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{ dkovtmy[kpdjP;da[7;k,\kp c]t dkodegouf0v’gm[oypkpD
{ dkovtmy[kpgoNv.o0v’gm[oypkpD
{ dkovtmy[kply]txtdkoc8j’gm[oypkpD
{ dko;yrkdgm[oypkp <\kdoEg8Qkx5’<D
{ dkogIafdyf9tde.o[qfvjkogruj,D

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 c4o]P[3]dD
c8jgxu’djvodUF m5dMxu.fF 1j6.og,nv’]5j,d=wfhgduf,ugsfIhkp7;k,3d]ksqo;j5o;kpF ,u
|60uxuc]h’D gIafwIjgIafokF 4hk;jkxu.f 2hkc4o.sh/qofu ,u/qo8qd4ndpk, -k;[hkod=9t,ug0QkdyoD
4hk2hkc4o[+.sh/qoxqddt8yF gIafwIjgIafokd=[+wfh\kdwfhzqoS -u;yf0v’-k;[hkod=]e[kdpkd
c7hoF vbfg0Qk1kdxkF gxaom5dgxaopkdD

ະ ສດິ
8qd,kxu|bj’F 2hkc]h’\qfxu 7qoma’[hkoma’g,nv’vbfS Ivfpk,gIafwIjw4ok.oxu8+,kd=

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
[+mao,u/qo8qd]q’,kD -k;[hko-k;g,nv’rkdaoIhvoIqodt;qodt;kp Ihv’0=/qofh;pdkooq[

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ws;hg4y’2hkg4y’c4oD ]k’7qod=wx[twx[qooewIjoeok 0=.sh2hk.shc4olqj’/qo]q’,kD [k’7qo

ຫງ
d=rkdaogIafrymude0=/qoD [k’7qo d=xhvpfjk;jkIhkp.shrtpkc4oD g]njv’]k;7;k,gfnvfIhvo
8jk’M1j6g,nv’,to5fwfhIhvo0Bog,nvg4y’rtpkc4oD rtpkc4o9bj’gIaf/qo8qd]q’,k3zf,to5f
.o3]dD
r=g,njv,u/qo8qd]q’,kF -k;[hko-k;g,nv’d=g[ud[ko,j;o-njoF 2hk;rkdaovvdwxgIaf
wIjw4okG xhko7ao8aomhk’F 0hP;gIaf8kdhk c]t w4ok.shmaoda[g;]k/qo8qdD g,njvoAoF rtpk
c4os^;’wfhc8j’8A’ c4ovq’|bj’ mujgxao8yf8+-Ao9e0v’rtpkc4os^;’.sh,kd;fdkg[yj’rNo
3]d;jkg,af/qooAowfh8qd]q’.ljrNo3]dF rNowIjF rNook0v’,to5f[+L c4ovq’oAo9bj’wfh0uj,hk,tou
dk[]q’,k]P[3]dD
,ur+okzh6|bj’F ]k;la[ljk;ok1j6c7,sh;poE8uor6csj’|bj’muj1j68yfda[8uo2hkdjv’D [jvo
oAogxaomk’mP;,hk,toudk[0v’rtpkc4oD c4ovq’oAod=0uj,hk,toudk[mtpko,kc8jg,nv’
2hk,kg4y’c7,ok0v’r+ok7qooAoD sa^’9kdoAoF c4ovq’oAo9bj’0uj,hk,toudk[]P[3]dwxD
g;]k9tda[7nog,nv’c4o d=8hv’da[,kc7,okcsj’oAo c]h;9b’j mtpko0Bog,nvg,nv’2hkD m5d,NF

19
c4ovq’oAo]q’,kc8jg,nv’2hk,kIvfd=gsaor+okzh6oAopjk’[a’7a[7;kpw4ok1j6c]h;F g;]kda[
d=pa’gsaor+okpjk’w4ok1j67ngdqjk9bj’7yflqo.9;jk <r+okgvup ,N|bj’g9Qkpjk’w4okwfh9adraoIvp
c]t lhk’dhvo0Uw4wfh9adraodhvoL< r+oks^P;gsaoc4ovq’oAo c]t ,hk,toudk[d=8qd.9
c]t [+Ih6-y8v[g]up1no-b’1j6-njMD 7k;|bj’d=gsao7qozh6oAo0uj,hk,toudk[mtpko0Bog,nvmhv’2hk
c]h;]b[g0Qk3’jog,d c]t skpwxD
,N8+,kF c4ovq’oAod=,kvud c]t 4k,r+okco;gdqjkvudD s^kp,Nzjkowxr+okvqf[+wfh
da[g,nv9bj’g]qjklj6]6d-kp2a’D ]6d-kp0v’r+ok7qooUgxao7qoryglf8jk’[hko8jk’g,nv’gryjoD oa[
c8jgdufvvd,kc8j mhv’c,jd=[+,u8uo,u,n [+,uc0o,u0k7n[hko7ng,nv’gryjo c8jr+okd=Iad]6dgrkt
]k;,u]6drP’c8jzh6fP;gmqjkoAoD ]k;wfh.lj-nj]6d;jk <mhk; 9t]5hodh5o< c8j7qoma’s^kp,adgvUo
]k;;jk <mhk; 9h5odh5o<D r=wfhpyor+ g]qjklj62a’co;oAoF mhk; 9h5odh5o d=cxd.99bj’Ihv’0=oer+;jk
<r+gvupK 0=.shr+g9jpgvqk]6dwxoecfj grkt]6d1kdgsao,hk,toudk[<D
r+okgsao]6dIhv’0=s^kpgmnjvd=7yfvujf68qo]6d c]t 1kd.sh]6dgsao,hk,toudk[D ,N8+,k
]k;d=g9jpgvqk]6dwxoeD r+wfhgvqk]6dwx;k’w;h1j6c97aook wIjmujr+w4ok1j6D r=g4y’pk,fP;dao
da[,Nmujzjko,kF rtpk c4ovq’oAod=0uj,hk,toudk[]q’,k c]t Ihv’4k,r+ok7ngdqjk;jk <r+ok
gvupK g9Qkpjk’w4ok,N|bj’wfh9adIvp c]t lhk’dhvo0Uw4wfh,N9adraodhvoL< vhkp9h5odh5o wfhpyo

ະ ສດິ
d=Ihv’8v[c8j8v[gxao7e4k,7no;jk <mjkogvupK mjko0uj,hk]P[3]d,N|bj’wfh9adIvpL /qo8qd

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
.lj9v,r6fvp,u9adraog,afF r+0hvpd=wfhgmqjkoAo<D

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c4ovq’oAowfhpyolP’8v[,kc8js^P;wx[+gsao.z9bj’4k,r+ok;jkc,jo.z8v[,kD r+

ຫງ
ok8v[;jk <]6d-kp0v’0hkohvp ]k;gxao7qo[+lq,xtdv[F [+7n[hko7ng,nv’gryjo<D c4o-Eraf
4k,8nj,;jk <]k;1j6.lL< r+okd=g]up8v[;jk <]k;1j6c97aooksAogf<D c4ovq’oAowfhpjk’wx
g[yj’d=9bj’gsaovhkp9t]h5odh5o0U gIy0UIhkp g]updjk;\yjoxt\kf;jk <7qo0UIhkp7n;jk,kg;Qkgs^nv38
cmho=K<D vhkp9h5odh5odjk;4k,0Bo,k;jk <-kpzh6’k,7nmjkooU0uj,hk,toudk[gsktgsuogfuovk
dkf,kc8jg,nv’.fgfla’,kg;Qk,k9k\yjoxt\kf7qocmho=K< c4ovq’oAo8v[;jk <0hvp,k
c8jg,nv’c4o[jvog0qkxAocoos^+7qo1j6g,nv’2hk<D mhk;9h5odh5o g;Qk8+;jk <mjkozh61j6g,nv’c4os^+
7qo1j6g,nv’2hkgvupgxaospa’gfo=r;dmjko9bj’s^+.sh0hkohvpoUgxao7qo[+,uc0o [+,u0k [+,u8uo [+,u
,nS m5d,N,uc8jdyoda[0U,u|U.ljc8jsq;D [kfoU0hkohvpd=,kgsaomjkoc]h;0hkohvp0=wxoeg9Qkg,nv
gmy’.shc4os^+4hk;jk0=[+wfh0=pqd|U.shcdjc4o<D rtpkc4owfhpyoco;oAod=1kdIhkp2hk;c]jo
3ff0Bo,hk,toudk[ c]h;gskt|u0Bog,nvg,nv’c4oD
c4ovq’oAowfhgvqkg]njv’oU0Bog,nv]kp’ko8+rtpkc4os^;’1j6gmy’g,nv’2hkD rtpk
c4os^;’lqo.91kdgsao9bj’[vd;jk4hk,N|hkr=hmhk;9h5odh5o.shg9Qkgvqk0uj,hk,toudk[,koeD ,N8+

20
,kF r+gsao]6d8v[rtpkc4ogdaj’s^kp9bj’gvqk]6dwxokoevudD Ivfpk,F c4ovq’oAod=,kvud
c]t ,k0=oer+okgvqkvhkp9h5odh5o0Bowxg,nv’c4o8k,rtpkc4os^;’laj’D vhkp9h5odh5o7v[
]kr+c,j rhv,ma’Ihv’wshfh;p7;k,gxaosj;’7jvp0Bo0uj,hk,toudk[ c]h;d=mtpko0Bog,nv
g,nv’2hkg,nv’c4oD
r=g,nvIvfg,nv’c4oF rtpkc4os^;’gsaod=djk;0Bo;jk <7qovuspa’7n,kgxaoco;oU[+
,u8uo[+,u,n[+,uc0o[+,u0kS ,uc8jdyoda[0U gIafspa’d=[+wfh0hk4Y,lk-y[+fud;jk4hk9qj’w;hd=gxnv’g0Qk
gxnv’oE<D vhkp 9h5odh5o8v[rtpkc4o;jk <4hkskds^+7noF cx’0hkohvp[+wfhd=.sh0hk 0hkohvp4Y,
lkS c8j4hk1j6g,nv’2hk g,nv’c4ooUgxao[jvos^+[jvocx’7qowfh d=0=.shs^+.shcx’gvqk0hkohvocfjD
0hkohvppa’[+mao1kd8kpgrkt0hkohvppa’gxao|U[5o|U75o0v’r+c,jgrjyoskg0Qksk-Uoskxk
,k]hP’0hkohvp8A’;jks^kp2hks^kpxu <D g,njvwfhpyovhkp9h5odh5oIhv’0=co;oAoF rtpkc4os^;’
d=Ia[7;k,;jk9tgvqkmhk; 9h5odh5owxg0Qkg8qks^+grnjvxjPocx’Ijk’dkp.shlq,xtdv[gxao7qo7n
[hko7ng,nv’oegryjoD
,N8+,kF rtpkc4os^;’wfhlaj’.shc4os^+ gvqkmhk; 9h5odh5owxs^+.\jD c4os^+wfhgvqkmhk;
9h5odh5owxskg8qks^+ c]h;pqdmhk;9h5odh5og0Qkg[Qks^+S gvqkg0Qkg[Qks^+g[Qk.fd=[+g0Qkgrkt,ao[+r=fuD
c4os^+pqd.ljg[Qks^+38oUphkp.ljg[Qks^+38oAod=[+g0QkD c4os^+pqdwxpqd,k9qog,njvpd=[+r=fug[Qks^+38

ະ ສດິ
.fD c4os^+1kdIhkpcI’d=g]uppqdpafg0Qkg[Qks^+0v’rtpkc4os^;’[a’gvuo4ndr=fuD faj’oAoF

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
mhk; 9h5odh5o9bj’dkpgxaozh6l;p’k,7nrtpkc4os^;’F ma’,u]yfgffgdaj’dhkgmqjkda[rtpkc4o

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9bj’8+lh6da[rtpkc4oD vhkp 9h5odh5o.-h;ymu8+lh6da[rtpkc4oD rtpkc4o4ndvhkp 9h5odh5ogvqk;uraf

ຫງ
xu;wx8qd1j6g,nv’]toED oa[c8joAo,kF vhkp 9h5odh5owfhdkpgxaortpkc4o[ao-kcff c]t /qoD
g,njvvhkp 9h5odh5owfhgxaortpkc4o[ao-kcff c]t /qoc]h;F ]k;d=9afdkoc[j’pk,vvdgxao
pk,cffpk,/qogrnvj .shr+c,j c]t -k;[hko-k;g,nv’wfhgIafwIjgIafok4nd8k,]tf6dko c]t
,u7;k,ltf;dlt[kp0BoD m5dMxuF -k;[hkod=wfhg0Qkg8a,g]Qkg8a,gppD 7qog,nv’]j5,9bj’[+vbf
g0Qk1kdxkS ,to5f9bj’czjzkp0tspkprao c]t rhv,daod+gxao[hko8hkogxaog,nv’9tg]uoIj5’
gInv’0Boln[,kgmqjkm5d;aooUD
Xg]qjk3fpG r+l5]yomv’ [hkolq[,vo g,nv’-P’7=h c0;’sq;rao X!_(#?D
zh6IP[IP’G 7ez6p rqo]n-kD?

21
 [qfmu @
rNoln[
.-hg;]k !W -qj;3,’
I.95fxtlq’
grnjv.shoadIPolk,kfG
{ vtmy[kp7;k,\kp c]t 95fryglf0v’rNoln[wfhD
{ vtmy[kpdkodegouf c]t dko0tspkp8q;0v’rNoln[wfhD
{ g0Qk.9goNv.o c]t ly]txtdkoc8j’rNoln[wfhD
{ gIaf[qf;yrkdg]njv’ < mhk;9aomtrkoyfwfh <D
II. goNv.o8Qo8=

{ 7;k,\kp0v’rNoln[D
{ 95fryglf0v’rNoln[D

ສດິ
{ dkodegouf c]t 0tspkp8q;0v’rNoln[D

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{ goNv.o0v’rNoln[D

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
ວນ
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{ ly]txt0v’rNoln[D
ສ.
ຫງ
III. lnjdkoIPo{dkolvo
{ xB,c[[IPo;aoot7tfu -Ao,afmtpq,xumulv’D
{ xB,76j,n76;aoot7tfu -Ao,afmtpq,xumulv’D
{ xB,g]njv’8jk’M c]t [qfrNoln[vnjoMD
IV. dyf9tdedkoIPo{dkolvo
dkooeg0Qkl6j[qfIPoD
{ djvo9toeg0Qklj6[qfIPo 76oerkoadIPomq[m;o7nodjP;da[[qfIPozjko,k Xgm[oypkp?D
3fp8A’7e4k,]q’g]ydg4y’xtgfaole7aog-ajoG 7;k,\kpF goNv.oljv’cl’0v’gm[oypkpD
{ .shoadIPo @ { # 7qo 8v[D
{ 768yf8k,F la’gdf]adltotdko8v[ grnjv.shIh6;jkoadIPog0Qk.9 c]t 9nj9ewfhlje.fD
{ 76vtmy[kp7no3fpsp=hD
22
 { ltcf’7;k,phv’p=-q,g-up8+7e8v[0v’oadIPoD
!D dkolvo7;k,\kp0v’rNoln[
{ .sh76vtmy[kp.shoadIPog0Qk.9g4y’7;k,c8d8jk’]ts;jk’gm[oypkp c]t rNo
ln[D
{ .sh768A’7e4k,djP;da[7;k,\kp0v’rNoln[D
{ .sh76cotoeoadIPo7Qo7;hk8k,xB,c[[IPoD
{ 76gxaozh86 fy 8k,ltrk[dko7Qo7;hk0v’oadIPo,u7;k,gvqk.9.lj|vh p s^n s^kprP’.fD
{ 764k,7;k,lt\ad.9.odko8v[7e4k,0v’oadIPoD
{ .shoadIPo !{# 7qo8v[D
{ 76.shoadIPozh6vnjoMxtdv[7egsao8nj,D
{ 76la’];,7e8v[0v’oadIPo ma’-Uc9’.shgsaog4y’dko8v[4nd c]t 8v[zyfD
{ 4hkoadIPo8v[-afg9od=vkf9t.sh7tcooD
{ 76lts^5[[qfIPo mujgxaogvdtrk[8k,xB,c[[IPo c]h;cotoeoadIPo9qfdjkpD

@D dkolvo95fryglf0v’rNoln[

ະ ສດິ
rNoln[,u95ryglfc8d8jk’9kd;aoot7tfurNog,nv’xtgrfvnjoD faj’oAoF dkolvo95fry

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
ວນ
glf0v’rNoln[.sh76c[j’dj5,oadIPo8k,7;k,g\ktlq, X769tc[j’dj5,.oI6[c[[.fd=wfh?
ວ
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ຫງ
c]h;c8j7;k,ltf;dD
{ 768A’7e4k,D dko8A’7e4k,d=.shdtmaf]afF [+pnfpk;F [+g-njv’-hvo -bj’9tgxaov5xt
ladma’glpg;]k.odko7Qo7;hk-vdsk7e8v[0v’oadIPoD
{ 76cotoe0v[g0f.shoadIPo7Qo7;hkD
{ oadIPofegouodko7Qo7;hk8k,dj5,0v’.z]k; 3fpc,josq;|hkdj5,gxaozh6oerk
c]t gxaozh6[aombd7e7yf7egsao0v’lt,k-ydD
{ 76.sh8q;cmo0v’c8j]tdj5, ltg|uzqo0v’dko7Qo7;hkmujgxaogvdtrk[daoD 76gxaozh6
[aombd7e8v[.ljdtfkoD
{ 4hk;jkdko8v[0v’c8j]tdj5,[+mao4nd8hv’ d=.shoadIPo ! {@ 7qoxtdv[7egsao8nj,D
{ 76la’gdf];,djP;da[7e8v[0v’oadIPo grnjv-Uc9’.shgsaog4y’dko8v[4ndF 8v[
zyfD
{ 76lts^5[gxao7e8v[muj4nd8hv’ c]t 9qfdjkpgxaogvdtrk[8k,xB,c[[IPoD

23
#D dkolvodkodegouf c]t 0tspkp8q;0v’rNoln[
{ djvo9toeg0Qklj6[qfIPo0=hoU769t[ao]tpkpla’];, grnjvgxao-jv’mk’.shdko7Qo
7;hk0v’oadIPofaj’oUG rNoln[degouf c]t 0tspkp8q;djvola’7q,,u;y-kxts;aflkf3fplt
grktD faj’oAoF goNv.o0v’rNoln[c8j]t[qf,ao9bj’,u]adltotxts;aflkf c8jskdg]qjkxkdgxqjkD
g,njv76[aopkp,kIvfoU76vkf8A’7e4k,;jkG zjko,koadIPog7up2a’ sn^ vjkorNoln[.fcfjL
{ 76xjvp3vdkf.shoadIPovvd7egsaoD
{ vkf9t.shoadIPog]qjksp=h djP;da[g]njv’mujoadIPowfh2a’ sn^ wfhvjko.shm5d7qowfh2a’D
{ 769t1E7no[k’1jk’djP;da[dkog]qjk0v’oadIPoD
{ 768A’7e4k,lqomtokda[oadIPo grnjvgxaodko1aj’g[yj’7;k,Ia[Ih6 c]t 7;k,g0Qk
.90v’oadIPo8+dkodegouf c]t dko0tspkp8q;0v’rNoln[faj’oUG
!? w]ptdjvo[+,u;y-kxts;aflkf rNoln[wfhdegouf c]t 0tspkp8q;co;.fL
@? rkpsa^’,u;y-kxts;aflkfc]h; rNoln[degouf c]t 0tspkp8q;co;.fL
{ grnjv7Qo7;hk7e4k,muj76;k’.shF 769tc[j’oadIPovvdgxaodj5,8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
{ oadIPoc8j]tdj5,g]nvdsq;|hkdj5,F 9kdoAoc8j]tdj5,oerkdao7Qo7;hkD 3fpc,jo76
gxaozh6deoqfg;]k.odko7Qo7;hkD

ະ ສດິ
{ oadIPoc8j]tdj5,]q’,n0Po[qf]kp’ko.ljg9hpF 9kdoAo .sh8k’|hkd5j,0Boltg|uzqo

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
0v’dko7Qo7;hk1j6dtfko.shm5d7qo2a’D

ວນ
ວ
ສ.
ຫງ
{ 76gxaozh6[aombd[qf]kp’ko0v’oadIPoc8j]tdj5,D
{ .shoadIPoxtdv[7egsao 8+[qf]kp’ko0v’c8j]tdj5, X4hk;jk[+mao7q[?D
{ 76la’];,7e8v[0v’c8j]tdj5,F cotoe7e8v[0v’dj5,muj4n;jk4nd8hv’d;jk\j6F 76lt
cf’7ephv’p= sn^ .sh7tcood=wfhD
{ 76lts^5[[qfIPo8k,xB,c[[IPogrnjv.shoadIPo9qfdjkpgvdtrk[daoD

$D dkolvogoNv.o0v’rNoln[
{ 769af8A’oadIPogxaodj5,8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D dko9afdj5,.sh76gvqk.9.lj9afgxaos^kp
I6[c[[F [+.sh9afc[[gdqjkF grktoadIPo9tg[njv|jkpD 767;oxjPo[aopkdkf.odko7Qo7;hk
0v’oadIPog]NvpMD \kp7;k,;jk8hv’gIaf.shoadIPo.oshv’wfh,u3vdkflqomtok c]t rq[
xtc]dxjPo7e7yf7egsaooedao1jk’mqj;g4y’D
{ 768A’7e4k,djP;da[goNv.oljv’cl’0v’rNoln[D .ooAoF .shoadIPoc8j]tdj5,pqd8q;
1jk’rNoln[.f|bj’grnjvxtdv[da[[qf]kp’ko c]h;vtmy[kpdjP;da[goNv.o3fpsp=hD
24
 { oadIPofegouodko7Qo7;hkgxaodj,5 D sq;|hkdj,5 9t[aombd7e7yf7egsaomugj xaogvdtrk[D
{ 76.sh8q;cmoF dj5,0Boltg|u[qf]kp’ko0v’dj5,8qoF 76gxaozh68yf8k,dko]kp’ko
0v’c8j]tdj5, c]t [aombd.ljdtfkogrnjv.sh7ela’gdfD
{ .shoadIPoxtdv[7egsaogruj,g8u,8+[qf]kp’ko0v’c8j]tdj5,D
{ 76lts^5[7egsao0v’c8j]tdj5, grnjv-Uc9’.shg0qkg9Qkgsao;jk7e8v[.fmuj4nd8hv’d;jk
c]h;76d=ltg|u7e8v[mujlq,[6oD

&D dkolvoly]txt0v’rNoln[
{ 76cotoe.shoadIPovjkoF 7Qo7;hk7e4k,muj76deoqf.shD
{ .shoadIPomuj,u7;k,lt\ad.9 !{# 7qo8v[D
{ 76lts^5[7e8v[0v’oadIPoF 4hkgsaa o;jk8v[4nd8hv’F -afg9o76vkf9t.sh7tcoo
sn^ ltcf’7ephv’p=D
{ 76vtmy[kply]txtdkoc8j’rNoln[7no grnjv.shoadIPog0Qk.91jk’gvdtrk[daoD
{ oadIPo9qfdjkp8k,7ecotoe0v’76D

ະ ສດິ
*D dkolvo;yrkd[qfD g]njv’ <mhk;9aomtrkoyf<

ສະ .ສ

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grnjvgxaodkodtdP,.shcdjdko;yrkd[qfdjvovnjo768hv’dtdP,faj’oUG
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ຫງ
{ 76cotoeoadIPovjkog]njv’1j6[hkow;hdjvoD 3fp768A’7e4k,.shoadIPogIaf;Pd[hko
-bj’7e4k,7;o,u]adltotfaj’oUG
T .shoadIPo-vdskgoNv.o];,0v’rNoln[ <mhk;9aomtrkoyf<D
T .shoadIPoc[j’8voF -vdskgoNv.oc8j]t8voD
T .shoadIPo-vdsk7t8y8jk’M9kdg]njv’faj’djk;D
T .shoadIPola’gdfly]txtdkoc8j’D
{ dkoxt8y[afdyf9tde.oshv’D djvovnjo.sh76vjko[qfg]njv’vud7A’|bj’F cotoe.shoad
IPo8yf8k,2a’ grnjvgxao[qfIPo.odkovjko.sh4nd8hv’D
{ 76c[j’dj5,oadIPo8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
{ oadIPo9a[dj5,dao7Qo7;hkD 3fpgvqkzqo0v’dkogIaf;Pd[hkomuj76;k’.shdjvooAo,k
lqomtokdaoD .sh8k’|hkdj5,la’];,gxao[qf]kp’koD
{ .sh8k’|hkdj5,c8j]tdj5,0Bo]kp’kozqo0v’dko7Qo7;hkrkp.odj5,D 76gxaozh68yf
8k, c]t [aombdgvqk7e]kp’ko0v’c8j]tdj5,D
25
 { 769ecod7e8v[0v’c8j]tdj5, grnjv.shoadIPogsaaowfh7e8v[.f4nd8hv’D
{ 76oerk-vdskgoNv.o];,0v’g]njv’ <9aomtrkoyf<D
{ oerkc[j’8vo -bj’[qfg]njv’c[j’gxao @ 8voD
{ oerk-vdskgoNv.oc8j]t8voD .ooUF .sh76vtmy[kp0tspkpvvd8nj,djP;da[goNv
.o0v’c8j]t8voD
{ 76lts^5[7;k,Ih6F [qfIPomujwfh9kdg]njv’oUD
{ 76vtmy[kpdjP;da[ly]txtdkoc8j’g]njv’oUD
{ cotoe.shoadIPo9qfdjkpD .odko9qfdjkpvkf9t.-hlv’;ymu7nG
T vkf9t.shoadIPo9qfdjkpwx8k,c8j]t0Ao8vo.odkofegouodko;yrkdD
T vkf9t;yrkdc]h;\qfm5d0Ao8vo 9bj’cotoe.shoadIPo9qfdjkpd=wfhD
dkolvo[qfvjkogruj,D
T <lu37f8t[v’<D
T <05o[6]q,<D
T <xts;af ;aflug,nv’<D
T <dkolhk’rtg9Qkvq’8N<D

ະ ສດິ
dkolvo[qfvjkogruj,vkf9t.-hlv’;ymu7nG

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
!D .shoadIPogIaf;Pd[hkoG

ວນ
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{ c[j’oadIPovvdgxaodj5,8k,7;k,g\ktlq,D
{ 76c[j’[qfvjkogruj,.shdj5,]t ! [qfF .ooAovkf9t9qdlts^kdd=wfhD
{ cotoe.shc8j]tdj,5 c[j’;Pd.shdoa oewx7Qo7;hk1j[6 kh oD sa’^ 9kdoAoF 9b’j gvqk,k];,
dao c]h;0Pogxao[qf]kp’kolqj’.sh76d;fD
@D 4hk,ug;]kr=d=.shgIafdyf9tde.oshv’D
3fpgvqk[qfrNoln[.shc8j]tdj5,vjko c]t 7Qo7;hk8k,76cotoeD 7e4k,muj.shoadIPo
7Qo7;hk768hv’g]aj’.ljfaj’oUG
T goNv.o];,D
T c[j’8vo X4hkc[j’wfhd=gxaodko/bdoadIPo?D
T -vdgoNv.oc8j]t8voD .ooU.shoadIPo-vdgvqkdkog7njvows;0v’8q;]t7vo,k
vtmy[kpxtdv[D
T la’gdfly]txtdkoc8j’D
T .shoadIPo4vf4vo[qfIPo9kd[qfg]njv’D
26
 8v[7e4k,mhkp[qf.oxB,c[[IPoD
!D rNoln[c,jog]njv’g]qjkrNog,nv’xtgrf|bj’F ,ugoNv.og;Qkg4y’gsfdko.spjM c]t
le7aoF dkoczjveokfdkoxqd7v’F dkogIaflq’7k,]ts;jk’dj5,7qooUda[dj5,7qovnjogrnjvpkf
-u’g0fcfome,kskdyoF dkolhk’vkok9adF dkodegouf-kf.oltw\[6]koD rNoln[c,jo
xts;aflkfmuj[+,u]kp]advadlvoF c,joxts;aflkfc[[9nj9e8k,mafltot0v’xt-k-qoF
c,jodkog]qjkxkd8+xkdln[8+,k c]t g7up,udkoxjPocx’8k,dk]tgmlt3fpvu’8k,maf
ltot0v’zh6c8j’c]tzh6g]qjkD
@D rNoln[]k;degouf c]t 0tspkp8q;zjkolv’w]pt7nG
{ w]ptdjvolt8t;afmu XIVD w]ptoUla’7q,[+mao,u;y-kxts;aflkfvaocmh9y’gmnjvD pa’
c,joxts;aflkfmugj ]qkj xkd8+xkd3fpc,jo[qfrNoln[8jk’MD rNoln[]k;w]ptoUwfhdegouf c]t
0tspkp8q;cI’-bj’,ugoNv.oxts;aflkf c]t pa’Iadlk]adltotgdqjkcdj[6]ko0v’,aow;hD
goNv.o0v’rNoln[w]ptoU c,jo4ndda[xts;aflkf0v’dkolhk’8A’g,nv’]k;[6]koF g]qjkg4y’
dkodegouf c]t dko7q’8q;0v’g]njv’[6]kogsqj^koAoD
{ w]ptoa[c8jlt8t;afmu XIV gxao8Qo,k c,joxts;aflkfmuj0Pogxao]kp]advadlvo
wfhdegouf c]t wfh2No26xts;aflkf0v’-kf]k;gIqk.ow]ptdjvo.shgxao]t[q[D .ooAoF [aofk

ະ ສດິ
oadxkfF 76[kvk9kod=wfhgda[deF mhvo3I,[qfrNoln[8jk’M,k9qfdjkp c]t [aombdw;hgxaoxB,D

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
faj’oAoF 9bj’gIaf.shrNoln[da[xts;aflkfxqogxdaoF goNv.oxts;aflkf0v’rNoln[d=,udkoxjPo

ວນ
ວ
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ຫງ
cx’wx8k,mafltot0v’zh60PoD
#D rNoln[0v’]k;c8j]t[qfd=,ugoNv.oljv’cl’la’];,djP;da[gsfdkoxts;aflkf
0v’]k;gIqk -b’j .ooAo[aoskmugj faoj d;jk\j6c,jog;Qkg4y’dkodegouf c]t dko7q’8q;0v’g,nv’
[6]koma’s^kpF dkod+8A’]af0v’ladfuok]k; c]t dkolhk’lkrafmtok[hkog,nv’g]qjkoAoD
$D rNoln[,uly]txtdkoc8j’c[[g;Qk3spdgsn^vg-njvF gruo9yf c]t ,tsaflt9aoF dko
glu,lhk’8q;]t7voc,jo,u-u;yf-u;k 3fppqdphv’8q;]t7vomP[gmqjkda[2hkc4ooAoc,jogxao
dkopqd[qf[kf0v’g9Qk05o,5ookp.ola’7q,.shl6’ c]t ,u7;k,ladlyfD
&D ;yrkd[qfg]njv’ < mhk;9aomtrkoyf <D
!D rkdltg|uG
[qfg]njv’ < 9aomtrkoyf < gxaorNoln[mujg]qjkln[8+dao,kc8jltw\[6]komujljv’cl’.sh
gsaogsfdkoxts;aflkf0v’la’7q,ltw\ mhk;9aomtrkoyf xqd7v’[hkog,nv’.shIj5’gInv’D
@D goNv.o];,0v’[qfg]njv’G

27
 g;Qkg4y’gsfdkoxts;aflkf c]t la’7q,.oltw\[6]koF g;Qkg4y’7;k,l;p’k,
c]t Iaj’,umk’fhko-a[rtpkdvome,t-kf0v’g,nv’-P’fq’-P’mv’D
#D c[j’8voG
[qfg]njv’oUc[j’gxao @ 8voD
{ 8vomu !G c8j8Qog4y’<cmhfkp<D
goNv.o8vooUwfhg;Qkg4y’ltrk[dko.odkoxqd7v’[hkog,nv’0v’ mhk;9aomtrkoyfF
mhk;9aomtrkoyf gxaozh6-njlafF vqfmqo xqd7v’[hkog,nv’.sh1j6g1aogxaol5dF skm5d;ymumk’grnjv
.shxt-k-qo,u1j6,udyoF xtgmf-kfIaj’,uD ,u9yf.9f5\ajoF vqfmqosk]hP’-u[F oerkxt-k-qome
,k7hk0kp9qoIaj’,ufh;pgsnjvcI’0v’8qoc8johvpsk.spjD
{ 8vomu @D c8j <g,njvwfhpyofaj’oAo< g4y’l5fmhkpD
goNv.o8vooUwfhg;Qkg4y’dkoxqdxadIadlk c]t [6]tot[hkog,nv’.shI5j’gInv’l;p’k,
0v’mhk;9aomtrkoyfD mhk;9aomtrkoyfwfhoerkxt-k-qoxqdxadIadlk[hkog,nv’.sh1j6g1ao
gxaol5dF Ij5’gInv’ l;p’k,F -ad-;oxt-k-qogda[gvqkmjvo7e,kdv’w;hgrnjvgxaomboIvo.o
dkolhk’[hkocx’g,nv’F gIaf.shfyocfo-P’mv’dkpgxao[hkoIaj’g,nv’,uF v5fq,lq,[6owx
fh;p-a[lyog’yo7eF g0QkxkvkskoF mhk;9aomtrkoyf[+wfhg,qk,q;.o7;k,l5dlj;o8q;D mhk;

ະ ສດິ
xqd7v’[hkog,nv’.sh1j6g1aogxaol5dgxaog;]kgsy’oko 9qowfhIa[7epqdphv’9kdxt-k-qo c]t

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
.sh0t|kook,;jkG <rtpk9aomtrkoyf< ma’wfh7Qorq[-a[lyo,klhk’lk[hkog,nv’D

ວນ
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$D ly]txtdkoc8j’g]njv’ <mhk;9aomtrkoyf<D ສ.
ຫງ
g]njv’ <mhk;9aomtrkoyf< ,uly]txtdkoc8j’mujfugfajo gxao8Qoc,jo.-hly]txtdko
rao]tok I6[rkpdkog7njvows;0v’8q;]t7voc,jo9tc9h’D .-hla[rklkg0Qk.9’jkpF dko
lhk’8q;]t7vowfhfuF ,uxyflt|k.sh7qogIqkwfh7Qo7yfD
&D lts5^[G
g]njv’ <mhk;9aomtrkoyf< ,u75o7jkvao.spjs^;’ c]t l6’lqj’.odkolao]tgluozqo’ko
0v’ mhk;9aomtrkoyf-bj’wfhlhk’g,nv’-P’fq’-P’mv’9qol;p’k,Iaj’,uD .ooAozh6c8j’wfh.-h
ly]txtdkoc8j’fugfajo-bj’wfhrao]tokg0Qkg]ydg4y’co;7yf9yf.9 c]t dkog7njvows;0v’8q;
]t7voF .-hla[leo;og0Qk.9’jkp gIaf.shzh6vjkoleobdgsaork[dkog7njvows;0v’8q;]t7vo
1jk’9tc9h’D
[qfg]njv’oU,ugoNv.olaj’lvo.sh7qogIqk,uoE.9,kotvqfmqo .odkosk]hP’-u[fh;pdko
7hk0kpc8johvpsk.spjF lvo.sh7qoIh69adlhk’lkF ,uoE.9-njlafD .ooAolyj’le7aoc,jor;dgIqk
8hv’Ih6[5o75o 0v’zh6.shdegouf7;k,l;p’k,F 7;k,Iaj’,u0v’xtgmf-kf[hkog,nv’faj’8q;

28
]t7vo mhk;9aomtrkoyfmujwfhlhk’ c]t xqd7v’[hkog,nv’.shIj5’gInv’lu;yw]D
 76cotoeoadIPovjko[qf8+wxD

V. dko;af c]t xtg,uozqo

la’gdf9kdG
{ dkovtmy[kp7;k,\kp c]t 95fryglf0v’rNoln[D
{ dkovtmy[kpdkodegouf c]t dko0tspkp8q;0v’rNoln[D
{ 7;k,g0Qk.9goNv.o c]t ly]txt0v’rNoln[D
{ dkod;fzqo’ko0v’dko;yrkd[qfD
{ dkogIafdyf9tde.o[qfvjkogruj,D

[qfvjkogruj,xtdv[dkolvo
05og9nv’
c8jdUc8jdjvor5hog,nv’]k;gIqk,uc,jma[zh6gdaj’dhklk,kfzh6|bj’-nj;jk <mhk;05og9nv’<D

ສດິ
mhk;05og9nv’gxao7qo.spjl6’wfh ( lvd ) lvdD ovd9kdoUF 05og9nv’pa’,ufk[;yglff;’|bj’

ະ
-bj’,u7qogvqk,k,v[.sh.og;]k05og9nv’skd=gdufD fk[f;’oUpk;wfhlk,;kF 7q,fk[gsN^v,

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
ວນ
ວ
xkoxudc,’rj6D ສ.
ຫງ
05og9nv’fe]q’-u;yf1j6g,nv’ok7v’F gxu’oAowfh,ur;dvkok,,kd+7;k,;h5o;kps;a’
9t1bfgvqkvkokg0f0v’05og9nv’wxgxao0v’8qoD 05og9nv’wfh0kovklkoerkdv’ma[-hk’
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g,nv’g’yopk’wfh1jk’lq,[6o c]t w]joe8u9qoIvfg,nv’xtdao X-P’0;k’?D
lq’7k,]ts;jk’05og9nv’ c]t r;dI5d]komujg,nv’xtdaowfhfegouowx1jk’f5gfnvfD
phvo7;k,gdaj’dhklk,kf c]t 7q,fk[vaoladlyfF 05og9nv’9bj’lk,kfgvqkw--tot9kd
r;dI5d]kowfhD .og;]k8+lh605og9nv’wfh4vffk[vvdgmy’sa^’-hk’ c]h;,j5’|hkg0Qkwx0hk
2ao]aocm’[aofkg]qjkoadIq[0v’r;dI5d]ko1jk’ry]tvkfskoD 05og9nv’2kffk[]q’c8j
]t7A’gIaf.shmtsko0v’r;dI5d]ko]Q,8kpgxao9eo;ogmnjvly[gmnjv-k;.o[kffP;daoD
lq’7k,.o7k;oAogIaf.shokpmtsko0v’r;dI5d]ko4nd0hk8kp1j6lt|k,Iq[gxao9eo;o
s^;’s^kpF c8jd=,u9eo;o|hvp|bj’lk,kf|u]vfwxwfhD
sa^’9kd 8+lh6wfhIa[w--tot1jk’.spjs^;’1j6mujg,nv’xtdaoF 05og9nv’d=9afdkolts^v’w-D

29
.og;]kdtdP,dkolts^v’w-7A’pyj’.spjoU 05og9nv’wfhlaj’.sh[jk;wrj]kltfvogIafgsQ^kljk
grnjv]hP’oadIq[ c]t grnjvlts^v’w-gxaodko.spjD wxrhv,da[rymudkolts^v’w-F 05og9nv’d=
pa’wfh9afrymudkolqj’ltdkookpmtsko c]t oadIq[0v’8qomujglplt]t-u;yf1j6.olt|k,
Iq[1jk’lq,dPfD
sa^’9kdoAoF 05og9nv’ c]t radr;dd=wfh0Boxqd7v’g,nv’xtdaogxaog;]ks^kpxuD 1j68+
,kF r;dI5d]komuj|u]vf9kdlq’7k,7k;oAowfhda[,kd+7;k,;5ho;kpvudD -u;yf0v’wrj2hk
]kltfvo1j6mujg,nv’xtdao[+,u7;k,lts’q[l5dD
05og9nv’gsaoltrk[7;k,;5jo;kp0v’]kltfvo1j6g,nv’xtdaogxaoco;oAo 9bj’oe
dv’ma[-hk’vvd8+lh6da[r;dI5d]kovudgxao7A’mulv’D .olq’7k,gmnjvoUF 05og9nv’wfhrkgsq^jk
dv’ma[-hk’oe8ur;dI5d]ko9qoIvfg,nv’8h5,;k’ c]t -kpcfog,nv’8kmv[0v[2hk8k
1noD lq’7k,gmnjvoUF 05og9nv’ xt]kw- c]t glp-u;yf1j6dk’lt|k,Iq[D
05og9nv’vvdIq[ c]t xt]kw-gmnjvoUc,jogduf9kd7q,fk[vaoladlyf0v’gryjoglp
7;k,ladlyf[+lk,kf0hk2aolaf86wfh7ngdqjk7k;sa^’D
gonjv’9kd05og9nv’gxaookpmtskomujgdja’dhkgrkt wx8u1j6[hko.fg,nv’.fd=wfhIa[w--t
ot1j6[hkooAo g,nv’oAoD g,njv8ug,nv’.fwfhIa[w--totc]h; g,nv’oAod=wfh,v[g9Qkpy’g,nv’.sh

ະ ສດິ
gxaog,pD phvoco;oAoF 05og9nv’9bj’gxaookpmtskomuj,ug,ps^kpmujl5fD

ສະ .ສ

ລຂິ
gsfdkofaj’djk;gmy’oUgIaf.shg,pdqd Xg,ps^;’? 0v’05og9nv’[+r=.9 c]t [+1kd

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.shzq;wx8+lh6vudD grnjvzq;9twfh1j6oe8qogv’rP’zh6fP;F g,ps^;’0v’05og9nv’9bj’wfhsk;ymudko

ຫງ
fh;pdkogvqklYoxqdf;’fk[vaoladlyf0v’05og9nv’ c]h;oewxsk\=1kc/fgld7k4k.ljF
gIaf.sh7q,fk[0v’05og9nv’s^j5pshPo 9bj’[+lk,kfxk[crhlaf86wfhD
c,jo;jk05og9nv’wfhglp-u;yf.olt|k,Iq[8+lh6da[r;dI5d]kod=8k, c8jgryjo[+wfhpv,
9eoqo.shcdjr;dI5d]koD gryjopa’wfhoerk;yopko3pmtsko0v’dv’ma[-hk’m5d7qo0Bog,nv
8udv’ma[0v’r;dI5d]ko1j6gmy’g,nv’2hk g,nv’c4o9qowfhIa[w--totD

dkolhk’;afr6 c]t mkfrtoq,

-k;]k;g7upg]qjkln[dao,k;jkG ;afr69exkladda[mkfrtoq,g]uj,d+lhk’0Borhv,daoD zh6
mujrklhk’;afr69exkladc,jortpkdq,,tmkD rtpkdq,,tmkwfhlaopkc0j’da[rtpkot7vo
rtoq,zh6oerklhk’mkfrtoq,;jkG 4hkzh6.flhk’c]h;.sh8u7hv’gxaog7njv’laopko[vd c]t zh6
.fwfh-tot7nlhk’c]h;djvo9twfhgxao.spj.ovkok[=]yg;ooUD
sa^’9kdlaopkdaoc]h; dkod+lhk’zklkfsuo;afr6 c]t mkfrtoq,d=wfhfegouowx

30
1jk’g7aj’IhvoD rtpkdq,,tmkwfhg]nvdgvqk7qo,klhk’;afr6c,jogvqkzh6-kpma’\qf grktrt
pkdq,,tmk7yf;jkzh6-kpgxaozh6g0A,c0’d;jklk,kfgIaf;Pd’ko|adwfhma’mqocffmqo/qowfh
fud;jkc,jpy’D lj;ortpkot7vortoq,-Eraf7yfco;.f[+Ih6 c8jvaomujgsaowfh7add=7n;jk gryjo
[+gIaf7nrtpkdq,,tmkD gryjowfh-vdgvqkc,jpy’ gxaolj;os^kp,kgxaode]a’cI’.odkolhk’
rtmkfrtoq,D
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ະ ສດິ
wxrhv,D

ສະ .ສ

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g,njvzh6-kp/jkplhk’;afr69exklad,k9v[g[yj’ gsaoc,jpy’gxnvpgvydgIaf;Pdd=g]up8yf

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36
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37
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85
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86
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87
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88
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89
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90
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91
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104
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106
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vkdkf c]t ]tf6dkooAoc,jo0Bo16jda[dkoxjPocx’.oc8j]txu[+ltg\uwxD grktoAo
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107
 ma’oU c,joxkdqfdko0v’me,t-kf c8j4hkskd;jkxt-k-qo-k;s;Pfok,9t4n;jk
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108
 8y’ c]t vq’45p8y’mujr68hko;PoF dko8+l6hc,jogrnjvpkf-u’gvqkrtok’,ygonv’rt]k
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]yfgff s^n;jkg;f,qo7k4k8jk’MoAogsao;jkma’lv’rtvq’,u7;k,gdaj’dhklk,kf
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109
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115
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;aoot7tfu0v’9uo4ndxtfyf7yfc8j’0Bo,kdjvomuj9t,udkoxtfyf7yfc8j’8q;vadlvo
vvd.-hF g-yj’;aoot7tfufaj’mujdjk;,koAo ,aogxaorP’;aoot7tfumujg]qjkxkd8+xkdl6jdao

116
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vkwldkog]qjkln[8+MdaooAo ;aoot7tfufaj’djk;9bj’pa’7q’8q; c]t ln[8+0tspkp8q;,k
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-u;yfdkogxao16j0v’g0qkg9Qkg-ajoG dkodegouf0v’fyoF oEF ]q, c]t rbdlk-kf8jk’MD
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{ 76.shoadIPoc8j]t7qovjkogm[oypkpg]njv’ <ok’8k[2hk<F g]njv’ <xtgmf9uo.o
ltw\lk,dqd< F g]njv’ < r5fmtlklt|kg0Qk,kg,nv’9uo< c]t g]njv’<-5ps69;o<
{ 76[vd.shoadIPovjko c]t me7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[gm[oypkpg]nvj ’<ok’8k[2hk<
.sh]tvPfgrnjvdP,8v[7e4k,8jk’M0v’76g-ajoG goNv.o];,0v’g]njv’F dkoc[j’
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8k,7;k,g\ktlq,da[]tfa[7;k,Ia[I6h0v’oadIPoD
{ 76lts^5[7nodjP;da[goNv.o3fp];,0v’gm[oypkp <ok’8k[2hk<D goNv.o];,ma’
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117
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118
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lvovjkog-yj’9t4nwfh;jkgxao[qfleIv’d=wfhD c8j.ooUF 76vkf9tgvqk[qfvjkogruj,oU,k
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119
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120
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121
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