.

2. They should comply with the employ’s/ industry/
establishment rules and regulations.
3. Attached experienced staff to student for effective training
and supervision.
4. Treat students with a good manner.
5. The scheme may be optical at course registration, just as we
have sand which program in develop countries.

4.4 RECOMMENDATION

Having carefully observed all the experiences in the office, as far

as Civil Engineering is concern, for a period of not less than four
months actively taken part. In all the daily activities, I wish to
express my recommendations as follow.

TO THE STUDENTS

The Siwes period demands all your commitment and dedication

with willingness to be an experienced civil engineering in today
and tomorrow. Understand the course of every problems you
faced in this period and the way they are been solved.

18
ND level student of Civil Engineering Department should be
introduced to AUTOCAD and Roads Constructions and to no more
about Structural Engineering and quality control of building
materials.

TO THE LECTURERS

 Lecturer in the department should be able to help students

in getting a better place of attachment.
 There must be proper monitoring of all the student and
constant intellectual challenges while on held to let achieve
the total objectives of setting up the SIWES program.

19
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION

My ambition of being a professional with a good knowledge

and understanding of Civil Engineering carrier just be coming
real. The experience acquired from various challenges during my
stay with Darmtect Planning and Build. Construction has
been very and highly useful in realizing and wish.

The experienced gained from working on different types of

designs have really built up the assurance in me to problems
relating to the field in future projects and of course on
contribution on my own view to be continual development of the
engineering profession in Nigeria and the word at large.

5.1 REFERENCE

1. Introduction to AutoCAD by
Lecture on concrete, segregates, bleeding of concrete pre-cast
situ by

20