Jordan Academy For Quality Management

Six Sigma White Belt
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JAQM 1
Jordan Academy for Quality Management
All rights reserved © JAQM www.jaqm.net
JAQM
Jordan Academy for
Quality Management
Creating Quality Culture
JAQM 2
Six Sigma
White Belt
Presented by
Eng. Yousuf F. Fraihat, CSSBB
JAQM 3
What will be covered Six Sigma White Belt
1. Understanding Six Sigma

2. Basic Statistics for Six Sigma
3. Standard Normal Distribution
4. Process Capability and Sigma Level
5. DMAIC Methodology
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Understanding
Six Sigma
JAQM 5
Understanding SS Six Sigma White Belt
What is Six Sigma?

Six Sigma is a structured methodology that provides the
required tools and techniques to improve the capability and
reduce the defects rate for any existing process.
JAQM 6
Main goal of Six Sigma

• Identify and eliminate variation, defects, and
non-value-added activities to produce products
and services BETTER, FASTER and CHEAPER.
• Reduce operations COST and improve revenue.
JAQM 7
Motorola
Cumulative saving of $14 Billion
over 11 years
JAQM 8
General Electric
Saved $2 Billion in just 3 years
JAQM 9
AlliedSignal
now Honeywell
Saved about $600 million in 7 years.
Reduced lead time from 42 to 33
months.
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Statistical Meaning of
Six Sigma
JAQM 11
Statistical Meaning of Six Sigma (6σ)

• Six (6) is the quality level we are aiming to achieve.
• Sigma (σ) is the Greek letter used to represent
standard deviation in statistics. It is the measure of a
process variation.
• Six sigma (6σ) is to reduce the process variation
enough such that to only have 3.4 defects out of one
million.
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Statistical Meaning of Six Sigma

Six Sigma is to reduce defects rate in any existing process
to the level of 3.4 DPMO.
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Six Sigma Belts
JAQM 14
Six Sigma Belts & Roles

White Belt: Understands basic Six Sigma concepts from an
awareness perspective, and can be a six sigma project team
member to collect and describe data.
Yellow Belt: Participates as a project team member. Supports in

process improvements and descriptive statistics.
Green Belt: Conduct data analysis with inferential statistics for

Black Belt projects. GB can lead reasonable projects.
JAQM 15
Six Sigma Belts & Roles

Black Belt: Leads big six sigma projects. Green belts refer to BB in
certain problem. Develop key metrics and the strategic direction.
Trains green belts and project teams. BB acts as a consultant for
six sigma projects.
Master Black Belt: Trains and coaches Black Belts and Green
Belts. Develop key metrics and the strategic direction. MBB has a
wide six sigma experience.
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Basic Statistics
for Six Sigma
JAQM 17
Stat for SS Six Sigma White Belt
What is Statistics?
Scientific application of mathematical principles to the
collection, analysis, and presentation of data to get the required
information and to understand and describe process variation.
According to the ASA: American Statistical Association
JAQM 18
Data Types
Data comes in different shapes and sizes. If you know what kind of data
you have, you can then figure out what type of analysis and what tools
or methods you need to use in your Six Sigma project.
Data values will be placed into one of the two following types:
• Attribute data
• Variable data
JAQM 19
Data Collection Tools
• Historical data
• Observation
• Surveys
• Interviews
JAQM 20
Data Description
Numerical Description
• Mean
• Standard Deviation
• Range
JAQM 21
Numerical Description
Mean
The mean (average) is equal to the sum of all the values in a

data set divided by the number of values in that data set.
JAQM 22
Standard Deviation SD or S
It is the measure of how far a set of numbers is spread out. A
zero SD indicates that all the values are identical. SD is always
non-negative.
SD , S = Sample
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Range R
The difference between the max and the min observations.
Range R = Max obs. – Min. obs.
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Standard Normal
Distribution
JAQM 25
Standard Normal Distribution Six Sigma White Belt
Normal Distribution
The Normal distribution has the
shape of a “bell curve” with 
parameters  and  that determine
the center and the spread of the
data set.
JAQM 26
Normal Distribution
The parameter μ is the mean (location of the peak)
and σ is the standard deviation.
JAQM 27
Characteristics of the
Standard Normal Distribution
1. Has a Bell Shape Curve

2. It is Symmetric around the mean: two halves of the curve
are the same (mirror images)
3. The total area under the curve is 1 (or 100%)
JAQM 28
Characteristics of the
4. About 68 % of the data set fall within one standard
deviation of the mean.
5. About 95% of the data set fall within 2 standard
deviations of the mean.
6. About 99.7% of the data set fall within 3 standard

deviations of the mean.
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σ σ σ σ σ σ
JAQM 30
Standard Normal
Distribution
The standard normal
distribution is a normal =1
distribution with a mean
of 0 and a standard
deviation of 1.
=0
JAQM 31

With a normal distribution, we use "X" to denote the
variable of interest (e.g., X=height, X=weight). But,
when using a standard normal distribution, we will
use "Z" to refer to that variable.
JAQM 32
Why to use Standard

Normal Distribution
It will be difficult and tedious to do the
calculus every time we have a new set
of parameters for μ and σ.
JAQM 33
Why to use Standard

Normal Distribution
Rather than directly solve a problem involving
normally distributed variable X with μ and σ, an
indirect approach is used, which is the
standardization.
JAQM 34
Standardization
Is to transform a non-standard normal

distribution X ∼ N(μ, σ2 ), into a standard
normal distribution, Z ~ N(0,1)
JAQM 35
Standardization
 1
 0
X score Z score
JAQM 36
Standardization
Is to use the standard deviation as the
measurement unit, which represents the
degree to which a given measurement deviates
from the mean.
JAQM 37
Z- Score
To transform the random variable X to a Z-score,
use the following formula
value − mean x − 
z= =
St.Dev 
JAQM 38
z - table
• There are many normal distributions, each with its
own mean and standard deviation.
• If each data value of a normally distributed random

variable X is transformed into a standard z-score, the
result will be the standard normal distribution.
• z – scores are tabulated in the z – table.
JAQM 39
Process Capability &

Sigma Level
JAQM 40
Process Capability & Sigma Level Six Sigma White Belt
What is Process?
Interrelated activities connected with each other in a
certain way to transform inputs into outputs
JAQM 41
Process Variation
• Deviation from intended or designed output
• Variation occurs when there are differences in multiple
outputs for the same process.
• Process variation is the main cause of quality problems,
whether service or production processes.
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Variation defines the “sigma” level
JAQM 43
Types of Process Variation

Common Causes: Causes of variation that are inherent in
the process hour after hour, day after day, and affect every
occurrence of the process.
Special Causes: Causes that are not in the process all the
time or do not affect every occurrence but arise because of
special circumstances.
JAQM 44
JAQM 45
Process Capability
Process capability refers to the ability of a process to meet
the specifications set by the customer or by the organization.
Process capability answers the question of how well our
process meets our customer’s specifications.
JAQM 46
Process Capability
Process capability study is based on the
SL and CL:
• Specification Limits: are set by the

customer. These are the “customer
requirements”
• Control Limits: are obtained by
applying statistical rules on the data
generated by the process. These are
the “reality”.
JAQM 47
Process Capability
Process capability compares the output of a process to
the specification limits by using capability indices, such as
Cp and Cpk .
The comparison is made by forming the ratio of the
spread between the customer specification limits to the
process limits (control limits).
JAQM 48
Process Capability
JAQM
S = R-bar/d2 49
JAQM 50
Sigma Level
Sigma level using the process capability
Sigma level = 3 * Cpk
JAQM 51
Process Capability
Workshop Sample x1 x2 x3
Find Cp and Cpk for this 1 10 9 10

process knowing that
2 11 8 10
USL is 12 and LSL is 6
3 10 9 9
Then find the sigma
level for this process. 4 9 10 9
JAQM 52
DMAIC Methodology
JAQM 53
DMAIC Six Sigma White Belt
Define Phase:
Define the project problem, opportunity for improvement,
the project objectives, and customer (internal and external)
requirements.
• Process Management
• Project Management
JAQM 54
Measure Phase:
Measure the process current performance
• Process Capability Cpk, Ppk

• DPMO
• Sigma Level
• Cost of Quality
• MSA
JAQM 55
Analyze Phase:
Analyze and determine the root cause(s) of the defects.
• Determine Root Cause(s) of low performance

• Test of Hypothesis
• Y=f(x) Relationship
JAQM 56
Improve Phase:
Find a solution to Improve the process performance by
eliminating defects and their root causes.
• Lean Principles
• QFD
• ANOVA
• DOE
JAQM 57
Control Phase:
Sustain improvements and control future process
performance
• Implement Statistical Process Control (SPC)

• Control Plan
JAQM 58
JAQM Six Sigma White Belt
Thank You
Quality is a non-ending
Journey
JAQM 59

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Six Sigma White Belt

Six Sigma White Belt

Eng. Yousuf F. Fraihat, CSSBB

What will be covered Six Sigma White Belt

1. Understanding Six Sigma

Understanding SS Six Sigma White Belt

What is Six Sigma?

Main goal of Six Sigma

Understanding SS Six Sigma White Belt

Saved $2 Billion in just 3 years

Understanding SS Six Sigma White Belt

Understanding SS Six Sigma White Belt

Statistical Meaning of Six Sigma (6σ)

Statistical Meaning of Six Sigma

Understanding SS Six Sigma White Belt

Six Sigma Belts

Six Sigma Belts & Roles

Yellow Belt: Participates as a project team member. Supports in

Green Belt: Conduct data analysis with inferential statistics for

Understanding SS Six Sigma White Belt

Six Sigma Belts & Roles

Stat for SS Six Sigma White Belt

According to the ASA: American Statistical Association

Stat for SS Six Sigma White Belt

Data Collection Tools

Stat for SS Six Sigma White Belt

The mean (average) is equal to the sum of all the values in a

Stat for SS Six Sigma White Belt

Range R = Max obs. – Min. obs.

Standard Normal Distribution Six Sigma White Belt

Standard Normal Distribution Six Sigma White Belt

1. Has a Bell Shape Curve

6. About 99.7% of the data set fall within 3 standard

Standard Normal Distribution Six Sigma White Belt

Standard Normal Distribution Six Sigma White Belt

Standard Normal Distribution

Why to use Standard

Standard Normal Distribution Six Sigma White Belt

Why to use Standard

Is to transform a non-standard normal

Standard Normal Distribution Six Sigma White Belt

Standard Normal Distribution Six Sigma White Belt

• If each data value of a normally distributed random

• z – scores are tabulated in the z – table.

Six Sigma White Belt

Process Capability &

Process Capability & Sigma Level Six Sigma White Belt

Variation defines the “sigma” level

Process Capability & Sigma Level Six Sigma White Belt

Types of Process Variation

Process Capability & Sigma Level Six Sigma White Belt

• Specification Limits: are set by the

Process Capability & Sigma Level Six Sigma White Belt

Process Capability & Sigma Level Six Sigma White Belt

Process Capability & Sigma Level Six Sigma White Belt

Find Cp and Cpk for this 1 10 9 10

DMAIC Six Sigma White Belt

• Process Capability Cpk, Ppk

DMAIC Six Sigma White Belt

• Determine Root Cause(s) of low performance

DMAIC Six Sigma White Belt

• Implement Statistical Process Control (SPC)

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