Community College Football Officials Association (The Organization)

COMMUNITY COLLEGE
FOOTBALL OFFICIALS ASSOCIATION

(THE ORGANIZATION)
2017
- Supplemental
Guidelines And Philosophies
7-Man Mechanics (Exceptions)
Administrative
CFO Philosophies
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“THE ORGANIZATION”
2017 SUPPLEMENTAL GUIDELINES AND PHILOSOPHIES
The intent of this Manual is to supplement the NCAA Rule Book and to reflect “THE
ORGANIZATION’S” philosophy in relation to the situations encountered before, during, and
after football games. This has been developed to improve the consistency of how these
plays and situations will be handled when they occur. Although the 2017 edition of this
manual is not a complete rewrite, it has been edited to enhance ease of use and to
comply with the evolving football rules, mechanics, and philosophies.
This Manual is divided into four parts.
Part 1: THE ORGANIZATION’s philosophies regarding mechanics and rules applications.

This Part is referred to as “Supplemental” and has two sections within it:
Section 1: Mechanics Philosophies
Section 2: Rules Philosophies
Part 2: Mechanics exceptions to the 2017 CCA Mechanics Manual
Part 3: Duties of game-support personnel and ejection protocol
Part 4: CFO Philosophies of Officiating
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(Dan and I would like to express a large thank you to Jim McGeough for the superb
job he did to update the Supplemental Guidelines and Mechanics book for the 2017
season – Dave Curschman)
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Table of Contents
PART 1, SECTION 1 – MECHANICS PHILOSOPHIES PAGE
I. Prior to Kick Off

A. Pre Game responsibilities 6
B. Responsibilities Following the Pre-game Conference 6
C. Pre-game on the Field 8
D. Toss of the Coin – Timelines 8
E. Toss of the Coin – Procedure 9
II. Free Kicks

A. Free Kick Coverage 9
B. Responsibility for the Kick Prior to Possession 10
III. Scrimmage Kicks

A. Identification of Eligible Receivers 10
B. Coverage for Fake or Broken Field Goal/PAT 10
C. Unsuccessful Field Goal or PAT 11
D. Blocked Scrimmage Kick 11
E. Other Play Situations During a Scrimmage Kick Play 11
IV. Scrimmage Plays

A. Progress and Sideline Coverage 12
B. Cross Field Mechanics 12
C. Position Prior to the Snap 12
D. Pass Plays – Flank Officials 13
E. Intentional Grounding to Save Loss of Yardage – Communication 13
V. General Game Situations

A. ‘Fade Mechanics’ 13
B. Reverse Fade Mechanics – Change of Team Possession 14
C. GAME TEMPO – Speeding Up the Game 14
D. Team B Opportunity to Counter Team A Substitutions 17
E.
PART 1, SECTION 2 – RULES PHILOSOPHIES
I. Free Kicks
A. Offside 17
B. Game Clock – Error in Timing 17
II. Scrimmage Kicks

A. Roughing or Running Into Kicker 17
III. Scrimmage Plays

A. Game Clock – Error in Timing 18
B. Excessive Team B Players 18
C. Action Near the Sideline or Out of Bounds – Legal Contact 18
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D. Legal Forward Pass Play 18
E. Momentum – All Situations 19
F. Pass Interference – Judgment Criteria 19
IV. General Game Situations

A. Guidelines on Holding 21
B. Defenseless Player and Flagrant Fouls 23
C. Ruling on Fumbles 24
D. Formation and Alignments Prior to Snap 24
E. Block in Back 24
Part 2 – EXCEPTIONS TO 2017 CCA MECHANICS 26
Part 3 – ADMINISTRATIVE
I. Chain-Crew Procedures 29
II. Chain Crew Instructions (for distribution to chain crew members) 31
III. Ball Person Procedure and Instruction (for distribution to ball persons) 32
IV. 40/25 Second Play Clock Summary 34
V. Game Clock Operator Procedures 36
VI. Game Clock Operator Instructions (for distribution to game clock op) 37
VII. CCFOA Procedure for Ejections 38
A. Reporting an Ejection During the Game 38
B. During the Game – Recording Unsportsmanlike Fouls 38
C. Reporting an Ejection – Reports Required after the Game 38
D. Player Actions Which Result in an Ejection 38
IX. CCFOA – Responsibilities of the Area Representative 39
Part 4 – CFO PHILOSOPHIES OF OFFICIATING
I. Ball Spotting 41
II. Line of Scrimmage 41
III. Fumbles 41
IV. Defensive Pass Interference 41
V. Offensive Pass Interference 42
VI. Not Offensive Pass Interference 42
VII. Other Passing Situations 42
VIII. Blocking 43
IX. Kicking Play 44
X. Plays at the Sideline 44
XI. Scoring Plays 44
XII. Personal Fouls 45
XIII. Unsportsmanlike Conduct 45
XIV. Game Clock 45
XV. Miscellaneous 45
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COMMUNITY COLLEGE
(THE ORGANIZATION)
Part 1 – Supplemental
Section 1: Mechanics Philosophies
Section 2: Rules Philosophies
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PART 1, SECTION 1 – MECHANIC PHILOSOPHIES
I. Prior To Kick Off
A. Pre-Game Responsibilities
I. Crew Assignments:
Referee:
 Contact other game officials on the crew by Wednesday of that week prior to the game
confirming the game time, location of pregame conference and topics for pregame.
All Officials:
 Arrive at game site at least two hours and fifteen minutes prior to the scheduled starting time.
Be prepared to participate in the pregame conference. If the Referee is delayed, the Linesman
is to conduct the Pre-Game and visit the Head Coaches.
All Officials – General Timelines

The timelines below represent the suggested schedule for officials to be used during the season. The
referee has the option to request earlier arrival of the crew if he wants an extended pre game period or
other mitigating circumstances exist.
(Time represents prior to scheduled kickoff).
2 hours 15 mins Arrive At Stadium

2 hours All Dressed – Begin Pre-game
1 hour 10 mins Crew Leaves Together For Field (or sooner if field is a great distance away)
1 hour Crew on Field Assuming Responsibility For Game Control
Referee and Umpire Meet With HEAD Coaches (or meet in locker room prior)
50 mins FJ and SJ Meet with Ball Persons
40 mins Officials Meet With Support Personnel (HL/LJ Chains, SJ/BJ Clock Operators)
22 mins Crew Leaves Field After One of The Teams Goes To Locker Room (Optional)
8 mins Leave Locker Room As Crew.
5 mins FJ/SJ take captains to field (or sooner if field is a great distance away)
4 mins LJ/BJ take teams to field
3 mins 15 seconds FJ/SJ Direct Captains To Mid Field
3 mins Introductions and Coin Toss
2 mins BJ/LJ have teams on field ready to play
B. Responsibilities Following the Pre-Game Conference

Referee:
 One hour before the scheduled kickoff, visit each coach on the field or outside the official’s
locker room with the Umpire. Meet with the head coaches and,
o Give each coach a list of officials and indicate which official will be the ‘primary
communicator’ on their sideline.
o Get the names/numbers of their captains.
o Notify each coach of the scheduled kickoff time and when we will be coming for their
captains and team.
o Check with each head coach for any unusual plays or formations.
 Secure name of coaching staff personnel who will be responsible for sideline control of team
members and report this information to all officials.
 Inspect playing field and pylons with the back judge.
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 Direct game management to remove any hazards on or near field.
 Observe passer(s) and kicker(s) noting which hand or foot they use in throwing/kicking the ball
Umpire:
 One hour before the scheduled kickoff, accompany Referee to visit each coach on the field or
outside the official’s locker room.
 Ask each head coach to verify, in writing, that all players are legally equipped in compliance
with NCAA rules.
 Examine any player equipment about which the coach or trainer has a question of legality.
 Review any questions regarding uniforms in compliance to NCFA Uniform requirements.
 You are the final authority on legality of equipment and compliance with NCFA uniform
requirements.
 Upon completion of pregame warm up, present each HEAD COACH with listing of players
who do not comply with NCAA equipment rules or NCFA rules regarding uniforms.
 Do not permit players to participate who are not legally equipped or permit the use of any illegal
equipment, including eye shields that are tinted or shaded.
Linesman:
 Check line-to-gain equipment when you first enter the field. Linesman and Line Judge will
meet the chain crew on the sideline opposite the press box 40 minutes prior to kick off.
 The Linesman will lead instruction of chain crew in operation of line-to-gain equipment.
 Make sure that you have a clip for the chains and tape to mark the 5 yd spot.
 Secure and check the line-to-gain equipment and down markers plus all auxiliary equipment.
 Check whether game management has distinctive vests or jackets for the crew.
 Instruct the chain crew on the operation of the line-to-gain equipment and their duties and
responsibilities.
 No less than 8 minutes before scheduled kickoff will leave official’s dressing area.
 Will begin the first half ON THE PRESS BOX SIDE of the field, after half time will move to
the side of the field OPPOSITE THE PRESS BOX.
Line Judge:
 Go with Linesman and assist with inspection of chains when you first enter the field, and
meet with the chain crew with the Linesman during pre-game.
 Instruct the auxiliary chain crew (if provided) on the operation of the line-to-gain equipment and
their duties and responsibilities.
 Get home team at not less than 4 minutes before scheduled kickoff; and have team at their
sideline and ready to begin the game at no less than 2 minutes prior to kickoff.
 Will begin the game on the side OPPOSITE OF THE PRESS BOX and will be responsible for
administration of the chains. The second half you will switch to the PRESS BOX SIDE of the
field.
Side Judge:
 Responsible for securing correct time of day and carrying an accurate watch.
 Review starting time and be sure an auxiliary stopwatch is available for clock operator.
 When you first enter the field, observe the punter/receiver drills.
 Meet with and instruct ball person(s) 50 minutes before game time
 Responsible for game timing and game clock.
 Get visitor team captains at not less than 5 minutes before scheduled kickoff; and have
captains at their sideline and ready to participate in coin toss.
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Field Judge:
 When you first enter the field, observe the punter/receiver drills.
 Meet with and instruct ball person(s) 50 minutes before game time
 Get home team captains at not less than 5 minutes before scheduled kickoff; and have
captains at their sideline and ready to participate in coin toss.
Back Judge:
 Primary responsibility for play clock.
 Meet with and instruct play clock operator if one is provided, 40 minutes prior to kick
off.
 When you first enter the field, observe the punter/receiver drills
 Get home team at not less than 4 minutes before scheduled kickoff; and have team at
their sideline and ready to begin the game at no less than 2 minutes prior to kickoff.
 Responsible for timing of time-outs.
 Inspect the field with the referee.
C. Pre-Game on the Field

1. The officials will be on the field 60 minutes prior to kick off.
2. All officials should note player equipment, notably knee pads in the pants. However, the pant and
pad do not need to cover the knees. Problems should be reported to the umpire. Officials other
than the umpire should not approach the players during warm ups regarding uniforms or
equipment.
3. Deep officials can observe the following actions of both teams.
1. Strength and accuracy of punter and place kickers during drills.
2. If the kick receivers are having trouble with the sun, and use of hand or arm to shade their
eyes. (Fair Catch Signals)
3. Speed or quickness of receivers during passing drills.
4. During passing drills observe receivers catching ball near sidelines for feet/ball/sideline
judgment and your sideline mechanics.
4. Umpire will be very involved with observing equipment/equipment/equipment.
1. A card will be handed to the head coach of each team when pre-game drills are complete
with player number that is illegally equipped and a description of the violation.
2. Blocking techniques of lineman during drills.
5. Flanks can view from the sideline the following.
1. Speed or quickness of receivers and backs during passing drills.
2. Offensive formations in 11 on 11 drills.
3. During passing drills observe receivers catching ball near sidelines for feet/ball/sideline
judgment and your sideline mechanics.
6. Referee will observe the following.
1. Whether quarterback and kickers are right or left handed/footed.
2. Watch the quarterbacks receive snaps during 11 on 11 drills while observing his head and
body action as he calls signals. This is a good indicator of what his normal movement will be
during the game.
7. All officials: Be sure there is an officiating crew presence at mid-field during team warm-
ups to keep separation between teams
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D. Toss of the Coin-Timelines.
The following are the guidelines relating to when activity should occur in relation to the game clock.
Emphasis is placed on having the coin toss completed and all officials in position prior to the
scheduled kick off.
1. FJ and SJ will have the captains at the 50-yard line at their side line four (4) minutes prior to kick
off.
2. When you lead the captains onto the field, jog with them to the sideline. Don’t walk.
3. Start captains to the middle of the field with three minutes and fifteen seconds remaining
(3:15) left before kick off. Do not wait for the referee to wave you onto the field.
4. R should start the introduction of captains at three minutes (3:00) prior to kick off.
5. BJ and LJ should have their teams on the field with two minutes remaining (2:00).
6. HL will insure chain crew is present and ready approximately 3 minutes prior to
kick off.
7. With forty-five seconds remaining (:45) get your team onto the field as soon as possible.
E. Toss of the Coin-Procedure

The key concern regarding the coin toss is to assure that there is clear communication and
understanding with the captain’s stated choice.
1. To eliminate any confusion over the choice by the visiting captain, the referee will ask the captain
his choice BEFORE he tosses the coin.
2. He will then announce to the umpire and home captain “White (or “visiting team”) has called ….”.
3. The referee should pause for a second to make sure the visiting captain does not disagree with
the pronouncement.
4. The referee will then announce to the captains that he will let the coin hit the ground.
5. At this point complete the coin toss by giving options to captains and signals to the press box.
II. Free Kicks

A. Free Kick Coverage
The following mechanic is designed to focus the official’s vision toward the areas with the maximum
potential for fouls. There are two primary areas of contact during the free kick that initial focus will be
directed.
 Team B (return team) first or front five players. They usually set up to start blocking around
the B 30 to 40 yard lines.
 Team B (return team) second group of players, previously referred to as the wedge.
1. The FJ and SJ will watch the first, second, third players in from their respective sidelines on the
kicking team. They will follow them downfield, observing their initial contact with Team B, usually in
the Team B 30 to 40 yard lines.
2. The FJ and SJ will be aligned on Team B’s (receiving teams) restraining line on all free kick plays.
3. The umpire and BJ will concentrate on the fourth and fifth members of the kicking team in from
their respective sidelines and the initial contact of the Team A players with Team B, usually in the
Team B 30 to 40 yard lines., (the umpire will also be responsible for the kicker)
4. The umpire and BJ will assume positions on the opposite sidelines with Team A (the kicking team)
restraining line.
5. After the ball is kicked, the umpire and BJ will move onto the field, roughly between the numbers
and the inbounds line, observing action from on the field.
6. The HL and LJ will observe the action against the first members of the kicking team that encounter
the members of Team B’s second group of potential blockers, usually in Team B 15 to 20-yard line.
7. R has primary responsibility for the ball during the kick if the ball is near Team B goal line. If the
pylon is threatened, the HL or LJ will assist with the coverage of the kick.
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This will focus coverage on the kicking team members as they have initial contact with Team B.
The officials will then move their attention to the evolving action of the return and focus toward
the point of attack.
B. Responsibility For The Kick Prior To Possession

1. On all regular free kicks, the flank officials will be at the goal line pylons, with the referee in the
middle of the field on the goal line. If the free kick is on the ground, rolling toward the goal line
between the referee and a sideline, the flank official on that sideline pylon will assist the referee with
the coverage of the football. The offside official, (looking at the Referee’s back) will move up field 10
yards to observe the blocking action in front of the ball.
2. At the referee’s discretion, the flank official(s) might be positioned at the 5 or 10-yard line. This is
based on location of free kick (i.e., penalties against kickers) or weather conditions.
III. Scrimmage Kicks

A. Identification of Eligible Receivers
It is the responsibility of all members of the crew to know eligible receivers on Team A in the event of
a fake or botched play from scrimmage kick formation. The following creates a method of identifying
and ruling on eligible/ineligible players.
1. FJ and SJ should note the numbers of the two eligible receivers on their side of the field. (Deep
officials should always know the widest player in the formation on any play from scrimmage).
2. HL and LJ should know the eligible backs on their side of the formation. They could be in a
wingback position (field goal formation), or up backs behind the center/guard position (punt formation)
3. LJ and HL should know the up back (punts) or the holder.
4. The referee should know the kicker.
5. Umpire should be aware of the restricted interior linemen who would be ineligible, especially
linemen who are exceptions to the numbering rule.
B. Coverage for Fake or Broken Field Goal/PAT

If this situation occurs, the mechanics for the U, R, LJ, and HL are the same as a normal scrimmage
situation, as determined by the location of the snap when it is obvious the kick will not occur.
1. If the ball is snapped inside the Team B 5-yard line, goal line mechanics would be used.
 HL and LJ immediately leave the line of scrimmage and have goal line, along with the
sideline all the way to the end line.
 FJ and BJ work from goal post looking out along the end line.
2. If the ball is snapped between the Team B 5-yard line and Team B 30-yard line.
 FJ moves to the goal line in middle of field working the goal line from middle of the field out to
the pylon (The BJ will remain on the end line)
 HL and LJ have sideline responsibility end line to end line.
 If player scores near the pylon, covering flank official and FJ will make eye contact prior to
signaling.
3. If the ball is snapped outside of the Team B 30-yard line, normal scrimmage mechanics are used.
 FJ and BJ will be at the goal line pylon.
 HL and LJ have sideline responsibility to the Team B 2-yard line.
4. In all situations described above, the BJ will stay at the end line, moving along the
end line as play develops (EXCEPTION: situation #3 above)
5. In all situations above, the SJ will hold his position behind Team B and will assist
the umpire regarding the ball or passer going beyond the line as the play develops .
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C. Unsuccessful Field Goal or PAT
1. If the kick is untouched by Team B and the ball lands in the end zone, immediately sound the
whistle, and both the FJ and BJ give the “no good or incomplete signal”. No other signal is
necessary by the BJ/FJ. The remaining officials will then signal to stop the game clock.
2. If the kick is wide or outside an up right, only the covering official to that side which the kick
was wide will give the “no good or incomplete signal”. No other signals are necessary. The other
official does not signal.
3. The Field Judge and Back Judge will move to the end line to make the signal.
4. If you are the ruling official, do not turn your head toward your partner under the up right. Simply
present the no good or incomplete signal.
5. The official (FJ/BJ) who is not making the ruling on the kick as it approaches the upright (item
#2 above) should be looking up field for dead ball activity as the players proceed up field toward the
Team B end zone.
6. When the FJ/SJ has made a ruling on the kick and the down ends, all other officials will give the
stop the clock signal.
D. Blocked Scrimmage Kick

If any scrimmage kick is blocked, the following mechanics will be used.
1. HL will hold (within two yards) at the line of scrimmage to determine if the legally kicked ball
crosses the line of scrimmage.
2. The umpire will move toward the line of scrimmage and observe the action of players in Team
A’s backfield around or behind the football after the block has occurred. He may also assist
with determining if the legally kicked ball crosses the line of scrimmage.
3. The referee will rotate toward the middle of the field, depending on the location of the loose ball.
4. The referee will have Team A goal line, and is responsible for action on the loose ball from sideline
to sideline.
5. The LJ will move into Team A’s backfield, and is responsible for action of the players around the
loose ball (illegal blocks, holding etc).
6. The HL will observe the action of the players around the loose ball from his position on the line of
scrimmage.
7. If the kick is blocked, the referee should be aware of Team A players batting or kicking the loose
ball to deter Team B from recovering the loose ball.
8. If the loose ball threatens Team A pylon, the flank official on that side of the field can move toward
the pylon and goal line to assist the referee in coverage at the pylon.
E. Other Play Situations During A Scrimmage Kick Play

1. If a scrimmage kick (punt) goes out of bounds beyond the LOS IN FLIGHT, the deep official will
pick a spot where the ball went out of bounds and sell that spot. The referee will not assist with lining
up the out of bounds spot. The referee will remain focused on player activity behind the line of
scrimmage, in the area between the referee and umpire.
2. If Team A is in scrimmage kick formation for a punt, and the ball is snapped at or inside the Team
B’s 40-yard line, the deep officials will be at the goal line pylon. Officials can adjust this guideline
dependent on kicker’s ability and weather conditions.
3. If the deep official is positioned on Team B’s pylon and the punt while in flight passes over his
body, the punt is out of bounds behind the goal line and is a touchback.
4. On all punts, the BJ, FJ and SJ will line up directly across from each other (“flat lined”)
approximately five yards behind the deepest receiver. The depth of the three officials will
generally be determined by the location of the BJ (Exception when ball snapped at or inside
Team B 40-yard line, the FJ and SJ will line up on the goal line at the pylon).
5. If the PAT or field goal is successful, both officials will move to the end line and give the proper
NCAA signal. Do not look to your partner before signaling. Use a verbal “good-good-good” or “no-
no-no” to communicate to your signaling partner.
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6. If the scrimmage kick ends with a successful fair catch, Team A downing the kick, or the kick
coming to a stop with no player attempting to recover, the covering official – usually the BJ - will
simply move to the spot stopping the clock. There is no need for a bean bag. (Note if Team B gives
a fair catch signal, muffs the kick, then completes the catch, the covering official will bean bag where
the ball was muffed by Team B).
7. When the line judge sees the snap has been successfully completed, the line judge will release
from the line of scrimmage, sliding along the sideline facing into the field and observing the initial
action at the line of scrimmage and the widest players as they release at the snap. The line judge will
move downfield observing blocks and other action 10-15 yards in front of the receiver and back judge.
IV. Scrimmage Plays

A. Progress and Sideline Coverage
1. When the ball is snapped from outside of the Team B 7-yard line, the LJ and HL will have sideline
responsibility and progress on all plays down to the Team B 2-yard line. Inside Team B 2-yard line,
the FJ and SJ will take over these responsibilities. When the ball is snapped from the Team B-7-yard
line going in, goal line mechanics are in place and the LJ and HL have all progress to goal line.
2. When there is a punt return or change of possession and reverse fade mechanics are used, the FJ
and SJ will have responsibility for the sideline and progress down to Team A’s 2-yard line. Inside the
Team A 2-yard line, the LJ and HL will assume those responsibilities.
B. Cross Field Mechanics

This mechanic is to be utilized by side (flank or deep) officials who have responsibility for progress.
The idea is for the off side official to assist the covering official with the progress spot. The offside
official usually will have an unencumbered look at the runner, especially on plays that have moved
beyond the line of scrimmage. The covering official will pause or slow down prior to moving to
progress spot. This will allow him to view the action of the players as well as avoid becoming
entangled with the players. The off-side official will move near the top of the numbers on his side of
the field to provide an easy reference point for the covering official.
C. Position Prior To The Snap

1. The referee will be positioned outside the tight end or his relative position (if physically located on
the other side of the formation), approximately 15 yards from the line of scrimmage on the QB
passing arm at the snap. This allows for pre-snap coverage of substitution infractions, false starts or
other dead ball actions.
2. If the ball is snapped between the B5 and the B20 yard lines, the deep officials will take their initial
position at the goal line pylon. The BJ will be on the end line of the end zone
3. If the ball is snapped between the Team B 7-yard line and goal line, the deep officials will be
positioned at the pylon located at the end line and sideline. Goal-line mechanics will be used by the
flank officials when the ball is in this situation regardless of the location of the line-to-gain.
4. When the ball is snapped from Team B’s 7-yard line to the goal line, the HL and LJ will have
responsibility for the goal line. Their initial move when the ball is snapped is DIRECTLY toward the
pylon. If the play ends before the goal line, they will move back to the ball when the play is over.
5. When the ball approaches the Team B red zone, the Back Judge will either be on the Team B goal
line or the Team B end line. The Back Judge will never take a position in the end zone between the
goal line and end line
6. Changing sidelines at half time
 Sideline officials will change sidelines after half time.
 The HL/SJ will begin the game on the PRESS BOX side of the field.
 The LJ/SJ will begin the game OPPOSITE the press box on the same side of field as
the chains.
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 The chains will be located ACROSS from the press box the ENTIRE game. Thus LJ/FJ
will have responsibility for administration of the chains during the first half.
D. Pass Plays – Flank Officials

The flank officials will hold their position at the line of scrimmage when they read pass until the
passed ball is beyond the line of scrimmage. The flank official will be responsible for pass crossing
the line of scrimmage, and whether the passer was beyond the line prior to the pass being thrown. In
addition, the flank official will get a good view of ineligible lineman down field prior to the pass.
(EXCEPTION: If in goal line mechanics or a fake PAT/KICK play situation)
E. Intentional Grounding To Save Loss Of Yardage -

Communication: If the passer throws a forward pass near the line of scrimmage during a play
in which the passer is under direct pressure and in danger of losing yardage, the following mechanic
will occur between the flank official and the referee:
The flank official will ALWAYS go in to the referee after the down ends in this situation, and must
confirm either:
1. There was an eligible Team A receiver in the area, or
2. The forward pass crossed the line of scrimmage or line of scrimmage extended or
3. If the pass was touched by a Team B player
If the referee deems that the passer threw a forward pass in an apparent illegal attempt to save loss
of yardage, the referee will flag the spot of the pass. Immediately after the down is over, he will then
consult with the flank official. It is possible that the penalty flag will be thrown after consulting
with the flank official.
The referee will wave off the flag IF the flank official communicates either of the following:
1. There was an eligible Team A receiver in the area or
2. The forward pass crossed the line of scrimmage or line of scrimmage extended or
3. If the pass was touched by a Team B player
V. General Game Situations

A. ‘Fade Mechanics’
‘Fade mechanics’ will be utilized by the deep officials during non-kicking plays from
scrimmage (unless deep officials are positioned at the goal line or end line at the snap).
The goal and purpose of fade mechanics are the following:

 To keep the deep officials in a position of having all players between themselves and
the line of scrimmage during the down.
 Thus, the play will always be “boxed-in” (or viewed from any angle) by at least two
officials.
 Fade mechanics also allows the deep officials a cushion to stay in advance of the
runner and be at Team B’s goal line prior to the runner’s arrival.
The success of employing ‘fade mechanics’ is reading and reacting to the assigned keys at
the snap.
At the snap: the FJ / SJ will take a few quick steps backward toward Team B’s end zone while
reading their keys, at the start of the play and then react accordingly. The BJ will begin to slowly fade
a step or two after the snap until his keys indicate there is a pass play developing.
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The basic discipline is to:
 Anticipate the type of play indicated by the down and distance at the snap; then,
 Read your assigned keys (Team A receiver(s)) initial action at the snap; then,
 Work to be in the best position to cover the play as it develops.
If the down and distance at the snap indicates a run or short pass pattern the FJ / SJ are to take
their initial steps toward Team B’s goal line and read the play as it develops; then, begin to move
down field as indicated by the developing action. Once a pass is indicated, the FJ / SJ are to begin to
fade, remaining at least 7 to 10 yards in front of their receiver through the end of the
pass (catch or incompletion); and, if necessary being at the goal line when the receiver/runner
crosses the goal. Generally, the BJ will not begin to fade under this scenario unless the developing
play begins to go beyond 7-10 yards downfield.
If the down and distance at the snap indicates a deep pass pattern and their keys show pass, the FJ,
SJ, and BJ are to begin to fade immediately, the rate and depth of the fade is dependent on the
developing action and pass routes to maintain their cushion (at least 7 to 10 yards from their
receiver).
The deep official in whose direction a forward pass is thrown has goal line responsibility and is to
remain at the goal line pylon.
The BJ has responsibility for the end line. The BJ should move to the end line and then along the
end line as the action of the play dictates.
B. Reverse Fade Mechanics – Change of Team Possession

On a change of team possession, flank officials must assume responsibility for coverage of TEAM A
goal line prior to the runner arriving at the goal line. Thus, the flank official will fade and maintain a
cushion between himself and the Team B player who is advancing toward Team A’s goal line.
1. The flank official assumes the role assigned to the deep official in fade mechanics described
above.
2. The deep official is now the trailing official and will have responsibility for progress down to
the Team A two-yard line.
3. Flank official never moves back toward Team B goal line to mark progress on change of team
possession.
C. GAME TEMPO – SPEEDING UP THE GAME

One area that all officials can make a difference is in the pace or tempo of a football game. Speeding
up the game does not mean that the official(s) “rush or cut corners” during the game. This creates a
situation where errors occur. The items listed below can be incorporated within the normal flow of a
game and will decrease the overall time of the game without “rushing” through a game.
Referee
1. After each scrimmage play, and the threat of dead ball action is over, make immediate eye
contact with the linesman and get the box moved. The referee must avoid moving to the
dead ball spot, lingering near the pile of players, and after the pile has disengaged, finally
providing the approval to the linesman to move the box. The umpire has sole responsibility to
spot the ball after the down.
2. After each scrimmage play and communicating with the linesman, stay in the backfield (8-10
yards deep) and mark the ball ready for play if 25-second clock applies. Avoid moving
toward the pile and lingering in the area until teams are moving back toward their huddles
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before looking to mark the ball ready to play. Immediately after signaling the ball ready to
play you are responsible for Team A substitutions entering the field, and giving the signal of
both arms extended indicating Team A is restricted from snapping the ball IF Team B is
attempting to match substitution.
3. Remember that you do not need to wait until the ball is placed on the ground to mark the ball
ready. Don’t stand and wait for the umpire. If he is at the spot and is holding the ball, or
about to place the ball, mark it ready (if 25-second clock applies)
4. When a first down occurs and a new series is to be awarded, move toward the linesman and
release the chains to be set.
5. On dead ball fouls prior to the snap (false start, delay, Team B offside with contact), give one
signal as the umpire marks off the foul.
6. When giving any foul signals, move quickly to an open area two to three yards away, clearing
from players and give the preliminary signal. Often referees will WALK to a spot, eight to ten
yards away before giving a signal. You do not have to discuss enforcement spots, call
captains etc before giving the preliminary signal. As soon as the penalty information is
presented by the calling official, move to give your preliminary.
Umpire
1. After dead ball responsibilities are over, and the play has ended in the side zone, hustle past
the inbounds line, creating an angle by moving into an open area in up field (toward Team B’s
goal line) from the dead ball spot. HUSTLE the ball into the inbounds spot. The umpire has
sole responsibility to spot the ball after the down.
2. When moving from the side zone, as you approach the inbounds line, look through to the off-
side flank official who should be at the progress spot. Use him to spot the ball, rather than
turning back toward the official in the side zone. This eliminates the “dodging” of Team B
players who are following you to the spot and are between you and the official in the side
zone that you are returning from to spot the ball.
3. After a change of possession, especially punts, swing out into the side zone of the team who
has possession, obtain the game ball, and then move to the new spot. Often umpires will run
to the spot, stand waiting for a ball, then often moving from the spot to receive a new ball.
Moving back to the spot and then moving the old ball off the field.
Flank Officials
1. Utilize cross field mechanics. Offside officials pick up progress spots, especially when plays
are in opposite side zone. This allows the umpire to use you when spotting the ball.
2. When the linesman has initial progress on a play where a first down (and series) is to be
awarded, the line judge should pinch in more than usual and “release” the linesman from the
progress spot so that he can move to the sidelines to wrestle with the chain gang.
3. When you have a dead ball foul at the line of scrimmage (false start, Team B offside with
contact, etc), run into the umpire to report, DON’T walk in to the middle of the field. Do NOT
give preliminary signals.
4. After a change of possession during a scrimmage down, be aware that you will have
responsibility for getting the ball if Team B is on your sideline. When the dead ball action is
over, move quickly to get the ball from the ball boys.
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5. Prior to the start of each half, at least two minutes before kickoff, LJ insure that your team is
on the sideline and HL insure that your chain crew is present and ready to start the half.
6. HL: if the down box is near the 5-yard tape on the yardage chains, signal the Referee
whether a first down will occur if a 5-yard penalty by defense occurs.
Deep Officials
1. Consistent timing of dead ball periods prior to a free kick. Follow procedure and have the
teams moving onto the field approximately 40 seconds after the previous play. Don’t let this
interval turn into a two to three-minute break.
2. Consistent timing of charged time outs. At 40 seconds FJ and SJ informs the teams and BJ
at 55 seconds inform the referee time out is over. Don’t let the timeout turn into a two-minute
break.
3. After a change of possession, if the team on your sideline is going to be on defense, be

aware that you should move to the dead ball spot and get the “old” ball from the umpire or
BJ. As you move to position prior to the next snap, you can take the “old” ball with you. The
BJ will be the key to this relay of the “old” ball to the proper sideline.
4. If you have a foul during a down, when the play is over hustle to the referee with your foul
information. Don’t stand at the spot and make the referee find you.
5. Prior to the start of each half, FJ and SJ insure that your captains are on the sideline at the
designated time. BJ and LJ insure that your team is on the field two minutes prior to the kick
off.
6. After a PAT, jog up the sideline and move out to the center of the field for the subsequent
free kick within 30-40 seconds. Be waiting for the kicker, and hand him the ball as quick as
possible. Instruct him that the 25 second count will begin as soon as the referee blows his
whistle.
All Officials - Interval Prior To Free Kick

The free kick following a PAT attempt or other scoring play should occur within one minute after the
previous down ends. This is necessary to keep the pace of the game consistent. The following will
occur:
1. The back judge is responsible for timing this one minute interval.
2. After the PAT or scoring play, the back judge will position himself on the kickers restraining line
near the sideline. At the :40 second mark the back judge will provide a quick blast of his whistle.
3. Both the side judge and field judge should be monitoring the back judge, and when the back
judge sounds his whistle, the side judge and field judge should bring their teams onto the field.
4. At :50 seconds the back judge should move to the middle of the field where the kicker is located
to meet the kicking team.
5. The linesman and line judge should move to their positions at the pylon. The referee should be at
the goal-line.
6. The back judge should hand the ball to the kicker as soon as he approaches; reminding the kicker
that once the referee makes the ready for play signal the kicker will have 25 seconds to kick the ball.
After handing the ball to the kicker and giving him the necessary instructions move to the sideline on
the press box side of the field at the kicking teams restraining line.
NOTE: If both teams are on the field ready prior to the timelines above, proceed with the ready for
play signal (unless radio or TV is involved).
As you may have noted, most of these suggestions occur during dead ball intervals, after player
action and dead ball officiating chores are satisfied. Each of the situations above should be part of
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your dead ball procedure. None are difficult, nor do they change how you officiate during the down.
If each official utilizes these suggestions consistently during the game, you will reduce the length of
any game.
D. Team B Opportunity To Counter Team A Substitutions.

Whenever Team A attempts to substitute, Team B has the right to counter or match up against the
Team A substitution. This situation generally requires a substitute to enter the field and could
occur late in the offensive count prior to the snap, or with Team A and the substitute immediately
lining up at the succeeding spot after prior play, after a change of team possession, or
substitution after a prior down.
After each change of Team possession, if Team A does not huddle after entering the field from their
sideline AFTER the ready for play signal, the UMPIRE will remain over the ball until the referee
releases the umpire. The referee will release the umpire in the same manner employed during a two
minute or hurry up offense.
It will be the referee’s responsibility to observe Team B’s reactions to Team A’s substitutions any time
after the ready for play signal. When the referee sees Team A substitutions near the huddle or enter
the formation, the referee will view Team B’s actions/reaction to the Team A substitution. If within 3
seconds Team B is reacting to Team A’s substitution, the referee will extend his arms horizontally.
Effectively while the referee’s arms are extended, Team A can not start the down. The umpire will
move toward or stay over the ball during this signal. If Team B reacts (within 2-3 seconds) of Team
A’s substitution, then the referee will hold the umpire on the ball until he is satisfied that Team B has
successfully matched up with the opponent.
PART 1, SECTION 2 – RULES Philosophies

The following philosophies relate to rule application in specific play situations.
I. Free Kicks
A. Offside
Team A player is offside on a regular free kick if the Team A player’s foot is down on the ground
beyond the restraining line prior to the ball being kicked. IF THE TEAM A FREE KICK is an onside
kick, Team A is ruled to have fouled (offside) if any part of the Team A player’s body is clearly beyond
the restraining line prior to the kick.
B. Game Clock - Error In Timing

During the free kick, if by rule, the clock should have started when the ball was legally touched, and
did not start, the referee will remove three (3) seconds from the game clock at the end of the down.
This applies at any point during the game ONLY IF no other official can provide accurate
information.
II. Scrimmage Kicks
A. Roughing Or Running Into Kicker

If the kicker is hit by Team B player(s) after legally kicking the ball, the following will apply:
 If the contact occurs while the kicking leg is airborne as part of the kicker’s normal kicking
motion, the call will be roughing.
 If the kicking leg is on the ground, running into the kicker will be called.
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 Team B contact after this can still be considered a personal foul under section 9-1-2.
 Exception: If punter carries the ball outside the tackle box, then attempts to punt the ball while
moving (‘rugby style’), contact with the kicker is not roughing the kicker, but other 9-1-2 personal
fouls can be called because of the type of contact that occurs.
III. Scrimmage Plays

A. Game Clock - Error In Timing
1. If a false start or other dead ball foul occurs prior to the snap, and the game clock incorrectly starts
or is allowed to run when the clock should be stopped, the following guidelines should be used.
If there is positive knowledge of what the correct time should be on the clock, the clock will be reset
accordingly. ONLY if no official can provide accurate information regarding the correct time, add
back three (3) seconds to the clock.
2. When the down has ended, and the clock continues to run when it should have been stopped per
rule, add three (3) seconds back to the clock ONLY if no official has accurate information regarding
the necessary correction.
B. Excessive Team B Players

If Team A is at the line of scrimmage prior to the snap, and Team B has more than 11 players, the
following will occur.
1. After the initial count, the three deep officials will signal to recount
2. After the second count of Team B players, if no Team B player is attempting to leave the field,
immediately sound the whistle and throw the flag. This is a dead ball act and the play should not
begin.
3. If Team B player(s) are attempting to leave the field prior to the snap, give him the opportunity to
exit the field. If Team B is still on the field when the ball is snapped, it is a live ball foul. Do not
stop the play.
C. Action Near The Sideline Or Out of Bounds – Legal Contact

The following general guidelines relate to plays near the sideline and out of bounds, however game
situations described in items 2 and 4 below can be applied to any type of play situation.
1. If the runner is near the sideline, and normal football contact occurs prior to the runner’s foot
touching the out of bounds area, the contact will be considered legal.
2. If the runner is near the sideline, and illegal contact occurs (a blow to the head, fist or forearm to
the chin, or using the helmet to deliver spearing like act) a foul will be called even if it occurs prior to
the runner stepping out of bounds. (These acts would, as a normal course, be flagged as personal
fouls if they occurred in the middle of the field).
3. If any unnecessary or avoidable contact occurs once the runner is out of bounds, it will be a dead-
ball personal foul. (The exception would be if the contact were the result of the opponent being
blocked into the runner.).
4. If there is a question whether a foul has occurred, the flag will be thrown and subsequently if
determined to be unnecessary, the flag will be waved off.
5. Any player who deliberately spits on an opponent will be ejected immediately.
D. Legal Forward Pass Play

1. If a legal pass is incomplete because of a trap, an airborne receiver landing out of bounds, or a
receiver stepping out of bounds before securing possession, the covering official will sell the call with
an incomplete signal. There is no need for additional signals. When the down ends on an incomplete
pass, all other officials will give the “stop the clock” signal.
2. If by rule OPI occurs on the side of the field completely away from the location of the ball, OPI will
not be called.
3. If Team A initiates contact completely across the field from where the ball is thrown, and the
contact did not impede Team B’s attempt to move toward the ball, there was no advantage gained by
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Team A, and the ball was not catch able (thrown to other side of the field), NO OPI will be considered.
The action could still be a personal foul, holding or other rules pertaining to illegal contact.
4. If an UNTOUCHED legal forward pass falls INCOMPLETE within one yard beyond the line of
scrimmage, the legal forward pass has not crossed the line of scrimmage for the purpose of
determining ineligibles downfield or passes interference. This does not apply to a play where the
quarterback throws a legal forward pass from outside the tackle box to avoid loss of yardage. (Rule 7-
3-2 Exception).
5. If the passer is near the line of scrimmage when he throws a legal forward pass, he will be
considered to have crossed the line if his foot is on the ground and his body is clearly beyond the line
of scrimmage prior to releasing the pass.
6. In order to complete a catch, the receiver must have control and possession. If the player
receives a pass, and loses possession immediately upon contacting the ground, the pass is
incomplete. One criteria of clearly establishing control and possession includes the completion of a
football act. This includes attempting to turn up field, avoid an opponent, or change direction. If there
is doubt that all three criteria (control, possession, complete a football act) have been met, the pass is
incomplete.
7. If the passer, during an apparent passing attempt, has the ball above his shoulder pads while in a
throwing motion and the ball comes loose and is not caught, it is ruled an incomplete pass by the
Referee.
8. Ruling on a forward-backward pass behind the line of scrimmage is the responsibility of the official
whose direction the pass was thrown to.
9. If the passer is legally throwing the ball away out of bounds, do not penalize Team A for having
ineligible players downfield.
10. If the passer is legally throwing the ball away down field, do not penalize Team A for having
ineligible players downfield if the ineligibles are within 3 yards of the line of scrimmage.
E. Momentum – All Situations

1. Momentum will be ruled if the catch or recovery is completed anywhere inbounds between the
five-yard line and the goal line. If all criteria for momentum have been satisfied, DO NOT ignore this
rule and award Team B a touchback.
F. Pass Interference – Judgment Criteria

(Modified From Mid American Conference Material)
1. OVERVIEW
Per rule, pass interference requires all 3 of the following:
1. Legal forward pass that is catch able;
2. Legal forward pass that has crossed the line of scrimmage;
3. Physical contact.
Physical contact can be identified by the following characteristics which occur as the play develops:
 Obvious Intent to Impede
 Advantage/Disadvantage
 Restriction – Defense
 Separation – Offense
2. DEFENSIVE PASS INTERFERENCE
Defensive Pass Interference includes the obvious intent by Team B to impede the opponents attempt
to catch or ability to move into position to catch the pass.
Contact & RESTRICTION is the key. Hands on mean nothing; what did he do with the hands?
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The following are six acts that normally occur to restrict or impede the opponent’s ability to catch the
football.
A. NOT PLAYING THE BALL
Where is he looking? If not looking back at the ball – suspect!
Is he beat? (Including tangling of feet by the defender from behind – suspect!)
B. PLAYING THROUGH THE BACK
Defender is behind the receiver.
Receiver pitches forward prior to the ball getting there.
C. ARM GRAB
Defender side-by-side or slightly behind receiver
Receiver only reaches for ball with one hand or reaches with “alligator” arms.
D. ARM BAR
Defender side-by-side or slightly behind receiver
Defender’s arm extended across receiver’s body – Think “Framework of Body;” defender must play
within.
E. CUT-OFF
Defender may be looking back at the ball.
Defender angles in front of receiver making contact – typically as the defender moves towards
sideline. Defender’s actions cause the receiver to break stride, or is forced towards sideline.
F. HOOK AND TURN
Defender is typically behind receiver – hand around waist/shoulder.
Receiver’s body turns prior to ball getting there – OBVIOUS shoulder turn!
3. OFFENSIVE PASS INTERFERENCE

Offensive pass interference requires contact and an advantage because of the contact. Contact and
SEPARATION is the key. Offense MUST avoid contact, as the defender has right to stand his
ground. The three primary types of action by the offense to create pass interference require contact
and the intent to create a disadvantage:
A. PICK
 Did Team A SEEK the defender out?
 Does Team A INITIATE contact? See entire play!
 If Team A contacts Team B and Team A is not facing back towards the passer, the ball, or
moving in position to receive the pass – suspect!
B. DOWNFIELD BLOCK
 Contact is first initiated at least one yard downfield and does not continue more than 3 yards
downfield.
 Did Team A SEEK out the defender and INITIATE contact against the defender who has
established position?
 Contact causes separation – especially if he’s intended receiver.
C. PUSH-OFF
 Receiver’s arms extended (elbows become locked as result of full extension after contact
occurs)!
 The contact causes separation – the result of the contact causes an OBVIOUS change in
defender’s momentum (i.e., shoulder turn, bend backwards, change in direction, etc.)
D. Not OPI
 OPI for blocking downfield will not be called if the passer is legally grounding the ball out of
bounds or into an area where there is no player.
 It is not OPI on a pick play if the defensive player is blocking the offensive player when the
pick occurs and the offensive player does not attempt to make a separate action.
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Remember, the offensive player can be guilty of offensive pass interference because
of the 6 acts mentioned above in the defensive pass
interference section. This would occur when the offensive
player is now in the position of attempting to restrict or impede
the opponent’s attempt to intercept the pass.
4. SUMMATION OF COMMENTS FROM CONFERENCE SUPERVISORS

REGARDING PASS INTERFERENCE
What gets officials into trouble with PI – missing fouls that were there, or calling one that wasn’t?
The following are some of the items that supervisors, technical advisors and other observers have
noted in recent years:
 Officials are not in proper position

- Too close to the action
- Looking through players instead of between players
- Letting the players get even with you. Get stationary whenever possible
 Officials are watching the ball and not the players

- Officials MUST “stay downstairs”, focus on action between the belt and shoulders.
- Watching the Receiver and his reactions MAY be better than watching the DB to see
if he is or is not doing anything illegal.
- Ex.: Receiver and DB are together going for ball, but receiver can only reach with
one arm.
 Officials are not watching their keys

- Watching the play instead of their receiver
- Watching the wrong receiver
 Officials are too quick to throw the flag

- Officials anticipate the outcome and are too excited when they think they see
something
- Officials do not realize, understand the athletic ability of today’s athletes
- EX.: Both players jump vertically for the ball. The DB, behind the receiver, jumps
higher than the receiver and knocks down the ball while making contact – 9/10 times,
not a foul (Thru the Back) as the DB made a better athletic play than the receiver.
 Concentration/Comfort Zone
- One of the biggest factors – taking a play off; distracted; dwelling on a previous play;
fatigue
- Ex.: Got a DPI on a previous play, but same player, same play, same outcome and
official doesn’t call it because he let his guard down – thought he “got ‘em” already.
- Ex.: Team is up comfortably (e.g., 10 points or more) late in the game. Team behind
is trying to catch up, but PI is missed because official was in a “comfort zone” –
thought the game may be in hand at this point.
- CONCENTRATE EVERY PLAY
IV. General Game Situations

A. Guidelines on Holding
1. REFINEMENT OF PHILOSOPHY ON HOLDING
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FOR UMPIRES AND REFEREES
Background
The general philosophy defining a holding penalty that has been utilized to augment the rulebook
definitions is the following:
1. Act occurs at the point of attack and affects the play’s outcome.
2. Opponent has been put at a disadvantage or impeded by the act.
3. Takedowns** are always called regardless if at the point of attack.
(**Takedown is defined as tackling the opponent and bringing him down; grabbing him from behind
and pulling him down; etc.)
Change
The refinement to our philosophy will be to the point of attack on the following play situation:
1. If a hold occurs between the Team A tackle positions on or behind the Team A line of
scrimmage and the Team B player can still make the play behind the line, there will not be a
flag.
2. Team B player is considered to have made the play if he is under control, and then makes
the tackle, knocks down or intercepts a pass, or recovers a fumble.
3. If he can make the play as described above, then by philosophy, he has not been put at a
disadvantage or restrained.
4. Umpires and Referees may have what appears to be a slow or delayed flag for holding if the
Team B player is restrained, and thus does not get to the play.
5. If a flag is thrown, and the player subsequently becomes involved and makes the play as
described in #2, the flag will be waved off. The explanation will be that holding did not occur.
Judgment Criteria
For holding to be called, apply one or more of the judgment criteria below during the play as action
occurs against the Team B player:
1. The inability of the Team B player to turn or change direction due to continued, restrictive
contact.
2. While blocking, Team A player has arms around Team B player and is turning B’s upper
body.
3. The inability of Team B to gain separation or to disengage from the opponent by turning,
twisting, stopping, etc.
4. As the result of Team A’s actions, Team B’s balance is changed or natural foot movement is
taken away.
2. REFINEMENT OF PHILOSOPHY ON HOLDING

FOR FLANK AND DEEP OFFICIALS
Background
The general philosophy defining a holding penalty that has been utilized to augment the NCAA rule
book definitions is the following:
1. Act occurs at the point of attack and affects the play’s outcome.
2. Opponent has been put at a disadvantage or impeded by the act.
3. Takedowns** are always called regardless if at the point of attack.
(**Takedown is defined as tackling the opponent and bringing him down; grabbing him from behind
and pulling him down; etc.)
Change
The refinement to our philosophy will be to determine the level or appearance of advantage
disadvantage in the following play situation:
On running plays sweeping outside the tight end position, there is usually a defensive player on the
end of the line, engaged with an offensive lineman or a wide receiver, which are blocking against
defensive secondary players.
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Judgment Criteria
For holding to be called, look for one or more of the following events to occur against the Team B
player:
1. Inability to turn or change direction due to continued contact
2. Team A while blocking has arms around Team B player and holding or turning B upper body,
or the inability of B to gain separation by turning, stopping, twisting etc.
3. As a result of Team A’s action, B player balance is drastically altered or natural foot
movement is taken away.
In any of the downfield blocking situations, if the opponents are squared up, moving with each other
and none of the judgment criteria mentioned above are observed, there will be no holding.
In any instance, holding will NOT be called on a double team block (exception, part of the double
team includes a takedown or the opponent frees himself from the contact and then is pulled back).
B. Defenseless Player and Flagrant Fouls

1. Overview: In the last several years, the NCAA rule book included in the Points of
Emphasis section the issue of Defensive Player and Flagrant Fouls and highlights the
importance of the protection of defenseless players. This is not a new issue, and many of
the rules relating to this are contained in section 9-1-2. As an officiating group, we have
been very inconsistent in this area. Once again “The ORGANIZATION” will define the
defenseless player and what is a flagrant act. In addition, it will be mandatory that a
player committing a “defined” flagrant act be ejected immediately. To further strengthen
the rule, the NCFA will suspend the player for an additional game.
2. Summary of the Defenseless Player

This section is written in conjunction with page the Points of Emphasis in the beginning of the NCAA
rule book. These acts outlined below can occur during either LIVE or DEAD ball situations.
3. Guidelines for Defenseless Player:

1. Clearly not involved in the play, moving to influence the play, or in position to influence the
play.
2. The player has slowed down, “relaxed”, or has come to a stop because the play is over by
rule. (Some play situations as examples include a ball carrier who has stepped out of
bounds, or scored a touchdown, a forward pass that was clearly uncatchable, or after forward
pass that has hit the ground incomplete, a live ball has rolled out of bounds, a field goal or
PAT kick has touched the end zone or passed through the up rights).
3. During the down, the player is left in a vulnerable position. (Some examples are a receiver
who is airborne without possession of the ball, a receiver extended after a pass that is clearly
uncatchable, a punter that has just kicked a football or a passer after just releasing the pass).
4. Summary of Flagrant Acts

These are physical non-football acts that are defined in section 9-1-2. There are numerous personal
fouls in section 9-1-2, but the acts below, for consistency and understanding, have been defined for
“The ORGANIZATION’S” and NCFA philosophy as “flagrant” and WILL BE EJECTED ANYTIME
THEY OCCUR.
5. Description of Flagrant Acts

1. Delivering the initial blow with the helmet or face mask in the manner of a weapon (9-1-2 l, m,
n). (The player often will go airborne prior to delivering the blow).
2. Delivering the initial blow with an extended forearm or fist in the manner of a weapon (9-1-2
a, b). (The player often will go airborne prior to delivering the blow).
3. Delivering a blow in a flagrant manner to the throat, chin, or head area of the opponent.
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6. Summary
This should clearly define and increase your awareness of the defenseless player and flagrant acts
against that player will require immediate ejection.
C. Ruling On Fumbles
If there is doubt regarding whether a player is down or has fumbled a live ball, The
ORGANIZATION’S philosophy will be that a live ball was fumbled. (Exception is when forward
progress has been stopped).
D. Formation and Alignments Prior To Snap

1. Scrimmage Downs Other Than a Kick (Punt or Field Goal):
If the lineman’s head is NOT breaking the line through the centers backside, at the snap a foul will be
called. If the lineman’s head is between the centers backside and the centers waist, a warning will be
given to the HEAD COACH the first time this is noted. Subsequent to the warning, if the lineman’s
head is between the centers backside and the centers waist, at the snap a live-ball foul will be called
for illegal formation..
2. Scrimmage Kick Downs (Punt or Field Goal):
If the “lineman’s” head fails to break the line through the centers backside, a warning will be given to
the HEAD COACH the first time this is noted. Subsequent to the warning, if the lineman is in the
position described above, at the snap a foul will be called. If the “lineman’s” head is between the
center’s backside and waist, the players will be considered on the line of scrimmage.
3. Position of Receivers Scrimmage Downs Other Than Kick:
The position of the slot back in the offensive formation must be clear as to whether the player is on
the line of scrimmage or not. If the slot back’s head is between the lineman’s backside and his waist
(which is usually the tackle or tight end), the HEAD COACH should be warned. Subsequent to that, if
the back is aligned in the same area, we have an illegal formation. The back must be CLEARLY
aligned with his head behind lineman’s backside in order to be foul. Do not be technical if it is a wide
out, when in question, it is not a foul.
4. False Starts By Team A Non Restricted Lineman and Backs:
Our guideline will be the same for backs or unrestricted linemen as it is for the interior or restricted
lineman. If a back or end on Team A makes a movement forward or appears to start the play (quick
movement backward, flinch with upper body, lurching forward prior to the snap), we will err on the
side of conservative and rule false start.
5. Formations During Trick Plays
Formations that are unusual in nature prior to the snap or formations in the execution of a trick play
must be legal at the snap. There will be no warning to the head coach. (An example would be the
swinging gate with all offensive linemen wide, and the snapper isolated in a different location on the
line of scrimmage, or a formation where the distance in the splits between the offensive linemen is 5
yards between each lineman).
6. Offside Team B
Anytime a defensive player shoots the gap between Team A lineman, and there is question whether
contact occurs with Team A linemen, err on the side of offside and shut the play down to avoid a free
shot at the quarterback or other player of Team A.
7. If there is movement by the defense into the neutral zone which causes the offensive player to
react immediately shut the play down and penalize Team B.
E. BLOCK IN BACK
1. If one hand of the blocker is on the back of the opponent, and the other hand is on the opponent’s
side, it is a block in the back if the initial force or push is with the hand on the back.
2. If the initial force or push is with the hand on the opponent’s side, the block is from the side and
legal.
3. If the blocker is in “chase mode” (behind the opponent), all action must be from the side.
4. A block in the back will not occur if it occurs AFTER a fair catch is completed, the ball is dead in
the end zone, or away from the fair catch and contact away from the fair catch is MINOR.
24
5. Any block in back after the down is over can still be a dead ball personal foul if they are flagrant or
qualify as a personal foul (forearm to the back, helmet used to deliver a blow etc) In these instances
the penalty would be a personal foul.
25
COMMUNITY COLLEGE
(THE ORGANIZATION)
Part 2
Exceptions to 2017 CCA Mechanics
26
Contents of this page will be CCFOA Exceptions to the 2017 CCA
Mechanics Manual. These minor changes are to either reflect actual
process for administrative issues or philosophies/mechanics that are
appropriate for the game at our level
Pre Game Meeting With Game Support Staff (timers, chain crews etc)
 Changed timing to interval between 35 to 50 minutes prior to kick off and will usually occur on
the field. (See page 6 of Supplemental Guidelines)
Keys on free kicks, (Team A kicking team members)

 FJ and SJ will focus on one, two and three from their respective sidelines. Player number
one will not be a point of focus unless he moves in toward field to engage the first group of
blockers. If number one is unchallenged, FJ/SJ will focus on contact that occurs with
numbers two and three. (See page 9 of Supplemental Guidelines)
Position on Scrimmage Snaps (See Page 12 Item C of Supplemental Guidelines)

 FJ/SJ will start 20 yards from line of scrimmage (not 22-24) on the majority of plays…and will
be stationed one to two yards OUTSIDE the sideline when the ball is snapped.
 BJ will be positioned 25 yards from the line of scrimmage with initial position within the
uprights of the goal posts.
 If snapped inside Team B 25 yard line, BJ will be stationed on the end line in Team B’s end
zone.
Legal Forward Pass Play

 Linesman and Line Judge will hold the line of scrimmage until pass is thrown. (See page 12
of Supplemental Guidelines)
 Ruling on backward or forward pass thrown toward the sideline will be the responsibility of
the flank official which direction the pass is thrown toward. (See page 19 of Supplemental
Guidelines)
Scrimmage Kick
 If kick goes out of bounds in flight beyond the line of scrimmage, the deep official will move to
the inbounds spot and sell the call. Referee will concentrate on the players between the
referee and umpire after the kick has been made. This is a key area for targeting fouls
against a defenseless player. (See page 11 of Supplemental Guidelines)
Spotting Football at Dead Ball Spot

 The vast majority of the game the umpire will be responsible for getting the ball spotted at the
succeeding spot. The referee generally will not spot the ball between downs. (See page 15
of Supplemental Guidelines)
27
COMMUNITY COLLEGE
(THE ORGANIZATION)
Part Three
Administrative
28
CHAIN CREW PROCEDURES
The following standard set of instructions to box men and chain crews has been adopted so that all
crews will operate under the same set of procedures in NCFA football games. Top performances by
box men and chain crewmembers are essential to the administration and conduct of games, and all
shall carefully observe these instructions.
PRE-GAME DUTIES
1. Home management is to appoint the box men and chain crews. They will wear uniforms
designated by the home school; with contrasting slip over jackets or vests to distinguish them
from game officials and other sideline occupants.
2. Chain crew personnel shall report to the Linesman and Line Judge on the field no later than
forty (40) minutes before game time. He will discuss this set of instructions thoroughly with
the chain crew. The Linesman shall then make certain the chains and the official down box
have been placed on the sideline opposite the press box, with the auxiliary box on the
other side of the field, and that all are in good working condition. If available, a spare set of
chains should be located on the Linesman’s side of the field.
3. Chainmen and box men shall meet the Linesman on the sideline opposite the press box five
(5) minutes before game time and also five (5) minutes before the end of halftime
intermission.
GAME PROCEDURES
1. Members of the chain crew must act only on the Linesman’s or Line Judge’s instructions,
not moving until signaled to do so by the Linesman, and then quickly to new positions.
Exception: The chain crew will be instructed to remain in place if they see a flag even though
signaled to move.
2. When a runner or pass receiver is going out of bounds and in his (their) immediate vicinity,
the involved chainman (and/or box man) should move backward taking the stake (or box) out
of the area to prevent possible injury to players. The chainman away from the play should
hold his spot if possible.
3. The Linesman or Line Judge will personally set the spot of all first downs by going to the
sideline and marking, while facing the field of play, the exact spot where the rear stake will be
set. The forward chainman will then be sure the chain is extended to its full length before
setting his stake.
4. The box man (chain side) on every new series of downs will set the box at, and in front of, the
rear chain stake. The clip person will place a clip on the chain at the point where the nearest
five (5) yard line intersects the chain. The box must be held in an upright position at all times
with the down correctly shown. The entire crew will back away from the sideline to the six-foot
reference points (or six feet) and reset the chains and box. The clip person will set the chain
and allow each stake person to pull the chain tight. The Linesman must impress upon the
crew the importance of accurately setting the chains straight back off the sideline.
5. The box man is to show the number of the down just completed and shall not indicate the
new down until so notified by the Linesman or Line Judge. On instruction from the Linesman
or Line Judge, he will move the box to the new position (six feet away from the sideline) with
the marker placed at the forward point of the ball and then change to the correct down.
29
6. On all measurements for a first down, when the chains are moved onto the field, the box man
(chain side) is to place his box in the spot of the front stake until a new series of downs has
been declared or the chain is returned to its previous position. Exception: If a penalty was
called on the previous play, the box must remain at the previous spot.
7. The position of the alternate box man on the press box side of the field is not official and he
will set his auxiliary box (six feet of the sideline) so that his position agrees with the official
indicator. The alternate box man is to delay moving until after the chains have been set and
the ready for play signal on the succeeding down is given by the Referee. It is important that
the box man on the side opposite the chain crew hold the previous spot on all long passes,
runs and kicks so that this spot will be available in case of need to return to it. The chain crew
will, therefore, move immediately on the Linesman’s or Line Judge’s signal, with the box
man on the opposite side of the field delaying until the ready for play signal is given and he is
sure no foul has been called on the previous play.
8. In addition to the chain and down indicator on the side away from the press box, NCAA
institutions may use a ground target marker. The ground target marker will be placed
approximately 6 inches in front of the forward stake, perpendicular and adjacent to the
sideline by the member of the chain crew carrying the front “stake” of the chain. On the press
box side, in addition to the auxiliary box at the line of scrimmage, a ground target marker will
be operated. The sideline crew member operating the auxiliary box or another person will
also be equipped with a ground target marker which will be placed on the ground
approximately 6 inches in front of the forward stake, perpendicular and adjacent to the
sideline. The auxiliary box and ground target markers will be unofficial. No additional field
markings are needed for this procedure.
9. The box men will place the down indicator the line of scrimmage (six feet off the sideline) on
all try for point situations. This will aid players and officials in determining the line of
scrimmage on plays toward the sidelines. The chains are to be laid down outside the limit
line.
10. Whenever a first down is established inside the opponents’ ten-yard line, the chains are to be
laid down outside the limit line and only the down indicator will be used. A clip should be
attached to the chain for the first down should it become necessary to return to that spot.
11. If the sideline becomes crowded and the chain crew does not have room to efficiently
discharge its duties, the crew is to notify the Linesman or Line Judge immediately so that he
may call a timeout and clear the sidelines before allowing the game to proceed.
12. If the game is delayed for any reason, the chain crew will remain with the officials.
13. Football is a game of “inches” and complete concentration of the chain crew is absolutely
necessary if it is to discharge its duties effectively. The chain crew must refrain from showing
any reaction to the events taking place on the playing field. It must be prepared to act
immediately on the instructions of the Linesman so that players, coaches, writers,
commentators and statisticians will know the exact situation concerning down and line to
gain.
30
CHAIN CREW INSTRUCTIONS
(For possible distribution to chain crew)
1. Act only on the Linesman’s or Line Judge’s instructions. Do not move until signaled to do so
by the Linesman, and then move quickly to new positions unless you see a flag.
2. When a runner or pass receiver is going out of bounds in your immediate vicinity, move
backward taking the stake (or box) out of the area to prevent possible injury to players. The
chainman away from the play should hold his spot if possible.
3. The Linesman or Line Judge will personally set the spot of the rear chain stake on all first
downs. The forward chainman will be sure the chain is extended to its full length before
setting his stake.
4. The boxman (chain side) on every new series of downs will set the box at, and in front of, the
rear chain stake. The clip person will place a clip on the chain at the point where the nearest
five (5) yard line intersects the chain. The box must be held in an upright position at all time
with the down correctly shown.
5. The entire crew will back six feet away from the sideline and reset the chains and box. The
clip person will set the chain and allow each stake person to pull the chain tight. Accurately
setting the chains straight back off the sideline is critical.
6. The boxman is to show the number of the down just completed. Do not indicate the new
down until so notified by the Linesman or Line Judge; then, move the box to the new
position with the marker placed at the forward point of the ball and then change to the correct
down.
7. On all measurements for a first down, when the chains are moved onto the field, the boxman
(chain side) is to place his box in the spot of the front stake until a new series of downs has
been declared or the chain is returned to its previous position. Exception: If a penalty was
called on the previous play, the box must remain at the previous spot.
8. The alternate boxman will set his box, six feet off the sideline, so that his position agrees with
the official indicator. The alternate boxman is to delay moving until after the ready for play
signal for the succeeding down has been given by the Referee. The alternate boxman must
hold the previous spot on all long passes, runs, kicks, and at the end of the first and third
quarters so that this spot will be available in case of need to return to it.
9. A ground target market will be placed approximately 6 inches in front of the forward stake
adjacent to the sideline by the member of the chain crew carrying the front “stake” of the
chain. The auxiliary boxman or another person will also place a ground target marker
adjacent to the sideline at the line to gain.
10. The boxmen will place the down indicator on the line of scrimmage (six feet off the sideline)
on all try for point situations. The chains are to be laid down outside the limit line.
11. Whenever a first down is established inside the opponents’ ten-yard line, the chains are to be
laid down outside the limit line and only the down indicator will be used.
12. If the sideline becomes crowded and the chain crew does not have room, notify the
Linesman or Line Judge immediately so that he may call a timeout and clear the sidelines.
13. If the game is delayed for any reason, the chain crew will remain with the officials.
14. Refrain from talking with players, coaches or other persons on the sidelines and from
showing any reaction to the events taking place on the playing field. Be prepared to act
immediately on the instructions of the Linesman.
31
BALL PERSON PROCEDURE AND INSTRUCTION
(For possible distribution to Ball Persons)
It is important that each crew instructs and work with Ball Persons uniformly throughout the season.
Consistency from all our officials is an expected mechanic. The FJ and SJ will instruct the Ball
Persons at their pregame meeting. Ball Persons must be at least 16 years of age.
The meeting with Ball Persons shall take place on the field in the home team’s bench area. This
should occur about 50 minutes before kick off. Ball Persons will be in uniform (e.g., pull over vest in
orange or red, etc.) that distinguishes them from other game administration persons.
Content of Meeting with Ball Persons (by FJ with SJ):
1) Introduce yourself and record first names of Ball Persons on your game card. Specify the side of
the field you will be working. Tell Ball Persons the name of the official working opposite you.
2) Assign persons to side of field they will be working. Try to pair an experienced person with one
with less experience. If you have more than four Ball Persons, assign extras to be 'shuttle'
runners.
3) 'Pep Talk' to Ball Persons about their importance to the orderly flow and administration of the
game. Make them feel important to the game's success. Be sure they understand the need to
focus on the game with their undivided attention without being distracted or expressing partially to
either team.
4) If raining or wet field conditions, make sure they have enough towels to aid in drying balls. Also,
we may need a new dry ball for each down when we are using 'wet ball' mechanics.
5) Give Ball Procedures to Ball Persons: (Generally each team will have their footballs on their side
of the field only. Adjust the following comments when necessary to reflect the fact that when the
ball persons “team” is on offense, you will use need him on every play!!)
a) Prior to game, FJ and SJ will need a ball from the team on their sideline for the coin toss.
b) For normal scrimmage plays, one Ball Person positioned slightly ahead of the line of
scrimmage, another Ball Person positioned 10 yards down field. Stay away from players
when possible and stay at least 6 feet from sideline when the ball is in play.
c) For free kicks, position Ball Persons near 30-yard line of receiving team for normal kickoffs
(at about 50 yard line for free kick after a safety). Adjust position if there is a penalty.
d) Ball Persons shall carry one ball from each team with them. Keep a ball of the team in
possession in throwing hand. If Ball Person is a member of a team, he will handle his team’s
footballs only.
e) When play ends on your side, come to sideline holding correct ball up and in front so official
can see it. DO NOT come onto field. Relay or hand ball to official on his request.
f) A new ball will be required when a play ends between the numbers and sideline. If ball goes
out of bounds, we will need any ball to spot at sideline. The correct ball will then be relayed
into field of play for spotting at the hash mark for the next play.
g) If ball goes out of bounds on pass or run, we will bring in a new ball from that sideline. The
other Ball Person should retrieve the old ball if necessary.
32
h) Ball Persons retrieve all balls out of bounds and some long passes away from all players and
after the play is over.
i) Tell your Ball Persons which mechanic you will use after a change of possession - ball
always coming in from the side of field with the team that will next put the ball in play.
j) After any try or successful field goal, UMP will come to side of scoring team to get a ball for
the next kickoff. Be at 15-yard line to complete this exchange. Give UMP a ball of the team
that will next kick off.
k) Try to keep at least two balls of each team on both sides of field. Use 'shuttle' persons, if
available, to keep this balance. Extra Ball Persons can assist in retrieving kicked balls after
field goals and trys, even if the ball goes into the stands.
l) Give last used ball to Ball Persons before leaving field when the first half and game ends.
m) Ball Persons will be responsible for balls at halftime. Keep balls in team bags and be ready
when officials come back onto field for 2nd half (5 minutes before 2nd half kick off). FJ will get
a ball from Ball Persons for the 2nd half kick off.
n) Instruct Ball people to make sure all balls are returned to each team in their team bags after
the game is over.
We should be consistently thorough in our meetings with the Ball Persons throughout the season.
Even with an experienced set of people, avoid rushing instructions. For new Ball people, be patient
and do not leave a point until it is understood. It is a good idea to provide newer people with a Ball
Persons Instruction Sheet for them to study.
33
40/25 Second Play Clock
Summary
The game official(s) will declare the ball dead and indicate the end of a down through one of the
following signals:
1. Raised arm held directly over his head;
2. Incomplete signal;
3. Stop the clock signal;
4. Wind the clock signal (on plays ending near the sideline)
When the end of the down is signaled, the 40 second play clock should be activated. Once activated
the 40 second play clock will run until the ball is next snapped or if the play clock runs down to :00
prior to the next snap (delay of game). The 40 second play clock will always be used after each down
unless the GAME CLOCK and game action is halted for the following situations:
A. To administer a penalty;
B. A charged team time out is taken;
C. The chains are brought on the field to measure for a first down;
D. The down ends with a change in team possession (interception, fumble recovery, kick play);
E. Try for point after a touchdown;
F. Start of a new period;
G. The first play of each series in overtime;
H. Free kick after a score (touchdown, successful field goal, or safety);
I. Offensive team’s helmet comes off;
J. Injury to offensive team player;
K. Media timeout;
L. Administrative stoppage (equipment becomes illegal, clock malfunction or reset, chains
become broken, certain situations related to 10 second run off rules)
For each of the instances in “A through L” above the GAME CLOCK and game action must be
stopped by the official(s) using the “stop the clock” signal, and at which time the play clock will be
manually set to 25 seconds. The 25 second play clock will then start ONLY with the referee’s ready
for play signal.
The 40 second play clock can be running even though the game clock has been stopped. Normal
game situations where this would occur include:
 Team A is tackled in bounds beyond the line to gain, and when the down ends (based on an
official’s “stop the clock signal”) the 40 second play clock will be set and started although the
game clock has been stopped to move the chains;
 Team A’s runner goes out of bounds, and when the down ends the official will give the “stop
the clock signal” which will stop the game clock, but the 40 second play clock is immediately
set at 40 and started;
 Team A’s forward pass is incomplete, and when the down ends with the covering officials
“incomplete” signal that signifies the game clock will stop, but the 40 second play clock will be
immediately started.
There are also situations where the down ends, the 40 second play clock is started, and then there is
a stoppage of the game clock as outlined in A through L above. In those instances the REFEREE will
give the “reset the play clock” signal which indicates the play clock should be set at 25 seconds.
34
This reset of the play clock to 25 seconds is accomplished when the referee pumps one hand upward
over his head.
This outline provides a general summary related to the 40/25 play clock and the NORMAL game
situations which will regularly be encountered during a game.
The primary consideration in relation to the play clock is the play clock normally is operated based on
40 seconds, unless one of the examples outlined in A through L occur.
It is always the responsibility of the game officials to monitor the play clock situation and insure the
timer has properly administered the play clock according to the game situation. The play clock
operator is not authorized to make changes to the play clock outside the prescribed procedures
above.
(This information was formatted based on the 2014 CCA Football Officiating Manual)
35
GAME CLOCK OPERATOR PROCEDURES
The game clock is the official game timepiece. The assigned game clock operator (Timer) will work
under supervision of the Side Judge. Timer will report to Side Judge on the home team’s sideline 40
minutes before game time for instructions.. Discuss with them procedures for field to press box
communications. This includes location of Timer in press box and location of field phones for press
box communication.
During pregame meeting, SJ gives other officials correct time. Confirm game start time and length of
halftime with home management. If TV or Radio game, coordinate with Liaison person and Referee,
making sure all agree on the number of TV/Radio timeouts per quarter and length of TV/Radio
timeouts. Tell REF and UMP when to meet with coaches. Notify crew when time to go onto the field.
Carry or wear extra watch with you during the game.
Items to cover with Game Clock Operator are:
1) Synchronize SJ's watch with Timer's watch. Make sure Timer has an extra timing device or
stopwatch if Timer needs to MANUALLY time the game by hand if game clock breaks. Field
Judge WILL NOT time game on the field. Timer must then locate himself on the sidelines near
the SJ as long as he has to manually time the game.
2) Find out if the clock is working properly. Note any problems or situations (e.g., parts of clock not
working, Timer cannot wind clock up - only down, blind spots on field, etc.). Tell Timer a horn or
buzzer should not sound when clock runs down to '00' and a play is still in progress. Horn or
buzzer should only go off after last play of a quarter is over. It may be necessary to turn off the
horn or buzzer function (if possible) to prevent it from going off prematurely.
3) Field clock is to start running down 60 minutes before game start. When the game clock reaches
one (1) minute prior to kick off for EACH half, have Timer reset to 15 minutes - normal time for a
quarter. FJ times the one-minute before kickoff for each half.
4) Discuss with Timer the standard officials’ signals that affect the clock (when to start or stop clock).
The game clock is to start or stop solely on signals from the officials. The Timer IS NOT to
anticipate a timing rule and start or stop the clock on his own.
5) When first and third quarter ends, reset clock to 15 minutes after Referee signals end of quarter
(ball held over head).
nd
6) Reset clock to 20 minutes for halftime count down immediately after the 2 quarter time expires.
After teams have cleared the field and Referee gives the Wind-the-Clock signal near goalposts,
start the 20-minute countdown. Game clock is the official device for timing halftime period.
7) Discuss how Timer will communicate to field officials when there is a clock problem. This could be
done via public address announcement. If clock is no longer official game timepiece, have Timer
come down to the field to time game. Both coaches are to be notified immediately when the game
clock breaks and time is to be kept on the field.
8) Should game clock become operative after a malfunction, SJ shall give timing duties back to
Timer. This includes telling Timer of time remaining in the half.
When SJ gets onto field before start of game, test to see if field phones are working and that SJ can
communicate with the Timer in the press box
36
GAME CLOCK OPERATOR INSTRUCTIONS
(For possible distribution to Game Clock Operators)
The Game Clock Operator should meet the Side Judge on the home team’s sideline 40 minutes
prior to kick off.
1) Synchronize your time with Side Judge's time. Carry extra timing device or stop watch in case
you need to MANUALLY time the game by hand if game clock fails to work.
2) Insure game clock is working before game. Note any problems or situations and give this
information to the Side Judge before game. If the clock has a horn or buzzer feature, make sure it
does not go off during action of the last play of a quarter. Horn or buzzer should only sound after
all action of the last play of a quarter is over (ball is dead). It may be necessary to turn off the
horn or buzzer function, if possible, to prevent the buzzer from sounding while the last play of a
quarter is in progress.
3) Start game clock running down 60 minutes before kickoff. Be ready to start this count down on
Side Judge's signal. When clock reaches one (1) minute prior to kick off for EACH half, reset
it to 15 minutes - normal time for first quarter. The Side Judge will time the minute before
kickoff to start each half.
4) Make sure you understand official signals that indicate the starting and stopping of clock.
Start or stop the clock based solely on signals from the officials. DO NOT anticipate a
timing situation and take it upon yourself to start or stop the clock.
5) Ask Side Judge if you are unsure. DO NOT anticipate clock stopping or starting. Wait to get
proper signals from field officials.
6) At the end of the first and third quarters, reset clock to 15 minutes after Referee signals end of
quarter by holding ball over his head after time runs out in a quarter and all action has stopped.
nd
7) Reset clock to 20 minutes for halftime count down immediately after the 2 quarter time expires.
After teams have cleared the field and Referee gives the Wind-the-Clock signal near goalposts,
start the 20-minute countdown. Game clock is the official time for timing halftime period.
Again, when the clock reaches one (1) minute, reset it to 15 minutes before start of the
second half.
8) During pregame meeting tell Side Judge how you will contact him should a clock problem arise.
Be prepared to come down to the field to manually time the game in case the game clock
becomes inoperative.
9) If game clock becomes operative after a malfunction, Side Judge will give timing duties back to
you. This includes you informing the officials after each play within 5 minutes remaining in the
half.
10) Be prepared for Side Judge trying to talk to you in the press box before game starts. This is to
see if field phones are working properly and the two of you can communicate during the game
should a timing problem arise.
37
COMMUNITY COLLEGE FOOTBALL OFFICIALS ASSOCIATION
PROCEDURE FOR EJECTIONS
A. Reporting An Ejection-During The Game

1. If a player is ejected from the game, the referee will take an officials time out.
2. The referee and deep official (on the offending team’s sideline) will escort the player to the
sideline.
3. Together the referee and deep official will inform the coach of the ejection, what act or action
occurred to precipitate the ejection, and the player’s number.
4. The referee must be very precise regarding the reason for the ejection. He must clearly state
if the ejection is the result of:
a. Fighting under NCAA rules;
b. A personal foul as defined by NCAA rule;
c. A personal foul deemed as a FLAGRANT ACT per “The
ORGANIZATION”/NCFA philosophy;
d. An unsportsmanlike act or the second unsportsmanlike act
5. The referee will remind the coach that by NCFA by-laws, the ejected player (or persons) must
be removed immediately from the stadium.
6. The referee will present the exact description as outlined in the four choices above, and then
return to the field to resume the game. Do not linger to have a debate or discuss the merits
of the call.
B. During The Game – Recording Unsportsmanlike Fouls.

1. If a player is called for an unsportsmanlike act, the deep official on the offending team’s
sideline will report the foul to the coach.
2. The deep official will also inform the coach that one more unsportsmanlike foul against the
same player during this game will result in an ejection by rule.
3. Whenever an unsportsmanlike foul occurs, the line judge will note the player and number on
his card regardless of who made the call. This insures that a second foul on the same player
will not be missed.
C. Reporting An Ejection - Reports Required After The Game

1. The referee will note the player ejected and the reason for the ejection on his game report
(See 4 above).
2. The referee and the official who ejected the player each will a send a brief email report
regarding the ejection.
3. These email reports will be sent to Dave Curschman (cursch@comcast.net), and Dan Romeo
(romeoref@aol.com) by 2:00 PM the day after the game.
It is critical that this information is concise and accurate regarding the reason for the ejection in order
for the NCFA to administer post game discipline. DO NOT CREATE confusion by reporting
inaccurately to the coach or in your post game reports
D. Player Actions Which Result In An Ejection:

1. Fighting under NCAA definition 2-23-1. If a player slugs, punches, or swings (even if he
misses) he will have met the criteria for fighting and will be ejected. Remember by NCAA
rule, if the opponent baited the player, he too can be ejected for fighting even though he did
not physically threaten the opponent.
2. Unsportsmanlike fouls under section 9-2-1. The second foul by the same player is an
automatic ejection under NCAA rules. A player spitting on an opponent or coach will be
ejected immediately under “The ORGANIZATION” and NCFA guidelines.
3. Personal fouls under rule 9-1-2 can be ejected if the act is deemed to be flagrant.
(Intentionally throwing an opponent to the ground after the down is over).
4. Flagrant Personal Fouls against a defenseless player as defined by “The ORGANIZATION”
and NCFA guidelines.
38
COMMUNITY COLLEGE FOOTBALL OFFICIALS ASSOCIATION
Responsibilities Of The Area Representative
The position of the Area Representative (“Area Rep”) is critical as a liaison to the independent
contractors who will be working football games for “The ORGANIZATION”. The position has a key
leadership role in assisting “The ORGANIZATION” with the implementation of the programs that will
continue the growth of each and every official and “The ORGANIZATION”.
The responsibilities of the position are listed below. In accepting this position, it is imperative that the
Area Representative is available and fulfills the requirements as defined. The communication and
integration of the education program is dependent on the Area Representatives commitment.
Development And Recruitment of Potential Officials

1. The area representative will coordinate the effort with other officials in their region to identify
potential officials who meet “The ORGANIZATION’S” guideline classification as a candidate
or prospect.
2. The area representatives will invite candidates and prospects to the OFF SEASON
MEETING as well as the Organization’s summer and in season study sessions.
3. The area representative will assign a mentor to each candidate that is brought into “The
ORGANIZATION” to facilitate the candidate’s growth and assimilation.
Area Representatives Meeting

The area representatives agree to attend the meeting typically held sometime between April and
June. The focus of this meeting is to present the area representative with the educational material for
the meetings. This includes explanation of materials and outlines.
Study Sessions
The area representative will be responsible for conducting at least 5 meetings for the purpose of
presentation of “The ORGANIZATION’S” education and training program. The responsibilities
include:
1. Securing a facility that is conducive to a meeting including adequate audiovisual equipment to
present the training tapes;
2. Setting and informing the group of the meeting date, time and location;
3. Facilitating the discussion of the material as outlined for each meeting and insures that all
information is presented;
4. Taking attendance and forwarding the information;
5. Holding 4 meetings during the summer after the Area Representative’s meeting and the
mandatory clinic.
6. Holding 1 meeting post-clinic and pre-season.
Scrimmages
1. Assign officials to cover the summer scrimmages of the NCFA member schools in the region.
2. Insure officials work the number of assignments as required by “The ORGANIZATION”.
th
3. Complete the scrimmage assignments by the 10 of August for distribution to the officials.
There will be other miscellaneous areas of involvement that “The ORGANIZATION” may request the
area representatives to be involved or assist with.
As outlined above, the responsibilities and importance of this position cannot be understated. The
position is by appointment for one year, and is not an offer of employment or other implicit contractual
obligation. The Area Representative will receive a stipend for reimbursement of expenses.
39
COMMUNITY COLLEGE
(THE ORGANIZATION)
Part Four:
CFO Philosophies
Of Officiating
40
Ball-Spotting
1. The ball can be placed on a yard line to begin the next series after a change possession. For
example, if a punt return ends with the ball between team B’s 33 and 34 yard lines, move the ball
forward to team B’s 34 yard line. At all other times, the ball is placed where it became dead.
(Exception: If the change of possession occurs on a fourth-down running or passing play, the ball will
be left at the dead-ball spot to begin the next series.)
2. If a punt is downed inside the B5 yard line, the ball will be left on that spot and NOT moved to the
nearest yard line.
Line of Scrimmage
1. Officials will work to keep offensive linemen legal and will call a foul only when obvious or when a
warning to the player and a subsequent warning to the coach are ignored. Don’t wait till the fourth
quarter to enforce the rule. (SG Page 20, D-1)
2. If the offensive player is lined up with his head clearly behind the rear end of the snapper, a foul
will be called without a warning. (SG Page 20, D-1)
3. Don’t be technical on an offensive player who is a wide receiver or slot back in determining if he is
off the line of scrimmage. When in question, it is not a foul. (SG Page 21, D-3)
4. Wide receivers or slot backs lined up outside a tight end will be ruled on the line of scrimmage and
covering the tight end if there is no stagger between their alignments. If in question, the tight end is
not covered up.
5. When in question regarding player position on movement by the defense into the neutral zone
which causes the offense to move, a player is moving toward the offensive player. This protects both
that player and the two adjacent offensive players. (SG Page 21, D-6)
6. Anytime a defensive player initially aligned tight to the line of scrimmage jumps forward and there
is a question whether he was in the neutral zone and the appropriate offensive player(s) moves, shut
the play down and penalize the defense.
7. Anytime a defensive player shoots the gap, and there is a question as to contact, err on the side of
offside and shut the play down to avoid a free shot on the quarterback. (SG Page 21, D-6)
8. Formations during the execution of a trick or unusual play have the highest degree of scrutiny and
should be completely legal. (SG Page 21, D-5)
9. When in question, a quick or abrupt movement by the center or quarterback is a false start.
Fumbles
1. When in question, the runner fumbled the ball and was not down. (SG Page 20, Item C)
2. When in question regarding whether the quarterback passed or fumbled, it will be ruled a fumble.
(However, if passing arm is above the shoulder and in throwing motion, see SG Page 15, D-7)
Defensive Pass Interference

Actions that constitute defensive pass interference include, but are not limited to, the following six
categories: (SG Page 16, Items A-F)
1. Early contact by a defender who is not playing the ball is defensive pass interference provided the
other requirements for defensive pass interference have been met, regardless of how deep the pass
is thrown to the receiver.
41
2. Playing through the back of a receiver in an attempt to make a play on the ball.
3. Grabbing and restricting a receiver’s arm(s) or body in such a manner that restricts his opportunity
to catch a pass.
4. Extending an arm across the body (arm bar) of a receiver thus restricting his ability to catch a pass,
regardless of whether or not the defender is looking for the ball.
5. Cutting off or riding the receiver out of the path to the ball by making contact with him without
playing the ball.
6. Hooking and restricting a receiver in an attempt to get to the ball in such a manner that causes the
receiver’s body to turn prior to the ball arriving.
Offensive Pass Interference

Actions that constitute offensive pass interference include but are not limited to the following four
categories: (SG Page 17, Items A-C)
1. Initiating contact with a defender by shoving or pushing off thus creating separation in an attempt to
catch a pass.
2. Driving through a defender who has established a position on the field.
3. Blocking downfield during a pass that legally crosses the line of scrimmage.
4. Picking off a defender who is attempting to cover a receiver.
Not Offensive Pass Interference

1. Offensive pass interference for blocking downfield will not be called if the passer is legally
grounding the ball out of bounds, near or beyond the sideline. (SG Page 17, Item D)
2. Offensive pass interference will not be called on a screen pass when the ball is overthrown behind
the line of scrimmage but subsequently lands beyond the expanded line of scrimmage (up to three
yards) and linemen are blocking downfield, unless such blocking prevents a defensive player from
catching the ball.
3. It is not offensive pass interference on a pick play if the defensive player is blocking the offensive
player when the contact occurs and doesn’t make a separate action, or if the contact occurs within
one yard of the line of scrimmage. (SG Page 17, Item D)
Other Passing Situations

1. When determining if an untouched pass is beyond the line of scrimmage, the neutral zone will be
expanded one yard. (SG Page 15, D-4)
2. When in question on action against the passer, it is roughing the passer if the defender’s intent is
to punish.
3. The quarterback can throw the ball anywhere if he is not under duress, except spiking the ball
straight down. The clock is not a factor. Exception: Rule 7-3-2-e allows the quarterback to spike the
ball to stop the clock.
4. An uncatchable pass must be blatantly uncatchable in order to disregard a foul for pass
interference
42
5. If the quarterback is outside the tackle box and is throwing the ball away to avoid a sack, when in
question as to whether the ball is beyond the neutral zone, it is beyond the line. Don’t be technical.
6. If the passer is contacted after he starts his passing motion, then it may be ruled no intentional
grounding due to this contact.
7. If the passer is contacted clearly before he starts his passing motion, then there will be a foul for
intentional grounding if there is no eligible receiver in the vicinity or if the pass does not reach the line
of scrimmage after the quarterback has been outside the tackle box.
8. If an interception is near the goal line (inside the one yardline) and there is a question as to
whether possession is gained in the field of play or end zone, make the play a touchback. (SG Page
16, Item E)
9. If the passer is legally throwing the ball away out of bounds, near or beyond the sideline, do not
penalize the offense for having ineligible players downfield.
Blocking
1. Takedowns at the point of attack, those in the open field, within the tackle box and affecting the
result of the play create special focus and should be called in those situations. (SG Page 18,
Background Item 3)
2. If there is a potential offensive holding but the action occurs clearly away from the point of attack
and has no (or could have no) effect on the play, offensive holding should not be called.
3. If there is a potential for defensive holding but the action occurs clearly away from the point of
attack and has no (or could have no) effect on the play, defensive holding should not be called.
Example: A defensive back on the opposite side of the field holding a wide receiver on a designed
run play to the other side.
4. For blocks in the back, if one hand is on the number and the other hand is on the side and the
initial force is on the number, it is a block in the back. The force of the block could be slight and still a
foul if the contact propels the player past the runner or prevents him from making the play. If the
force is clearly on the side, it is not a foul. If the blocker is in a “chase mode” all the action must be on
the side. (SG Page 21, Item E)
5. Blocks that start on the side and subsequently end up in the back are not fouls as long as contact
is maintained throughout the block or forcible contact that involves player safety.
6. Blocks in the back that occurs at or about the same time a runner is being tackled shall not be
called, unless they are personal foul in nature.
7. A grab of the receiver’s jersey that materially restricts the receiver and takes away his feet should
be defensive holding if other criteria are met, and could also be defensive pass interference.
8. Holding can be called even if the quarterback is subsequently sacked and there is an element of
time between the foul and the tackle..
9. Illegal block in the back can still be called on fair catches, but not if the illegal block occurs away
from the play as the fair catch is being made or the touchback occurs and contact is slight (personal
foul type actions should always be called). (SG Page 21, Item E)
10. Blocks in the back that are personal fouls in nature should be called regardless of their timing
relative to the runner being tackled.
43
11. Rarely should you have a hold on a double team block unless there is a takedown or the defender
breaks the double team and is pulled back. (SG Page 19, end of page)
12. When in question if an illegal block occurs in the end zone or field of play, it occurs in the field of
play.
Kicking Play
1. The kicker’s restraining line on onside and short pooch kickoffs should be officiated as a plane.
Any player (other than the kicker or holder) breaking the plane before the ball is kicked should be
called for offside. (SG Page 14, Item I-A)
2. On a kickoff that results in a touchback, there is no foul for an illegal wedge formation.
3. Illegal block in the back can be called on fair catches, but not if the illegal block occurs away from
the play as the fair catch is being made, or the play results in a touchback and contact is slight. (Note:
Personal fouls should always be called.)
4. Blocks in the back that are personal fouls should be called regardless of their timing relative to a
fair catch.
5. It shall always be roughing the kicker if there is forcible contact to the plant leg, whether that leg is
on the ground or not. It shall be running into the kicker if a defender simply "runs through" the kicking
leg. (SG Page 14, Item II-A)
6. All other contact shall be based on the severity and the potential for injury to the kicker.
7. When in question a foul by the receiving team on a scrimmage kick occurs AFTER the kick.
Plays at the Sideline

1. If legal contact occurs before the runner has a foot down out of bounds, consider it a legal hit. (SG
Page 15, C-1) If the runner has obviously given himself up very near the sideline and the forcible
contact is an attempt to punish, a foul should be called.
2. If the whistle has blown and a runner continuing to advance down the sideline has eased up,
contact by the opponent against the runner is a foul. Officials should be alert and be sure any action
is not part of the initial play before calling a foul.
3. When in question as to whether the runner stepped out of bounds, officials should rule the runner
did not step out of bounds.
4. Substitution mechanics will be used in a situation in which a play ends with Team A players going
out of bounds into their own team area.
Scoring Plays
1. When in question, it is not a touchdown.
2. When in question, it is not a safety.
3. A non--airborne runner crossing the goal inside the pylon with the ball crossing the goal line
extended is a touchdown.
44
Personal Fouls
1. If action is deemed to be “fighting,” the player must be disqualified.
2. When in question if an act is a flagrant personal foul or fighting, the player is not fighting.
3. Players committing flagrant personal fouls must be disqualified.
3. When in question regarding hits away from the ball near the end of the play, consider it a dead-ball
rather than live-ball foul.
Unsportsmanlike Conduct
1. Allow for brief, spontaneous, emotional reactions at the end of a play.
2. Beyond the brief, spontaneous bursts of energy, officials should flag those acts that are clearly
prolonged, self-congratulatory, and that make a mockery of the game.
3. A list of specifically prohibited acts is in Rule 9-2-1 (a) thru (h). That list is intended to be illustrative
and not exhaustive. All agree that when those acts are clearly intended to taunt or demean, they
should be penalized.
4. Spitting on an opponent requires disqualification. (SG Page 15, C-5)
Game Clock
1. Any time loss due to the clock being started erroneously, such as when a dead-ball foul is called,
the clock must be adjusted.
2. As a guideline, referees should consider invoking Rule 3-4-3 when the game clock is under five
minutes of each half.
3. When in question, whether an UNS is a live ball or dead ball act, it is a dead ball foul.
Miscellaneous
• The ankle or wrist are considered part of the foot or hand, respectively and do not make a runner
down
45

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COMMUNITY COLLEGE

FOOTBALL OFFICIALS ASSOCIATION

7-Man Mechanics (Exceptions)

2017 SUPPLEMENTAL GUIDELINES AND PHILOSOPHIES

This Manual is divided into four parts.

Part 1: THE ORGANIZATION’s philosophies regarding mechanics and rules applications.

Part 2: Mechanics exceptions to the 2017 CCA Mechanics Manual

Part 3: Duties of game-support personnel and ejection protocol

Part 4: CFO Philosophies of Officiating

PART 1, SECTION 1 – MECHANICS PHILOSOPHIES PAGE

I. Prior to Kick Off

II. Free Kicks

III. Scrimmage Kicks

IV. Scrimmage Plays

V. General Game Situations

II. Scrimmage Kicks

III. Scrimmage Plays

IV. General Game Situations

Part 2 – EXCEPTIONS TO 2017 CCA MECHANICS 26

Part 4 – CFO PHILOSOPHIES OF OFFICIATING

Section 1: Mechanics Philosophies

Section 2: Rules Philosophies

I. Prior To Kick Off

All Officials – General Timelines

(Time represents prior to scheduled kickoff).

2 hours 15 mins Arrive At Stadium

B. Responsibilities Following the Pre-Game Conference

C. Pre-Game on the Field

E. Toss of the Coin-Procedure

II. Free Kicks

B. Responsibility For The Kick Prior To Possession

III. Scrimmage Kicks

B. Coverage for Fake or Broken Field Goal/PAT

D. Blocked Scrimmage Kick

E. Other Play Situations During A Scrimmage Kick Play

IV. Scrimmage Plays

B. Cross Field Mechanics

C. Position Prior To The Snap

D. Pass Plays – Flank Officials

E. Intentional Grounding To Save Loss Of Yardage -

V. General Game Situations

The goal and purpose of fade mechanics are the following:

B. Reverse Fade Mechanics – Change of Team Possession

C. GAME TEMPO – SPEEDING UP THE GAME

3. After a change of possession, if the team on your sideline is going to be on defense, be

All Officials - Interval Prior To Free Kick

D. Team B Opportunity To Counter Team A Substitutions.

PART 1, SECTION 2 – RULES Philosophies

B. Game Clock - Error In Timing

II. Scrimmage Kicks

A. Roughing Or Running Into Kicker

III. Scrimmage Plays

B. Excessive Team B Players

C. Action Near The Sideline Or Out of Bounds – Legal Contact

D. Legal Forward Pass Play

E. Momentum – All Situations

F. Pass Interference – Judgment Criteria