ASSESSMENT OF AGGREGATES COLLECTED IN QUARRIES OF

BARANGAY MALATGAO AND BARANGAY TERRESA NARRA, PALAWAN

JOSHUA B. DELGADO
RAYMUNDO D. SERNA II
PRINCE EMMEL S. DEL ROSARIO

A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

MARCH 2022
 ACCEPTANCE PAGE

The thesis attached hereto, entitled ASSESSMENT OF AGGREGATES

COLLECTED IN QUARRIES OF BARANGAY MALATGAO AND
BARANGAY TERRESA NARRA, PALAWAN, prepared and submitted by
JOSHUA BONBON DELGADO, RAYMUNDO D. SERNA, PRINCE EMMEL
S. DEL ROSARIO in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING is hereby accepted.

ENGR. JOHN F. QUILLOPE ENGR. JOSE ZUMARRAGA

Panel, Committee Member Panel, Committee Member

_____________________ ____________________
Date Signed Date Signed

ENGR. RYAN A. LIMCO ENGR. MARIA FE V. ADIER

Panel, Committee Chair Thesis Adviser

_____________________ ____________________
Date Signed Date signed

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of BACHELOR

OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

DR. MARIBEL B. PENEYRA

Dean

___________________________
Date Signed
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We would like to express my sincere gratitude to our adviser Engr. Maria Fe

V. Adier for continuous support of our study and research. Her expertise in the field

and for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge are much

appreciated. Her guidance helped me a lot with the research and writing of this

thesis. Thank you for the panel members for their valuable comments and

suggestions during the oral defense.

Also, we would like to thank friends that helped me finished with our studies and

experiments on time.

For our family who always there and believe in everything I do, thank you so

much.

To God be the glory!

J.B.D.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The completion of this undertaking could not have been possible without the

participation and assistance of so many people whose name may not all be

enumerated. Their contributions are sincerely appreciated and gratefully

acknowledged.

To all relatives, friends and others who in one way or another shared their

support, either morally, financially, and physically, thank you.

Also, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to our adviser Engr. Maria

Fe V. Adier for continuous support of our study and research. Her expertise in the

field and for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge are

much appreciated.

Above all, to the Great Almighty, the author of knowledge and wisdom, for

his countless love.

Thank you!

P.E.S.D.R
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere and heartfelt

gratitude to our research supervisor Engr. Maria Fe Adier for her constant guidance

and regular interaction throughout our research work.

Also, I cannot express enough thanks to my fellow researcher who helped and

support us finish this study.

To my family, thank you for always giving me a great encouragement when

the times rough. It was great comfort and relief to know that you are willing to

provide my needs to complete my work.

Finally, I would like to thank God for letting me for all difficulties. I will keep

trusting in You for my future.

R.D.S. II
 ABSTRACT

DELGADO, JOSHUA B., SERNA, RAYMUNDO II D., DEL ROSARIO,

PRINCE EMMEL S. College of Engineering and Technology, Western Philippines
University, Aborlan, Palawan, March 2022. ASSESSMENT OF AGGREGATES
COLLECTED IN QUARRIES OF BARANGAY MALATGAO AND
BARANGAY TERRESA NARRA, PALAWAN

Adviser: Engr. Maria Fe V. Adier

Aggregate is the most fundamental and widely used component of

construction. As the main load carrying component of unbound and bituminous and

Portland cement concretes, the aggregate must be clean, hard, sound, durable,

resistant to abrasion, uniform in quality and free of any detrimental quantities of soft,

friable, thin, elongated or laminated pieces, disintegrated material, alkali or other

deleterious substance. The general objective of the study is to evaluate the quality of

aggregates in quarries of barangay Malatgao and barangay Terresa Narra, Palawan.

The researchers will test the physical properties of each quarry’s aggregates such as

the density and the water absorption. Also, the researchers will determine the particle

size distribution by sieve analysis and to conduct the abrasion test for the aggregates.

It will be collected 15 meters away from every sample site on the river bed. The

researchers will be conducting at Western Philippines University, College of

Engineering and Technology Laboratory. Descriptive statistics will be use analyze the

data to be gathered and will be compared to the ASTM standards of aggregates.

Keyword: abrasion test, aggregate, quarry

 Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Aggregates is the most mined materials in the world. Aggregates are a

component of composite materials such as concrete and asphalt; the aggregate serves

as reinforcement to add strength to the overall composite material. Construction

aggregate, or simply aggregate, is a broad category of coarse- to medium-grained

particulate material used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag,

recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Due to the relatively high hydraulic

conductivity value as compared to most soils, aggregates are widely used in drainage

applications such as foundation and drains, septic drain fields, retaining wall drains,

and roadside edge drains. Aggregates are also used as base material under

foundations, roads, and railroads. That is why in this study the researchers will

conduct an assessment of aggregate collected in quarries of Barangay Malatgao and

Barangay Terresa Narra, Palawan.

The percentage wear of the sample aggregates due to rubbing with steel balls

is determined and is known as Los Angeles Abrasion Value. Abrasion Test is the

measure of aggregate toughness and abrasion resistance such as crushing,

degradation and disintegration. This testing also offers insight into how asphalt and

concrete aggregates will stand up to wear and tear over time. It’s also a good indicator

of changing properties in an aggregate source as part of quality control or quality

assurance program. This test is suggested by AASHTO T 96 or ASTM C 131:

Resistance to

Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in Los Angeles

Machine.
Significance of the study

This study assessment of aggregate to be collected in barangay Malatgao and

barangay Terresa quarries of Narra, Palawan. Abrasion testing determines the

relative quality, toughness, and durability of mineral aggregates subjected to impact

and abrasion. Also, the study serves as the opportunity for the researcher to gain

knowledge for the assessment of aggregate in developing new materials for

construction industries.

Objective of the study

The general objective of the study is to evaluate the quality of aggregates in

quarries of barangay Malatgao and barangay Terrasa Narra, Palawan.

Specifically, it will address the following:

1. Determine the physical properties of aggregates such as: density and water

absorption.

2. Determine the particle size distribution by sieve analysis.

3. Perform abrasion test for the aggregates.

4. Identify which quarry have a good quality.

Place and Duration of the Study

The study will be conducted at College of Engineering and Technology,

Western Philippines University, Narra, Palawan. The study will be conducted from

March 2022 to August 2022.

Scope and Limitation

The study will focus only to the determination of physical properties of

aggregates such as the density and water absorption. The determination of the
particle size distribution by sieve analysis. Performing abrasion test for the

aggregates and to identify which quarry have a good quality in Narra, Palawan.

Operational Definition of Terms

AASHTO – American Association of State Highways and Transportation Officials.

Abrasion - The process of scraping or wearing something away.

Pneumatic Tire – Is made of an airtight inner core filled with pressurized air.

Aggregates – A material or structure formed from a loosely compacted mass of

fragments or particles.

Physical Property – Is any property that is measurable, whose value describes a state

of a physical system.

Density – Degree of consistency measured by the quantity of mass per unit volume.

Water Absorption – The amount of water absorbed by a material and is calculated as

the ratio of the weight of water absorbed to the weight of dry material.

Particle Size Distribution – A list of values or the mathematical function that defines

the relative amount, typically by mass, of particles present according to size.

Sieve – A practice or procedure used in civil engineering and chemical engineering to

assess the particle size distribution of the granular material by allowing yhr material

to pass through.

Quarry – A place, typically a large, deep pit, from which stone or other materials are

or have been extracted.

 Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Abrasion Test is the measure of aggregate toughness and abrasion resistance

such as crushing, degradation and disintegration. This test is suggested by AASHTO

96 or ASTM C 131: Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by

Abrasion and Impact in Los Angeles Machine.

Aggregate

This paper compares the European (EN) and US (ASTM) standard methods

for the MD test. For comparison, MD tests were conducted on six different natural

aggregates and four different by-products according to different standards. Three

types of limestone, two types of basalt and one boulder were used as natural

aggregates, and three types of Electric Arc Furnace steel slag and one Ferrochrome

slag were selected as by-products. Physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of

the aggregates were also determined. The test results show that both methods

produce different mass losses with different aggregate type and grain size. The

percentage loss in mass which is referred to as Micro Deval Coefficient “MDC” with

EN 1097-1 method is higher than all gradations of ASTM method except for

Ferrochrome slag. Moreover, the results obtained with ASTM test method show that

MDC values are increasing with increase of grain size in natural aggregates but, this

tendency is not observed in slags (Slam, G.V. et al., 2016).

Aggregate is widely used in civil engineering and road engineering. It existed

as skeletons that will fill in the asphalt mixture, including the rubble, gravel and

machine-made sand, crushed stone, sand and so on. According to the test methods of

Aggregate for Highway Engineering (JTG E42-2005) published by Ministry of

Communications of the PRC, coarse aggregate referred to gravel, crushed gravel,

screening gravel, slag and so on. The particle size was greater than 2.36 mm in the

asphalt mixture. The researchers in different countries used different technical

indexes and test methods to measure abrasion value, such as Deval abrasion method,

Los Angeles abrasion method and Dory integrate test. Due to the impact value,

Dorian abrasion value and Los Angeles abrasion value had a strong correlation, the

coarse aggregate abrasion value was widely used in China as one of the most

important mechanical indexes of road building and designing, to reflect the rutting

resistance, abrasion resistance and durability of asphalt concrete pavement. However,

this method had its own defects when the Los Angeles abrasion value was only used

in the test. Los Angeles abrasion test obtained aggregate abrasion value in dry

condition considering the impact of steel ball and the aggregate. It could identify the

property of impact resistance, edge shear and friction resistance, rather than pure

abrasion (Jiang feng, et al., 2018).

Coarse aggregate has notable influence on concrete properties. The

Sustainability in concrete is generally achieved through reduced mining of natural

resources required for the manufacturing of its basic constituents, by recycling of

suitable industrial by-products or post-consumer materials including construction

and demolition waste (CDW). CDW is composed of several materials depending on

its locality of the origin. Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is obtained by crushing

the concretized components of CDW. RCA is inhomogeneous with respect to its

dynamic properties unlike natural coarse aggregate (NCA). A pavement concrete has

to possess a proper strength and adequate abrasion resistance to resist surface

wearing due to a moving traffic. This study presents the influence of using RCA as a

replacement of NCA in paving concrete. Two series of concrete mixes, at two different

water-cement ratios, that is, 0.44 and 0.38, were used in this study. The study

exhibited that RCA reduces the abrasion resistance significantly yet it could be

effectively used in pavement concrete (Rakesh Kumar, 2017).

 Aggregate is the most fundamental and widely used component of

construction. It is used as an unbound material which constitutes about 100% of the

volume of base courses, 95 to 93% of the volume of asphalt and about 85 to 75% of

the volume of Portland cement concrete. Aggregate is exposed to a number of

physical and chemically degrading forces during processing, transporting, and

construction. As the main load carrying component of unbound and bituminous and

Portland cement concretes, the aggregate must be clean, hard, sound, durable,

resistant to abrasion, uniform in quality and free of any detrimental quantities of soft,

friable, thin, elongated or laminated pieces, disintegrated material, alkali or other

deleterious substance. For assesing the abrasion resistance of aggregates, the most

common method is the Los Angeles abrasion and impact test (LAAI) which

determines the relative competence or resistance to abrasion of the aggregates (Ugur

S. Demirdag, et al., 2010).

Abrasion Test

The abrasion mode couldn’t truly reflect the abrasion resistance ability of

aggregate. It could indirectly reflect the abrasion effect between tires and pavement.

The dry condition was not consistent with the actual environment of the aggregate. It

had been proved that water was one of the main reasons for the failure of asphalt

concrete pavement. Water could invade the interface between aggregate and asphalt

which led to the loss of adhesion and the loss of asphalt concrete pavement. It was

difficult to avoid water during the pavement service due to the rain soaked, snow and

ice melt and so on. Thus, it was necessary to conduct research on the anti-friction

performance of aggregate in moisturized condition (Jiangfeng W.Y., et al., 2018).

Abrasion resistance of pervious concrete was evaluated on core and cast

specimens by using the Rotating-Cutter method and the Impact Abrasion method.

Sixteen mixtures were produced using limestone, pea gravel, and recycled concrete
aggregate, and up to 30% of cement was replaced by ground granulated blast-furnace

slag. The analysis of the core specimens indicated that the Impact Abrasion method

had a low within-test coefficient of variation and was able to differentiate among

mixtures. The use of recycled aggregate and ground granulated blast-furnace slag did

not have a detrimental effect on the abrasion resistance of pervious concrete (Cristián

G.A., et al., 2014).

The main aim of the present study was to recommend ways and means to

upgrade abrasion resistance of concrete made of low quality aggregates to acceptable

levels on the basis of laboratory experimental investigations. The variables of the

study were grade of concrete, type & quantity of pozzolana, type of aggregate, cement

type and age of concrete. Various mixtures of concrete were designed and cast using

different cements and pozzolanas. Three types of aggregates with three different Los

Angeles (L.A.) values (less than 30%, between 30% and 50% and more than 50%)

were employed in the study. A total of 90 cylindrical specimens were tested as per

ASTM C 1138 procedure in this study to evaluate the abrasion resistance of concrete.

Several companion cubes were also tested for evaluating the compressive strength of

various mixes. The results indicate that while the abrasion resistance of concrete

depends upon the properties of aggregates, no direct correlation exists between the

L.A. abrasion of aggregates and the abrasion resistance of resulting concrete. The

abrasion resistance of concrete degrades considerably once the L.A. value of

aggregates goes beyond 30%. Incorporation of pozzolanic admixtures in concrete mix

improves the abrasion resistance of resulting concrete with maximum benefits being

observed in case of silica fume. Important observations have also been made about

the influence of age of concrete and type of cement (Sharma U.K., et al, 2014)

Quarry

The Israeli quarry industry produces 57 Mt of raw material and 4–6 Mt of

associated sub-economical by-products annually. These sub-economical quarry fines

are not used because production and transportation costs considerably exceed their

retail value. Therefore, these by-products, are stored in large piles of fine grain size

particles, create environmental risks to their surroundings. This paper evaluates the

possibility of mixing the sub-economical quarry by-products of two Israeli quarries

with sub-economical Class F coal fly ash (<20 wt.% CaO) to form an economical

aggregate sand substitute to be used as a concrete filler product.

To study the feasibility of the aggregate as partial substitute to sand in

concrete several analyses, including leaching experiments (EN12457-2), analytical

techniques (SEMEDX, ICP-MS, ICP-AES, and XRD), as well as an analysis of the

mechanical and chemical properties of the concrete aggregate (strength, workability,

and penetration) were performed. Scrubbing quarry waste with coal fly ash was found

to be very effective for reducing the leaching rate of potentially harmful trace

elements. In addition, adding fly ash with quarry fines as partial substitute to sand

enhanced the performance of the concrete mixture and the properties of the fresh and

harden concrete (Roy Nir L.Y., et al., 2018).

The use of waste materials such as fly ash and quarry dust in the building

construction process is explored in this paper. The coarse aggregate prepared using

quarry dust and fly ash by cold bonding process is used for the making of concrete.

The mechanical properties of the concrete, namely, compressive strength, splitting

tensile strength and modulus of elasticity are determined. The variables considered

are aggregate ratio, water binder ratio, temperature ratio and type of aggregate. For

cold bonded aggregate concrete, it is found that the strength of the concrete is

completely lost when exposed to certain limiting temperature. The limiting

temperature is different for fly ash aggregate and quarry dust aggregate concrete. The

limiting temperature of fly ash aggregate concrete is 300 °C and that of quarry dust

aggregate concrete is 400 °C. This is due to the variation in the agglomeration

process of fly ash and quarry dust in cold bonding process. The scanning electron
microgram of spit aggregate on the cracked face of the specimen shows the evidences

of formation and expansion of cavities due to the exposure to high temperature. The

multiple regression models for the prediction of mechanical properties are developed.

The present study gives an insight to the end users regarding the scope of the

utilization of cold bonded aggregates in construction exposed to temperature (Job

Thomasa B. Harilalb, 2016).

The aim of this research is to assess the durability performance of concrete

containing various percentages of fine aggregates produced from the waste generated

by the marble quarrying industry (0%, 20%, 50% and 100% of the total volume of

fine aggregates). The workability and bulk density of fresh concrete were measured

and the water absorption by capillary action and immersion, together with the

carbonation, chloride penetration and drying shrinkage of hardened concrete, were

determined.

It was concluded that the durability properties of concrete containing fine

aggregates of granite, basalt and river sand tend to improve, remain constant and

decrease, respectively, with the incorporation of fine aggregates from marble

quarrying waste. However, these changes do not compromise the use of these

secondary aggregates in structural concrete (Correia da Silva, 2014).

More than 95% of asphalt pavement materials (by weight) consist of

aggregates. The highway and construction industries consume a huge number of

aggregates annually causing considerable energy and environmental losses. The

aggregates are usually produced from neighborhood aggregate quarries or from

natural aggregate sources. As a result of the increasing demands for new aggregate

quarries, the general texture of earth's surface has been steadily deteriorating,

causing environmental concerns. The use of marble wastes from marble quarries as

aggregates might help meet the increasing demands and slow down any detrimental
effects on the environment. In this study, recycled aggregates produced from

homogeneous marble and andesite quarry wastes in Afyonkarahisar–Iscehisar region

were compared to two other aggregate specimens currently used in Afyonkarahisar

city asphalt pavements. Los Angeles abrasion, aggregate impact value, freezing and

thawing, flakiness index and Marshall stability flow tests were carried out on the

aggregate specimens. The test results indicate that the physical properties of the

aggregates are within specified limits and these waste materials can potentially be

used as aggregates in light to medium trafficked asphalt pavement binder layers

(Hüseyin A.C, 2007).

The structure of the rock mass is a very important information, according to

the results of the work of many researchers, the main parameter is taken into account

to estimate the correct fragmentation as the structure of the rock mass by the

discontinuities that divide them, the purpose of our work is systematically and

numerically measure the orientation of discontinuities by the method of structural

analysis after sampling lines using the technology of the stereographic projection of

Stéreonet Version 2015 system in terms of the aggregate quarry Heliopolis - Guelma -

Algeria and adequately characterize the massif by the method of scan line to

determine the orientation and location of the main families, to estimate a number of

geometric parameters such as distance, frequency, surface area and the fracture

density

(Kimour T.S., 2015).

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual image of the study is shown in the Figure 1. It utilizes the

input, its throughput and output of the study.

 The input of the study includes the review of related literature, the previous

study about quarries, the ASTM standards for the aggregates and AASHTO

standards.

The throughput of the study is the laboratory testing of sample aggregates

such as physical properties; density and water absorption. Also, the sieve analysis

and the abrasion test of aggregates.

The output of the study will be the quality result of the testing per the sample

aggregates.

The figure shows the research paradigm to be used in this study.

OUTPUT
THROUGHPUT
INPUT
 Quality of
 Laboratory
 Review of Aggregates
Testing
Related Collected in
 Density and
literature Brgy. Malatgao
Water
 ASTM Standards and Brgy.
Absorption
 AASHTO Terresa quarries
 Sieve Analysis
Standards of Narra,
 Abrasion Test Palawan.

FEEDBACK

Figure 1. Conceptual Paradigm

 Chapter III

Methodology

Collection and preparation of

aggregates

Testing of sample aggregates

Data Analysis

Figure 2. Research Paradigm

Collection and Preparation of Materials and Sample Aggregates

Sample aggregates will be taken from two quarries of Narra, Palawan located

at: Brgy. Malatgao and Brgy. Terresa Narra, Palawan. In each quarry, two samples

were gathered for testing and it was collected 15 meters away from every sample site
on the river bed. The materials to be used for taking the samples will be shovel and 2

bags of sack for each sample and the other materials that will be used will be prepared

at Western Philippines University, College of Engineering and Technology

Laboratory.

Testing of Sample Aggregates

The testing of sample aggregates is to evaluate the quality of aggregates from

the two quarries in Narra, Palawan. The following are the testing parameters:

Density determination

An important parameter for aggregate. For aggregates, density is

determined by multiplying the relative density (specific gravity) of the

aggregate times the density of water. Most aggregates have a relative density

between 2.4-2.9 with a corresponding particle (mass) density of 2400-2900

kg/m3 (150-181 lb/ft3). Here, for coarse aggregates, the standard test method

has been explained in ASTM C 127(AASHTO) and for fine aggregates, the

standard test method has been explained in ASTM C 128 (AASHTO). The

relative density of an aggregate can be determined on an oven-dry basis or a

saturated surface-dry (SSD) basis. The apparatus that will be used is the

weighing balance.

m
ρ=
v

where; ρ = density, kg/m3

m = mass, kg

v = volume, m 3
 Water Absorption determination

The water holding capacity of the coarse and fine aggregates. The main

objective of these test is to measure the strength or quality of the material and

determine the water absorption of aggregates using container, balance, and

oven with temperature control. The size of the aggregate and whether it has

been artificially heated should be indicated.

ω=
( W dry )
W sat −W dry
x 100

Where; ω = water absorption

Wsat = Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air, g

Wdry = Weight of oven dry aggregate, g

Sieve Analysis

It determines the gradation (the distribution of aggregate particles, by

size, within a given sample). Also, the test determines the impurities of

sample and specification of the aggregates using the set of standard sieves

with pan and cover, balance and weight, and the oven with temperature control.

Abrasion Test

It is the measure of aggregate toughness and Abrasion resistance

such as crushing, degradation and disintegration. This test is suggested by

AASHTO T 96 or ASTM C 131: Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse

Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in Los Angeles Machine.

 ATV = ( W1– W2
W1 )x 100

Where; ATV= abrasion test value

W1= The original weight of aggregate sample, g

W2= The weight of the aggregate sample retained, g

W1 – W2 = Weight sample passing 1.7mm IS sieve, g

Data Analysis

After the density, water absorption, sieve analysis and abrasion test will be

conducted, the results will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and results will be

compared to the ASTM standard for Aggregates. It will determine which of the two

quarries will provide a better-quality aggregate in Narra, Palawan.